AI explanation

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: [Whimsical illustration] Imagine a charming, hand-drawn scene set in a small Ohio town. A quaint park is the focal point, with a newly placed sign that reads "Welcome to Camden Park" standing proudly in the background. A group of people, including children and adults, are gathered around the sign, gazing at it with a mixture of curiosity and admiration. In the heartwarming dusk light, children can be seen playing joyfully under the watchful eyes of their parents. The town of Camden is depicted as a quintessential, idyllic Midwestern community, with cheerful buildings and serene surroundings. Against the twilight sky, a series of whimsical and colorful lights are depicted, swirling and dancing in mesmerizing patterns. These enchanting lights add an air of mystique and wonder to the scene, hinting at the otherworldly phenomenon of the UFO sightings. The quaint charm of the town beautifully contrasts with the captivating, otherworldly lights, evoking a sense of enchantment and intrigue. The overall aesthetic of the illustration should feel nostalgic and heartwarming, capturing the imagination of the viewer and inviting them into the enchanting world of Camden Park and its mysterious connection to the celestial visitors. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

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This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Popularity of the first name Camden and UFO sightings in Ohio. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Art nouveau Whimsical illustration Whimsical illustration A photo-realistic image Futuristic
ChatGPT: Whimsical illustration

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Popularity of the first name Camden and UFO sightings in Ohio, in the following situation: Because as more babies were named Camden, the collective consciousness of Ohioans became more open to unconventional ideas, inadvertently attracting more alien activity in the skies above. The extraterrestrials seem to have a fondness for trendy names, or so the theory goes.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In a small town in Ohio, a group of people gather in a park, admiring a newly installed sign that reads "Welcome to Camden Park." Children play under the watchful gaze of parents, and the name "Camden" is heard frequently. Above them, in the evening sky, a series of bright lights appear, swirling and dancing in unusual patterns. It's the latest in a series of UFO sightings in the area, leading to whispered speculation that the popularity of the name "Camden" has somehow attracted extraterrestrial attention.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Whimsical illustration ] and depicting this scene: In a small town in Ohio, a group of people gather in a park, admiring a newly installed sign that reads "Welcome to Camden Park." Children play under the watchful gaze of parents, and the name "Camden" is heard frequently. Above them, in the evening sky, a series of bright lights appear, swirling and dancing in unusual patterns. It's the latest in a series of UFO sightings in the area, leading to whispered speculation that the popularity of the name "Camden" has somehow attracted extraterrestrial attention. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: [Whimsical illustration] Imagine a charming, hand-drawn scene set in a small Ohio town. A quaint park is the focal point, with a newly placed sign that reads "Welcome to Camden Park" standing proudly in the background. A group of people, including children and adults, are gathered around the sign, gazing at it with a mixture of curiosity and admiration. In the heartwarming dusk light, children can be seen playing joyfully under the watchful eyes of their parents. The town of Camden is depicted as a quintessential, idyllic Midwestern community, with cheerful buildings and serene surroundings. Against the twilight sky, a series of whimsical and colorful lights are depicted, swirling and dancing in mesmerizing patterns. These enchanting lights add an air of mystique and wonder to the scene, hinting at the otherworldly phenomenon of the UFO sightings. The quaint charm of the town beautifully contrasts with the captivating, otherworldly lights, evoking a sense of enchantment and intrigue. The overall aesthetic of the illustration should feel nostalgic and heartwarming, capturing the imagination of the viewer and inviting them into the enchanting world of Camden Park and its mysterious connection to the celestial visitors.

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*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.

AI academic paper

The UFO-named Connection: Camden's Celestial Correlation in the Buckeye State The Journal of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Research Jan 2024

Problem variable:	Which variable has a problem? Popularity of the first name Camden UFO sightings in Ohio Neither / both
Issue:	What is the issue? The data is incorrect The chart isn't displaying properly There is a typo The source link is incorrect A calculation is wrong Something else
Additional details: Optional
Confirm you are a human:

Data details

Why this works

1. Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
2. Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
   no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
3. Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
   p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
4. Outlandish outliers: There are "outliers" in this data.^Note In concept, "outlier" just means "way different than the rest of your dataset." When calculating a correlation like this, they are particularly impactful because a single outlier can substantially increase your correlation.
   
   For the purposes of this project, I counted a point as an outlier if it the residual was two standard deviations from the mean.
   
   (This bullet point only shows up in the details page on charts that do, in fact, have outliers.)
   They stand out on the scatterplot above: notice the dots that are far away from any other dots. I intentionally mishandeled outliers, which makes the correlation look extra strong.

Try it yourself

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([12,17,14,22,18,30,25,36,36,47,67,77,86,98,109,135,143,167,215,195,239,280,328,452,602,793,1009,1164,1412,1606,1596,1780,1905,2091,2135,2224,2536,2714,4017,4007,3907,3498,2807,2686,2566,2441,2326,])
array_2 = np.array([11,17,11,9,6,9,8,7,3,10,8,8,7,10,5,5,6,10,14,26,25,23,26,59,120,75,90,86,111,123,83,93,111,130,127,123,151,263,348,270,202,151,138,83,174,172,44,])
array_1_name = "Popularity of the first name Camden"
array_2_name = "UFO sightings in Ohio"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

• High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.
  
  If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.
  
  Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
  
• High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
• Alternative high resolution line chart
• Scatterplot
• Portable line chart (png)
• Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
• Line chart for only Popularity of the first name Camden
• Line chart for only UFO sightings in Ohio
• AI-generated correlation image
• The spurious research paper: The UFO-named Connection: Camden's Celestial Correlation in the Buckeye State