Spurious correlation #3,127 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Butter consumption and the second variable is Wind power generated in United Kingdom. The chart goes from 1990 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Butter consumption and the second variable is Wind power generated in United Kingdom. The chart goes from 1990 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

As butter consumption increases, it leads to more people experiencing gastrointestinal distress, which in turn leads to an increase in wind power generated in the United Kingdom. This 'renewable' energy source has been directly linked to the consumption of butter, as it has been found that the methane emissions from increased flatulence serve as a potent and natural fuel for wind power production. So, next time you spread that butter on your toast, just remember - you're not just powering yourself, you're also contributing to the gaseous biofuel that's keeping the UK's lights on!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Prompt: Create a Parallax art scene set in the United Kingdom where people are seen enjoying their morning toast with generous slathers of butter. In the background, graceful wind turbines spin against the sky, harnessing the increased methane gas production from cows and boosting wind power generation. The scene should evoke a sense of tranquility and interconnectedness between nature and technology. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Butter consumption and Wind power generated in United Kingdom. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Vaporwave a Polaroid photo Photorealism Parallax art Brutalism
ChatGPT: Parallax art

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Butter consumption and Wind power generated in United Kingdom, in the following situation: Because as people consumed more butter in the United Kingdom, there was a parallel increase in the production of methane gas from the digestive processes of cows. This increase in methane gas then fueled a greater demand for renewable energy sources, leading to an increase in wind power generation.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In the United Kingdom, people were enjoying their morning toast with generous slathers of butter as the wind turbines spun gracefully in the background. The sound of the turbines' blades cutting through the air filled the atmosphere, harnessing the power of the increased methane gas production from the cows, resulting in a boost in wind power generation.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Parallax art ] and depicting this scene: In the United Kingdom, people were enjoying their morning toast with generous slathers of butter as the wind turbines spun gracefully in the background. The sound of the turbines' blades cutting through the air filled the atmosphere, harnessing the power of the increased methane gas production from the cows, resulting in a boost in wind power generation. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Prompt: Create a Parallax art scene set in the United Kingdom where people are seen enjoying their morning toast with generous slathers of butter. In the background, graceful wind turbines spin against the sky, harnessing the increased methane gas production from cows and boosting wind power generation. The scene should evoke a sense of tranquility and interconnectedness between nature and technology.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in Butter consumption caused Wind power generated in United Kingdom to increase.\Make it sound serious until the end.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Spreading the Margarine: An Examination of the Butter Consumption and Wind Power Output Correlation in the United Kingdom

The Journal of Renewable Energy and Culinary Studies

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Butter consumption and Wind power generated in United Kingdom. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then cite some social media posts you read that seem to be related.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Spreading the Margarine: An Examination of the Butter Consumption and Wind Power Output Correlation in the United Kingdom

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we investigate the potential relationship between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2021, utilizing data from the USDA and Energy Information Administration. While this topic may seem as unrelated as a dairy cow and a turbine, our findings suggest a surprisingly strong correlation between butter consumption and the amount of wind power generated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9529864 and p < 0.01. It seems that the age-old debate of margarine versus butter has extended beyond the kitchen table and into the realm of renewable energy.

Our results imply that there may be a ghostly whisper of a connection between the indulgence in dairy-based spreads and the noteworthy gusts that power wind turbines. Could it be that the concentrated flutters of wind energy are somehow influenced by the collective spread of butter across the UK? While we refrain from jumping to wild conclusions, the statistical evidence suggests that the relationship is worth further examination.

We urge readers to take our findings with a grain of salted butter – after all, correlation does not always imply causation. However, the whisperings of a correlation between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom may leave us wondering whether we are witnessing the unsung effects of a butter-fueled breeze. Further research is needed to determine if this correlation is indeed a real phenomenon or simply the result of an apparent "wind of change" blowing through the world of statistical correlations.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
From the creamy goodness of butter to the breezy benefits of wind power, our study delves into the unexpected and seemingly unrelated world of dairy indulgence and renewable energy. As we spread our investigative efforts across the United Kingdom, we found ourselves knee-deep in butter statistics and wind power data, aiming to uncover any potential correlation between these two disparate entities.
The correlation between butter consumption and wind power generation may seem as unlikely a pairing as socks and sandals, but our initial findings indicated a surprising connection that begged further exploration. While it may sound like we're merely churning out a dairy-heavy conspiracy theory, our statistical analysis revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.9529864, with p < 0.01, suggesting a remarkably strong relationship between butter consumption and wind power output. It appears that the debate over margarine versus butter has transitioned from a spreadable controversy to an unexpected association with renewable energy production.
The very idea that the consumption of butter, whether generously slathered on toast or delicately folded into pastries, could have any sway over the generation of wind power may prompt a few raised eyebrows – and perhaps a few skeptical smirks. However, as diligent researchers, we remain open to the possibility that there may be more than a mere whiff of correlation at play.
Our journey through the butter-laden corridors of statistical analysis has left us pondering whether the gentle breezes that power the impressive wind turbines dotting the UK countryside could harbor a secret affinity for the creaminess of dairy-based spreads. As we caution against leaping to conclusions faster than a frog on a hot griddle, we are compelled to acknowledge the statistical evidence pointing to a rather unexpected correlation.
We encourage readers to approach our findings with a jaunty dollop of salted butter – recognizing that correlation isn't always indicative of causation. Still, the idea that butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom might share an intriguing correlation is enough to titillate the imagination. Are we witnessing the silent influence of butter-driven gusts on the productivity of wind turbines, or is this correlation simply a whimsical illusion blown in by a whimsical "wind of change"? The enigmatic link between butter and wind power beckons for further scrutiny, perhaps leaving us to ponder the possibility of a butter-fueled breeze shaping the gusts of renewable energy in the UK.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The relationship between butter consumption and wind power output might seem as improbable as a penguin in the desert, but a survey of the literature suggests an intriguing potential connection. Smith et al. (2010) conducted a comprehensive analysis of dairy product consumption in Western Europe, but they did not specifically explore any links to renewable energy generation. Doe and Jones (2015) delved into the intricacies of wind power production in the United Kingdom, yet the topic of butter consumption did not churn its way into their study. Despite the absence of direct exploration of our current topic, these foundational works lay the groundwork for our unconventional investigation into the potential correlation between butter consumption and wind power output.

Venturing into the world of non-fiction literature, "The Big Butter Book" by Margie Butterworth and "Wind Power for Dummies" by Ian Woofenden offered insights into the history and present state of butter consumption and wind power generation, respectively. With titles like "The Butter Battle Book" by Dr. Seuss and "Gone with the Wind" by Margaret Mitchell, one might be tempted to think fictional accounts could shed some light on our peculiar investigation. Alas, while these literary works provide captivating narratives, they do not offer empirical evidence of the curious relationship we aim to elucidate in our study.

In an unexpected turn, social media posts propagated by dairy aficionados and renewable energy enthusiasts alluded to the potential interplay between buttery indulgence and gusty energy production. Tweets such as "More butter, more power! #SpreadTheEnergy" and "Feeling #Butterfueled as the wind turbines dance in the breeze" piqued our curiosity and led us to question whether there might be a kernel of truth to the rumored correlation. While social media musings do not constitute scientific evidence, they do inspire curiosity and highlight the engaging nature of our investigation into the intersection of butter consumption and wind power output.

As we delve into the curiously unexplored terrain of butter's potential influence on wind power output, it's clear that our exploration is no mere flight of fancy. Instead, we are faced with the unexpected intersection of dairy indulgence and renewable energy production, a confluence that leaves us simultaneously bemused and intrigued. In the following sections, we analyze the data at hand and seek to uncover the mysterious relationship between butter consumption and wind power output, recognizing that behind every gust of wind, there may be a trace of creamy influence waiting to be untangled.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Butter consumption and Wind power generated in United Kingdom. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from USDA and Energy Information Administration . You used data from 1990 to 2021

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Spreading the Margarine: An Examination of the Butter Consumption and Wind Power Output Correlation in the United Kingdom

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we investigate the potential relationship between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2021, utilizing data from the USDA and Energy Information Administration. While this topic may seem as unrelated as a dairy cow and a turbine, our findings suggest a surprisingly strong correlation between butter consumption and the amount of wind power generated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9529864 and p < 0.01. It seems that the age-old debate of margarine versus butter has extended beyond the kitchen table and into the realm of renewable energy.

Our results imply that there may be a ghostly whisper of a connection between the indulgence in dairy-based spreads and the noteworthy gusts that power wind turbines. Could it be that the concentrated flutters of wind energy are somehow influenced by the collective spread of butter across the UK? While we refrain from jumping to wild conclusions, the statistical evidence suggests that the relationship is worth further examination.

We urge readers to take our findings with a grain of salted butter – after all, correlation does not always imply causation. However, the whisperings of a correlation between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom may leave us wondering whether we are witnessing the unsung effects of a butter-fueled breeze. Further research is needed to determine if this correlation is indeed a real phenomenon or simply the result of an apparent "wind of change" blowing through the world of statistical correlations.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
From the creamy goodness of butter to the breezy benefits of wind power, our study delves into the unexpected and seemingly unrelated world of dairy indulgence and renewable energy. As we spread our investigative efforts across the United Kingdom, we found ourselves knee-deep in butter statistics and wind power data, aiming to uncover any potential correlation between these two disparate entities.
The correlation between butter consumption and wind power generation may seem as unlikely a pairing as socks and sandals, but our initial findings indicated a surprising connection that begged further exploration. While it may sound like we're merely churning out a dairy-heavy conspiracy theory, our statistical analysis revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.9529864, with p < 0.01, suggesting a remarkably strong relationship between butter consumption and wind power output. It appears that the debate over margarine versus butter has transitioned from a spreadable controversy to an unexpected association with renewable energy production.
The very idea that the consumption of butter, whether generously slathered on toast or delicately folded into pastries, could have any sway over the generation of wind power may prompt a few raised eyebrows – and perhaps a few skeptical smirks. However, as diligent researchers, we remain open to the possibility that there may be more than a mere whiff of correlation at play.
Our journey through the butter-laden corridors of statistical analysis has left us pondering whether the gentle breezes that power the impressive wind turbines dotting the UK countryside could harbor a secret affinity for the creaminess of dairy-based spreads. As we caution against leaping to conclusions faster than a frog on a hot griddle, we are compelled to acknowledge the statistical evidence pointing to a rather unexpected correlation.
We encourage readers to approach our findings with a jaunty dollop of salted butter – recognizing that correlation isn't always indicative of causation. Still, the idea that butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom might share an intriguing correlation is enough to titillate the imagination. Are we witnessing the silent influence of butter-driven gusts on the productivity of wind turbines, or is this correlation simply a whimsical illusion blown in by a whimsical "wind of change"? The enigmatic link between butter and wind power beckons for further scrutiny, perhaps leaving us to ponder the possibility of a butter-fueled breeze shaping the gusts of renewable energy in the UK.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

To investigate the intriguing, and some might say, elusive relationship between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom, our research team employed an array of unconventional yet meticulously planned research methods. Our data collection process resembled a treasure hunt through the labyrinthine corridors of internet repositories, with key data nuggets extracted from the USDA and Energy Information Administration databases. Our data spanned the years 1990 to 2021, giving us a robust and creamy, I mean comprehensive, dataset to analyze.

First, we gathered extensive historical data on per capita butter consumption in the UK, careful to distinguish between spreads, cooking butter, and maybe even the occasional butter sculpture contest. To ensure the highest standards of accuracy, we cross-referenced our data with grocery store purchase records and clandestine surveillance of scone-eating habits at local bakeries.

Simultaneously, we delved into the windy world of wind power generation, uncovering data on turbine output, wind speeds, and the occasional kite-flying mishap. Our diligent efforts ensured that we captured the nuances of wind power production, from the gentle zephyrs that spellbind poets to the robust gales that threaten to sweep away garden furniture.

Once we had amassed our data, we employed a delightfully convoluted yet scientifically sound method for analysis. This involved a precise series of statistical calculations, including correlation coefficients, regression analyses, and the occasional séance to consult with the spirits of butter-churning grandmothers.

Our software tools included the ubiquitous Excel, R, and SAS, as well as a bespoke spreadsheet designed specifically for complex butter-related analytics, aptly named "Margarine Matrix." These tools enabled us to gently whip and fold our data to reveal any unsuspecting patterns lurking within the rich tapestry of butter consumption and wind power generation.

Our approach encompasses both quantitative and qualitative analyses, as we attempted to capture not just the numerical relationships but also the whispers of wind-caressed baklava and the haunting echoes of buttered crumpets, all in their full glorious, and calorically dense, splendor.

Lastly, to ensure the robustness of our findings, we conducted sensitivity analyses, bootstrapping simulations, and even consulted an ancient prophecy written on a forgotten parchment to validate our results. All of these methods together laid the groundwork for unraveling the enigma of the butter-wind correlation, culminating in a rigorous yet whimsically tinged scientific voyage.

Now, if you'll excuse me, I must check on the pastry chef in our research kitchen – the correlation between buttery treats and academic productivity mustn't be overlooked!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Butter consumption and Wind power generated in United Kingdom. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from USDA and Energy Information Administration .

For the time period 1990 to 2021, you found a correlation 0.9529864, r-squared of 0.9081831, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Spreading the Margarine: An Examination of the Butter Consumption and Wind Power Output Correlation in the United Kingdom

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we investigate the potential relationship between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2021, utilizing data from the USDA and Energy Information Administration. While this topic may seem as unrelated as a dairy cow and a turbine, our findings suggest a surprisingly strong correlation between butter consumption and the amount of wind power generated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9529864 and p < 0.01. It seems that the age-old debate of margarine versus butter has extended beyond the kitchen table and into the realm of renewable energy.

Our results imply that there may be a ghostly whisper of a connection between the indulgence in dairy-based spreads and the noteworthy gusts that power wind turbines. Could it be that the concentrated flutters of wind energy are somehow influenced by the collective spread of butter across the UK? While we refrain from jumping to wild conclusions, the statistical evidence suggests that the relationship is worth further examination.

We urge readers to take our findings with a grain of salted butter – after all, correlation does not always imply causation. However, the whisperings of a correlation between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom may leave us wondering whether we are witnessing the unsung effects of a butter-fueled breeze. Further research is needed to determine if this correlation is indeed a real phenomenon or simply the result of an apparent "wind of change" blowing through the world of statistical correlations.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
From the creamy goodness of butter to the breezy benefits of wind power, our study delves into the unexpected and seemingly unrelated world of dairy indulgence and renewable energy. As we spread our investigative efforts across the United Kingdom, we found ourselves knee-deep in butter statistics and wind power data, aiming to uncover any potential correlation between these two disparate entities.
The correlation between butter consumption and wind power generation may seem as unlikely a pairing as socks and sandals, but our initial findings indicated a surprising connection that begged further exploration. While it may sound like we're merely churning out a dairy-heavy conspiracy theory, our statistical analysis revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.9529864, with p < 0.01, suggesting a remarkably strong relationship between butter consumption and wind power output. It appears that the debate over margarine versus butter has transitioned from a spreadable controversy to an unexpected association with renewable energy production.
The very idea that the consumption of butter, whether generously slathered on toast or delicately folded into pastries, could have any sway over the generation of wind power may prompt a few raised eyebrows – and perhaps a few skeptical smirks. However, as diligent researchers, we remain open to the possibility that there may be more than a mere whiff of correlation at play.
Our journey through the butter-laden corridors of statistical analysis has left us pondering whether the gentle breezes that power the impressive wind turbines dotting the UK countryside could harbor a secret affinity for the creaminess of dairy-based spreads. As we caution against leaping to conclusions faster than a frog on a hot griddle, we are compelled to acknowledge the statistical evidence pointing to a rather unexpected correlation.
We encourage readers to approach our findings with a jaunty dollop of salted butter – recognizing that correlation isn't always indicative of causation. Still, the idea that butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom might share an intriguing correlation is enough to titillate the imagination. Are we witnessing the silent influence of butter-driven gusts on the productivity of wind turbines, or is this correlation simply a whimsical illusion blown in by a whimsical "wind of change"? The enigmatic link between butter and wind power beckons for further scrutiny, perhaps leaving us to ponder the possibility of a butter-fueled breeze shaping the gusts of renewable energy in the UK.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The results of our investigation into the potential correlation between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2021 revealed a rather gobsmacking discovery. The correlation coefficient of 0.9529864, with an r-squared of 0.9081831 and a p-value less than 0.01, indicated a remarkably strong association between these seemingly unrelated variables.

In our scatterplot (Fig. 1), which we've lovingly named "The Margarine Matrix," the strong correlation between butter consumption and wind power generation is visually demonstrated. The spread of data points forms a pattern that could make even a pastry chef proud, solidifying the surprising relationship between these two enigmatic forces.

As we dove into the statistical analysis, it became increasingly clear that the connection between butter consumption and wind power output may not be as flaky as a croissant, but rather as substantial as a well-baked loaf of bread. The implications of such a correlation extend beyond the mere statistical realm and into the deliciously bizarre universe where dairy spreads and renewable energy intersect.

While our findings may seem as improbable as a lactose-intolerant cow, the data spoke for itself. The notion that the indulgence in buttery goodness could be entwined with the generation of wind power in the UK is nothing short of extraordinary, prompting us to ponder the whimsical play of unseen forces in the world around us.

Indeed, the statistical evidence may have left us with more questions than answers – much like trying to determine the exact number of layers in a perfectly laminated puff pastry. Nevertheless, the findings of our study underline the curious relationship between butter consumption and wind power output, spurring further contemplation of the potential influences that may be at play.

The unexpected correlation between these two disparate entities invites a wide array of interpretations, from the whimsical implications of a butter-scented breeze to the more pragmatic considerations of energy production. As we tread the thin, buttery line between speculation and scientific inquiry, our findings serve as a flavorful reminder that the most unexpected pairings can sometimes churn out the most intriguing results.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Butter consumption and Wind power generated in United Kingdom. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
Spreading the Margarine: An Examination of the Butter Consumption and Wind Power Output Correlation in the United Kingdom

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we investigate the potential relationship between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2021, utilizing data from the USDA and Energy Information Administration. While this topic may seem as unrelated as a dairy cow and a turbine, our findings suggest a surprisingly strong correlation between butter consumption and the amount of wind power generated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9529864 and p < 0.01. It seems that the age-old debate of margarine versus butter has extended beyond the kitchen table and into the realm of renewable energy.

Our results imply that there may be a ghostly whisper of a connection between the indulgence in dairy-based spreads and the noteworthy gusts that power wind turbines. Could it be that the concentrated flutters of wind energy are somehow influenced by the collective spread of butter across the UK? While we refrain from jumping to wild conclusions, the statistical evidence suggests that the relationship is worth further examination.

We urge readers to take our findings with a grain of salted butter – after all, correlation does not always imply causation. However, the whisperings of a correlation between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom may leave us wondering whether we are witnessing the unsung effects of a butter-fueled breeze. Further research is needed to determine if this correlation is indeed a real phenomenon or simply the result of an apparent "wind of change" blowing through the world of statistical correlations.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The relationship between butter consumption and wind power output might seem as improbable as a penguin in the desert, but a survey of the literature suggests an intriguing potential connection. Smith et al. (2010) conducted a comprehensive analysis of dairy product consumption in Western Europe, but they did not specifically explore any links to renewable energy generation. Doe and Jones (2015) delved into the intricacies of wind power production in the United Kingdom, yet the topic of butter consumption did not churn its way into their study. Despite the absence of direct exploration of our current topic, these foundational works lay the groundwork for our unconventional investigation into the potential correlation between butter consumption and wind power output.
Venturing into the world of non-fiction literature, "The Big Butter Book" by Margie Butterworth and "Wind Power for Dummies" by Ian Woofenden offered insights into the history and present state of butter consumption and wind power generation, respectively. With titles like "The Butter Battle Book" by Dr. Seuss and "Gone with the Wind" by Margaret Mitchell, one might be tempted to think fictional accounts could shed some light on our peculiar investigation. Alas, while these literary works provide captivating narratives, they do not offer empirical evidence of the curious relationship we aim to elucidate in our study.
In an unexpected turn, social media posts propagated by dairy aficionados and renewable energy enthusiasts alluded to the potential interplay between buttery indulgence and gusty energy production. Tweets such as "More butter, more power! #SpreadTheEnergy" and "Feeling #Butterfueled as the wind turbines dance in the breeze" piqued our curiosity and led us to question whether there might be a kernel of truth to the rumored correlation. While social media musings do not constitute scientific evidence, they do inspire curiosity and highlight the engaging nature of our investigation into the intersection of butter consumption and wind power output.
As we delve into the curiously unexplored terrain of butter's potential influence on wind power output, it's clear that our exploration is no mere flight of fancy. Instead, we are faced with the unexpected intersection of dairy indulgence and renewable energy production, a confluence that leaves us simultaneously bemused and intrigued. In the following sections, we analyze the data at hand and seek to uncover the mysterious relationship between butter consumption and wind power output, recognizing that behind every gust of wind, there may be a trace of creamy influence waiting to be untangled.

[[RESULTS]]
The results of our investigation into the potential correlation between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2021 revealed a rather gobsmacking discovery. The correlation coefficient of 0.9529864, with an r-squared of 0.9081831 and a p-value less than 0.01, indicated a remarkably strong association between these seemingly unrelated variables.
In our scatterplot (Fig. 1), which we've lovingly named "The Margarine Matrix," the strong correlation between butter consumption and wind power generation is visually demonstrated. The spread of data points forms a pattern that could make even a pastry chef proud, solidifying the surprising relationship between these two enigmatic forces.
As we dove into the statistical analysis, it became increasingly clear that the connection between butter consumption and wind power output may not be as flaky as a croissant, but rather as substantial as a well-baked loaf of bread. The implications of such a correlation extend beyond the mere statistical realm and into the deliciously bizarre universe where dairy spreads and renewable energy intersect.
While our findings may seem as improbable as a lactose-intolerant cow, the data spoke for itself. The notion that the indulgence in buttery goodness could be entwined with the generation of wind power in the UK is nothing short of extraordinary, prompting us to ponder the whimsical play of unseen forces in the world around us.
Indeed, the statistical evidence may have left us with more questions than answers – much like trying to determine the exact number of layers in a perfectly laminated puff pastry. Nevertheless, the findings of our study underline the curious relationship between butter consumption and wind power output, spurring further contemplation of the potential influences that may be at play.
The unexpected correlation between these two disparate entities invites a wide array of interpretations, from the whimsical implications of a butter-scented breeze to the more pragmatic considerations of energy production. As we tread the thin, buttery line between speculation and scientific inquiry, our findings serve as a flavorful reminder that the most unexpected pairings can sometimes churn out the most intriguing results.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

Our investigation into the potential correlation between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom has churned up some surprising findings. Our results not only support the prior research that hinted at the possible interplay between these seemingly unrelated variables but also open up a pandora's jar, or rather, a butter dish, of questions and whimsical musings.

The literature review, though seemingly a casual survey of scholarly works, holds substantial weight in the context of our findings. While Smith et al. (2010) and Doe and Jones (2015) might not have directly probed into the buttery wind corridor, their work unwittingly laid the groundwork for our buttery breeze exploration. Further, our forays into the world of non-fiction literature and social media reverberations provided amusingly enticing breadcrumbs that eventually led us to the creamy revelation of a strong correlation between butter consumption and wind power output.

It's marvelously butter-jokes-aside, our results align with the "butterfueled," dare we say, notions propagated by social media enthusiasts and the quirky titbits flying around the dairy and energy communities. This alignment, though seemingly absurd, underscores the sheer magic and interconnectedness of the world we live in, where even butter fat and wind energy seem to tango with statistical significance.

In light of these findings, we are left to ponder the mysterious mechanisms at play. One cannot help but wonder whether the age-old adage, "where there's butter, there's a whey," might hold some truth, as our statistical evidence certainly suggests a creamy interplay between butter consumption and the generation of wind power. This discovery prompts a lighthearted yet thought-provoking consideration of the delightful and often surprising ways in which seemingly unrelated facets of our world may be intertwined.

Our study, while presented with a dollop of humor, underscores the unexpected nature of scientific inquiry. The buttery road we have traversed leads us to contemplate not only our findings but also the wider implications of uncovering such amusingly curious correlations. It reminds us that in the delightful dance of data and discovery, even the most whimsical and seemingly incongruous elements can yield compelling and statistically robust relationships.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Butter consumption and Wind power generated in United Kingdom. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
Spreading the Margarine: An Examination of the Butter Consumption and Wind Power Output Correlation in the United Kingdom

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we investigate the potential relationship between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2021, utilizing data from the USDA and Energy Information Administration. While this topic may seem as unrelated as a dairy cow and a turbine, our findings suggest a surprisingly strong correlation between butter consumption and the amount of wind power generated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9529864 and p < 0.01. It seems that the age-old debate of margarine versus butter has extended beyond the kitchen table and into the realm of renewable energy.

Our results imply that there may be a ghostly whisper of a connection between the indulgence in dairy-based spreads and the noteworthy gusts that power wind turbines. Could it be that the concentrated flutters of wind energy are somehow influenced by the collective spread of butter across the UK? While we refrain from jumping to wild conclusions, the statistical evidence suggests that the relationship is worth further examination.

We urge readers to take our findings with a grain of salted butter – after all, correlation does not always imply causation. However, the whisperings of a correlation between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom may leave us wondering whether we are witnessing the unsung effects of a butter-fueled breeze. Further research is needed to determine if this correlation is indeed a real phenomenon or simply the result of an apparent "wind of change" blowing through the world of statistical correlations.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
From the creamy goodness of butter to the breezy benefits of wind power, our study delves into the unexpected and seemingly unrelated world of dairy indulgence and renewable energy. As we spread our investigative efforts across the United Kingdom, we found ourselves knee-deep in butter statistics and wind power data, aiming to uncover any potential correlation between these two disparate entities.
The correlation between butter consumption and wind power generation may seem as unlikely a pairing as socks and sandals, but our initial findings indicated a surprising connection that begged further exploration. While it may sound like we're merely churning out a dairy-heavy conspiracy theory, our statistical analysis revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.9529864, with p < 0.01, suggesting a remarkably strong relationship between butter consumption and wind power output. It appears that the debate over margarine versus butter has transitioned from a spreadable controversy to an unexpected association with renewable energy production.
The very idea that the consumption of butter, whether generously slathered on toast or delicately folded into pastries, could have any sway over the generation of wind power may prompt a few raised eyebrows – and perhaps a few skeptical smirks. However, as diligent researchers, we remain open to the possibility that there may be more than a mere whiff of correlation at play.
Our journey through the butter-laden corridors of statistical analysis has left us pondering whether the gentle breezes that power the impressive wind turbines dotting the UK countryside could harbor a secret affinity for the creaminess of dairy-based spreads. As we caution against leaping to conclusions faster than a frog on a hot griddle, we are compelled to acknowledge the statistical evidence pointing to a rather unexpected correlation.
We encourage readers to approach our findings with a jaunty dollop of salted butter – recognizing that correlation isn't always indicative of causation. Still, the idea that butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom might share an intriguing correlation is enough to titillate the imagination. Are we witnessing the silent influence of butter-driven gusts on the productivity of wind turbines, or is this correlation simply a whimsical illusion blown in by a whimsical "wind of change"? The enigmatic link between butter and wind power beckons for further scrutiny, perhaps leaving us to ponder the possibility of a butter-fueled breeze shaping the gusts of renewable energy in the UK.

[[RESULTS]]
The results of our investigation into the potential correlation between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2021 revealed a rather gobsmacking discovery. The correlation coefficient of 0.9529864, with an r-squared of 0.9081831 and a p-value less than 0.01, indicated a remarkably strong association between these seemingly unrelated variables.
In our scatterplot (Fig. 1), which we've lovingly named "The Margarine Matrix," the strong correlation between butter consumption and wind power generation is visually demonstrated. The spread of data points forms a pattern that could make even a pastry chef proud, solidifying the surprising relationship between these two enigmatic forces.
As we dove into the statistical analysis, it became increasingly clear that the connection between butter consumption and wind power output may not be as flaky as a croissant, but rather as substantial as a well-baked loaf of bread. The implications of such a correlation extend beyond the mere statistical realm and into the deliciously bizarre universe where dairy spreads and renewable energy intersect.
While our findings may seem as improbable as a lactose-intolerant cow, the data spoke for itself. The notion that the indulgence in buttery goodness could be entwined with the generation of wind power in the UK is nothing short of extraordinary, prompting us to ponder the whimsical play of unseen forces in the world around us.
Indeed, the statistical evidence may have left us with more questions than answers – much like trying to determine the exact number of layers in a perfectly laminated puff pastry. Nevertheless, the findings of our study underline the curious relationship between butter consumption and wind power output, spurring further contemplation of the potential influences that may be at play.
The unexpected correlation between these two disparate entities invites a wide array of interpretations, from the whimsical implications of a butter-scented breeze to the more pragmatic considerations of energy production. As we tread the thin, buttery line between speculation and scientific inquiry, our findings serve as a flavorful reminder that the most unexpected pairings can sometimes churn out the most intriguing results.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our investigation into the potential relationship between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom has unraveled a delightful tapestry of statistical connection. The remarkably strong correlation coefficient of 0.9529864, akin to the bond between jam and scones, highlights an unanticipated linkage between the indulgence in butter and the generation of wind power.

The implications of this unexpected correlation extend beyond the realm of mere data analysis and into the whimsical world where dairy spreads and renewable energy converge. It leaves us pondering whether the zephyrs that sweep through the UK countryside may harbor a secret affinity for the creamy allure of butter, or if this correlation is just a lighthearted breeze tantalizing the statistical senses.

While our findings may seem as surprising as discovering a croissant in a bread bin, the statistical evidence points to a genuinely intriguing correlation that deserves further scrutiny. However, we recognize the need for caution, encouraging readers to approach our results with a generous sprinkle of skepticism, reminiscent of the careful layering of butter in a flaky puff pastry.

Ultimately, the enigmatic link between butter consumption and wind power output beckons for further investigation, much like the irresistible aroma of freshly baked pastries. As such, we hereby assert, with the confidence of a well-risen soufflé, that no more research is needed in this area. The unexpected correlation between these two disparate entities stands as a testament to the unpredictable quirks of statistical analysis, reminding us that even the most unlikely pairings can yield tantalizing results.

After all, when it comes to the whimsical interplay of butter and wind power, there's no need to churn out more research – we've already unearthed a treasure trove of statistical delights that leave us pondering the mysteriously flavorful influences that shape our world.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Spreading the Margarine: An Examination of the Butter Consumption and Wind Power Output Correlation in the United Kingdom. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Renewable Energy and Culinary Studies

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Spreading the Margarine: An Examination of the Butter Consumption and Wind Power Output Correlation in the United Kingdom. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Society for Advanced Research in Quirky Environmental Correlations

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Spreading the Margarine: An Examination of the Butter Consumption and Wind Power Output Correlation in the United Kingdom with an abstract of In this study, we investigate the potential relationship between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2021, utilizing data from the USDA and Energy Information Administration. While this topic may seem as unrelated as a dairy cow and a turbine, our findings suggest a surprisingly strong correlation between butter consumption and the amount of wind power generated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9529864 and p < 0.01. It seems that the age-old debate of margarine versus butter has extended beyond the kitchen table and into the realm of renewable energy.
Our results imply that there may be a ghostly whisper of a connection between the indulgence in dairy-based spreads and the noteworthy gusts that power wind turbines. Could it be that the concentrated flutters of wind energy are somehow influenced by the collective spread of butter across the UK? While we refrain from jumping to wild conclusions, the statistical evidence suggests that the relationship is worth further examination.
We urge readers to take our findings with a grain of salted butter – after all, correlation does not always imply causation. However, the whisperings of a correlation between butter consumption and wind power output in the United Kingdom may leave us wondering whether we are witnessing the unsung effects of a butter-fueled breeze. Further research is needed to determine if this correlation is indeed a real phenomenon or simply the result of an apparent "wind of change" blowing through the world of statistical correlations.

ChatGPT:

butter consumption, wind power output, correlation, United Kingdom, renewable energy, dairy spreads, statistical analysis, USDA data, Energy Information Administration, causation vs correlation, renewable energy sources

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Butter consumption
Detailed data title: Per capita consumption of Butter in the US
Source: USDA
See what else correlates with Butter consumption

Wind power generated in United Kingdom
Detailed data title: Total wind power generated in United Kingdom in billion kWh
Source: Energy Information Administration
See what else correlates with Wind power generated in United Kingdom

Correlation r = 0.9529864 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.9081831 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 90.8% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Wind power generated in United Kingdom) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Butter consumption) over the 32 years from 1990 through 2021.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 4.2E-17.^Show 0.0000000000000000419907356741
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.95 in 4.2E-15% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 23,814,776,853,666,860 random variables^Note You don't actually need 23 quadrillion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 31 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 31 because we have two variables measured over a period of 32 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.91, 0.98 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Butter consumption (Pounds per person)	4.3	4.4	4.3	4.7	4.7	4.6	4.3	4.2	4.3	4.6	4.5	4.3	4.4	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.7	4.7	5	5	4.9	5.4	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.6	5.7	5.7	6	6.2	6.3	6.5
Wind power generated in United Kingdom (Billion kWh)	0.009	0.011	0.04	0.218	0.342	0.391	0.488	0.667	0.877	0.85	0.947	0.965	1.256	1.285	1.935	2.904	4.225	5.274	7.122	9.281	10.286	15.963	19.847	28.397	31.959	40.2747	37.1594	49.6411	56.9063	63.7952	75.3691	64.0083

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
Confounding variable: 2020 is particularly different from the other years on this graph. Confounding variables (like global pandemics) will cause two variables to look connected when in fact a "sneaky third" variable is influencing both of them behind the scenes.
Y-axis doesn't start at zero: I truncated the Y-axes of the graph above. I also used a line graph, which makes the visual connection stand out more than it deserves. ^Note Nothing against line graphs. They are great at telling a story when you have linear data! But visually it is deceptive because the only data is at the points on the graph, not the lines on the graph. In between each point, the data could have been doing anything. Like going for a random walk by itself!
Mathematically what I showed is true, but it is intentionally misleading. Below is the same chart but with both Y-axes starting at zero.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([4.3,4.4,4.3,4.7,4.7,4.6,4.3,4.2,4.3,4.6,4.5,4.3,4.4,4.5,4.5,4.5,4.7,4.7,5,5,4.9,5.4,5.5,5.5,5.5,5.6,5.7,5.7,6,6.2,6.3,6.5,])
array_2 = np.array([0.009,0.011,0.04,0.218,0.342,0.391,0.488,0.667,0.877,0.85,0.947,0.965,1.256,1.285,1.935,2.904,4.225,5.274,7.122,9.281,10.286,15.963,19.847,28.397,31.959,40.2747,37.1594,49.6411,56.9063,63.7952,75.3691,64.0083,])
array_1_name = "Butter consumption"
array_2_name = "Wind power generated in United Kingdom"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Butter consumption
Line chart for only Wind power generated in United Kingdom
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Spreading the Margarine: An Examination of the Butter Consumption and Wind Power Output Correlation in the United Kingdom

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Correlation ID: 3127 · Black Variable ID: 557 · Red Variable ID: 24072


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