Spurious correlation #5,434 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado and the second variable is Kerosene used in Egypt. The chart goes from 1985 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado and the second variable is Kerosene used in Egypt. The chart goes from 1985 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

Believe it or not, as the air in Steamboat Springs cleared up, it created a ripple effect across the globe. You see, there's a little-known atmospheric phenomenon called the "Rocky Mountain Clean Air Cascade" which essentially acts like a giant air purification system. So, as the pollution in Steamboat Springs decreased, it somehow set off a chain reaction that wafted all the way to Egypt, where the kerosene just couldn't help but clean up its act. It's like the domino effect of freshness, where one whiff of Rocky Mountain air led to a full-blown cleanup revolution in Egypt. Who would have thought that the secret to reducing kerosene use lay in the crisp, mountain breeze of Colorado? Just goes to show, when it comes to air quality, the world is more interconnected than we ever imagined!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Certainly! Here's a image generation prompt for DALL-E 3 using the given style: Description: Generate an image that depicts the contrast between air quality in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and Egypt. In the scene, showcase the serene beauty of Steamboat Springs with clean, clear air, and the majestic Rocky Mountains in the background. Then, transition to a bustling market scene in Egypt, featuring kerosene being commonly used for cooking and lighting, with visible pollution in the air. Finally, imagine a magical breeze carrying the freshness of Steamboat Springs across continents, transforming the kerosene use in Egypt to be more efficient and clean, leading to improved air quality. Remember to capture the before-and-after contrast in air quality between the two locations, and highlight the transformative nature of the magical breeze. Ensure the visual depicts the ripple effect of improved air quality from the Rocky Mountains to the streets of Egypt without explicit words or speech bubbles. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado and Kerosene used in Egypt. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: a funny image you would see on reddit A TIME magazine cover image Glitch art A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s Parallax art
ChatGPT: A TIME magazine cover image

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado and Kerosene used in Egypt, in the following situation: Believe it or not, as the air in Steamboat Springs cleared up, it created a ripple effect across the globe. You see, there's a little-known atmospheric phenomenon called the "Rocky Mountain Clean Air Cascade" which essentially acts like a giant air purification system. So, as the pollution in Steamboat Springs decreased, it somehow set off a chain reaction that wafted all the way to Egypt, where the kerosene just couldn't help but clean up its act. It's like the domino effect of freshness, where one whiff of Rocky Mountain air led to a full-blown cleanup revolution in Egypt. Who would have thought that the secret to reducing kerosene use lay in the crisp, mountain breeze of Colorado? Just goes to show, when it comes to air quality, the world is more interconnected than we ever imagined!. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: Imagine a serene scene in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, where the air is clear and fresh. The Rocky Mountains provide a beautiful backdrop as the pollution levels decrease. Now visualize Egypt, with bustling streets and markets, where kerosene is commonly used for cooking and lighting. Suddenly, a breeze carrying the freshness of Steamboat Springs wafts across the continents, bringing a wave of change. As if by a magical force, the kerosene in Egypt begins to be used more efficiently and cleanly, creating a ripple effect of improved air quality all the way from the Rocky Mountains to the streets of Egypt.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A TIME magazine cover image ] and depicting this scene: Imagine a serene scene in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, where the air is clear and fresh. The Rocky Mountains provide a beautiful backdrop as the pollution levels decrease. Now visualize Egypt, with bustling streets and markets, where kerosene is commonly used for cooking and lighting. Suddenly, a breeze carrying the freshness of Steamboat Springs wafts across the continents, bringing a wave of change. As if by a magical force, the kerosene in Egypt begins to be used more efficiently and cleanly, creating a ripple effect of improved air quality all the way from the Rocky Mountains to the streets of Egypt. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Certainly! Here's a image generation prompt for DALL-E 3 using the given style: Description: Generate an image that depicts the contrast between air quality in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and Egypt. In the scene, showcase the serene beauty of Steamboat Springs with clean, clear air, and the majestic Rocky Mountains in the background. Then, transition to a bustling market scene in Egypt, featuring kerosene being commonly used for cooking and lighting, with visible pollution in the air. Finally, imagine a magical breeze carrying the freshness of Steamboat Springs across continents, transforming the kerosene use in Egypt to be more efficient and clean, leading to improved air quality. Remember to capture the before-and-after contrast in air quality between the two locations, and highlight the transformative nature of the magical breeze. Ensure the visual depicts the ripple effect of improved air quality from the Rocky Mountains to the streets of Egypt without explicit words or speech bubbles.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how a decrease in Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado caused Kerosene used in Egypt to decrease. Make it feel plausible.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Air Pollution and Kerosene Combustion: Unearthing the Strange Saga of Steamboat Springs and Egypt

The Journal of Ecological Anomalies

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado and Kerosene used in Egypt. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name some cartoons and childrens' shows that you watched that are related to the topic.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Air Pollution and Kerosene Combustion: Unearthing the Strange Saga of Steamboat Springs and Egypt

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this revolutionary study, we delve into the curious connection between air pollution in the picturesque Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and the consumption of kerosene in the historic land of Egypt. While this investigation may seem as perplexing as a riddle wrapped in an enigma, our data-driven approach sheds light on the surprising correlation between these seemingly disparate phenomena.

Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team unraveled an unexpected relationship, boasting a correlation coefficient of 0.9391935 and a p-value of less than 0.01 from 1985 to 2021. The revelation of this statistically significant link prompted us to ponder whether the aroma of sizzling steaks in Steamboat Springs and the ancient glow of kerosene lamps in Egypt create a harmonious atmospheric symphony.

As we navigate through the cloud of mystery surrounding this unlikely correlation, our findings not only expand our understanding of environmental dynamics but also offer a beacon of humor in the oft-serious realm of academia. From the peaks of the Rocky Mountains to the banks of the Nile, the twinning of air pollution and kerosene combustion unravels akin to a comical mystery novel, leaving us with a scientific discovery that is just as amusing as it is illuminating.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
In the grand theater of environmental research, where the curtains rise on the stage of scientific inquiry, we often encounter the most unexpected and peculiar plot twists. Our foray into the realm of air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and the consumption of kerosene in the timeless land of Egypt is no exception. As we embark on this unconventional journey, we invite you to don your detective hat and join us in uncovering the enigmatic connection between these seemingly disparate phenomena.
Picture this: the crisp mountain air of Steamboat Springs, filled with the scent of pine and the occasional whiff of sizzling steaks, juxtaposed with the ancient aroma of kerosene lamps casting their warm glow in the heart of Egypt. On the surface, one might surmise that these two distant locales have as much in common as a penguin does with a camel. However, our data-driven approach reveals a compelling correlation that could rival the dramatic twists in a suspenseful thriller.
To shed light on this intriguing puzzle, we harnessed the formidable power of data, sifting through records from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration with the precision of a sommelier examining the bouquet of fine wine. Lo and behold, our analysis unveiled a correlation coefficient of 0.9391935 and a p-value so small it would make even the most timid statistician raise an eyebrow, spanning a breathtaking scope from 1985 to 2021.
Now, you may be thinking, "What on Earth could possibly link the atmospheric ballet in a Colorado ski town to the ancient tradition of kerosene usage in Egypt?" A fair question, dear reader, and one that tickles the fancy of our inquisitive minds as much as it does yours. Our findings not only broaden our understanding of environmental intricacies but also add a touch of whimsy to the somber halls of scholarly discourse.
As we embark on this scholarly odyssey, from the majestic peaks of the Rocky Mountains to the storied banks of the Nile, we invite you to join us in unraveling this scientific enigma that is as illuminating as it is uproarious. After all, who said academic research couldn't have a dash of humor and amusement? So, buckle up, fellow truth-seeker, for this rollercoaster ride through the whimsical world of air pollution and kerosene combustion is bound to leave us both enlightened and entertained.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

In "Smith et al.'s Analysis of Air Quality in Colorado," the authors find troubling evidence of increasing air pollution levels in the charming town of Steamboat Springs, Colorado. As the idyllic scenery of this ski resort town is marred by the unwelcome presence of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds, the looming question arises: what could possibly taint the pristine air of this picturesque locale? Furthermore, "Doe's Study on Kerosene Consumption in Egypt" sheds light on the widespread use of kerosene in Egypt, a land steeped in history and tradition, where the warm glow of kerosene lamps has been a timeless source of illumination.

However, as we delve into the peculiar correlation between air pollution in Steamboat Springs and kerosene combustion in Egypt, we cannot help but wonder if there is an underlying connection that transcends geographic boundaries. While the initial focus may seem preposterous, akin to pondering the correlation between cheese consumption in Switzerland and sandcastle building in the Sahara, our investigation takes us down a rabbit hole of unexpected discoveries and improbable associations.

In "Jones's Examination of Environmental Cross-Connections," the authors introduce the concept of serendipitous environmental parallels, suggesting that seemingly unrelated phenomena may, in fact, be intertwined by an invisible thread. As we consider the notion of atmospheric osmosis, wherein the molecules of air pollutants and kerosene fumes engage in an intricate dance across continents, we are reminded that truth can indeed be stranger than fiction. And speaking of fiction, who could forget the timeless classic "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind" by Yuval Noah Harari, or "The Omnivore's Dilemma" by Michael Pollan, which, in their exploration of human history and food production, offer a tantalizing insight into the interconnectedness of seemingly disparate elements?

But let us not confine our literary explorations to the realm of non-fiction. Picture this: a detective prowling the gas-lit streets of 19th-century London in Arthur Conan Doyle's "Sherlock Holmes" series, sniffing out clues amidst the foggy haze of industrial-era air pollution. Or perhaps we should turn our attention to the works of Agatha Christie, whose masterful plots, not unlike our research inquiry, weave together unlikely threads to unravel the most baffling enigmas. And who could overlook the zany antics of "The Magic School Bus" and the intrepid Ms. Frizzle, whose educational escapades take her students on whimsical journeys, proving that learning and laughter can go hand in hand?

As we contemplate the interplay between air pollution and kerosene combustion, let us not shy away from embracing the quirkiness that makes this journey all the more delightful. For in the intersection of environmental science and human activities, there lies a tapestry of unexpected connections that rival the most fantastical tales. So, let us march forward with a spark of curiosity and a glimmer of mirth, for the scientific saga we unravel is as marvelous as it is mirthful.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado and Kerosene used in Egypt. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration . You used data from 1985 to 2021

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Air Pollution and Kerosene Combustion: Unearthing the Strange Saga of Steamboat Springs and Egypt

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this revolutionary study, we delve into the curious connection between air pollution in the picturesque Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and the consumption of kerosene in the historic land of Egypt. While this investigation may seem as perplexing as a riddle wrapped in an enigma, our data-driven approach sheds light on the surprising correlation between these seemingly disparate phenomena.

Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team unraveled an unexpected relationship, boasting a correlation coefficient of 0.9391935 and a p-value of less than 0.01 from 1985 to 2021. The revelation of this statistically significant link prompted us to ponder whether the aroma of sizzling steaks in Steamboat Springs and the ancient glow of kerosene lamps in Egypt create a harmonious atmospheric symphony.

As we navigate through the cloud of mystery surrounding this unlikely correlation, our findings not only expand our understanding of environmental dynamics but also offer a beacon of humor in the oft-serious realm of academia. From the peaks of the Rocky Mountains to the banks of the Nile, the twinning of air pollution and kerosene combustion unravels akin to a comical mystery novel, leaving us with a scientific discovery that is just as amusing as it is illuminating.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
In the grand theater of environmental research, where the curtains rise on the stage of scientific inquiry, we often encounter the most unexpected and peculiar plot twists. Our foray into the realm of air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and the consumption of kerosene in the timeless land of Egypt is no exception. As we embark on this unconventional journey, we invite you to don your detective hat and join us in uncovering the enigmatic connection between these seemingly disparate phenomena.
Picture this: the crisp mountain air of Steamboat Springs, filled with the scent of pine and the occasional whiff of sizzling steaks, juxtaposed with the ancient aroma of kerosene lamps casting their warm glow in the heart of Egypt. On the surface, one might surmise that these two distant locales have as much in common as a penguin does with a camel. However, our data-driven approach reveals a compelling correlation that could rival the dramatic twists in a suspenseful thriller.
To shed light on this intriguing puzzle, we harnessed the formidable power of data, sifting through records from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration with the precision of a sommelier examining the bouquet of fine wine. Lo and behold, our analysis unveiled a correlation coefficient of 0.9391935 and a p-value so small it would make even the most timid statistician raise an eyebrow, spanning a breathtaking scope from 1985 to 2021.
Now, you may be thinking, "What on Earth could possibly link the atmospheric ballet in a Colorado ski town to the ancient tradition of kerosene usage in Egypt?" A fair question, dear reader, and one that tickles the fancy of our inquisitive minds as much as it does yours. Our findings not only broaden our understanding of environmental intricacies but also add a touch of whimsy to the somber halls of scholarly discourse.
As we embark on this scholarly odyssey, from the majestic peaks of the Rocky Mountains to the storied banks of the Nile, we invite you to join us in unraveling this scientific enigma that is as illuminating as it is uproarious. After all, who said academic research couldn't have a dash of humor and amusement? So, buckle up, fellow truth-seeker, for this rollercoaster ride through the whimsical world of air pollution and kerosene combustion is bound to leave us both enlightened and entertained.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

Our investigation into the curious correlation between air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and kerosene consumption in Egypt involved a concoction of meticulous data analysis, statistical acrobatics, and a pinch of whimsical speculation. The methodology employed in this study could be likened to attempting a complex recipe without the aid of a cookbook - a dash of creativity, a dollop of precision, and a sprinkle of levity were essential ingredients in our scientific stew.

Data Collection:
To unravel the tangled web of air quality and kerosene combustion, we scoured the vast expanse of the internet, venturing into the virtual wilderness like intrepid explorers seeking treasure. Our primary sources of data were the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, which served as the figurative compasses guiding us through the labyrinth of information. We focused on extracting relevant data from the years 1985 to 2021, akin to excavating ancient artifacts to piece together a historical puzzle.

Statistical Analysis:
Once we had amassed our treasure trove of data, our team of intrepid researchers unleashed the full force of statistical prowess upon the numbers, wielding mathematical tools with the finesse of a symphony conductor. We employed complex regression analyses, correlation calculations, and hypothesis testing, embarking on a statistical journey that could rival the epic quests of legendary heroes. The correlation coefficient, akin to a compass pointing towards hidden treasure, revealed the strength of the relationship between air pollution in Steamboat Springs and the consumption of kerosene in Egypt. Meanwhile, our p-value acted as the scientific gatekeeper, determining the legitimacy of our findings with a stern yet impartial eye.

Hypothesis Generation:
In the spirit of playful scientific exploration, we ventured into the realm of hypothesis generation with a twinkle in our eyes and a healthy dose of imaginative whimsy. Our hypotheses danced like mischievous sprites in a moonlit forest, proposing fantastical connections between the alpine air of Colorado and the fragrant fumes of kerosene in Egypt. Through this process, we sought not just to test scientific theories but to imbue our research with a sense of adventurous curiosity and light-hearted wonder.

Cross-Referencing and Peer Review:
To ensure the rigor and validity of our findings, we subjected our data and analyses to the rigorous scrutiny of cross-referencing and peer review. Our methodologies and conclusions were inspected with the sharp eyes of scholarly colleagues, who contributed their expertise and perspectives to our burgeoning narrative. This process, while serious in its intent, was also infused with the camaraderie and goodwill of intellectually engaged companions embarking on a thrilling intellectual expedition.

In concluding our methodology, we emphasize that while the pursuit of scientific truth demands adherence to rigour, it also benefits from a willingness to embrace the unexpected, the inexplicable, and the whimsical. After all, in the grand tapestry of human knowledge, there is ample room for both precision and playfulness, as we embark on a quest to unlock the mysteries of the world around us.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado and Kerosene used in Egypt. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration .

For the time period 1985 to 2021, you found a correlation 0.9391935, r-squared of 0.8820845, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Air Pollution and Kerosene Combustion: Unearthing the Strange Saga of Steamboat Springs and Egypt

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this revolutionary study, we delve into the curious connection between air pollution in the picturesque Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and the consumption of kerosene in the historic land of Egypt. While this investigation may seem as perplexing as a riddle wrapped in an enigma, our data-driven approach sheds light on the surprising correlation between these seemingly disparate phenomena.

Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team unraveled an unexpected relationship, boasting a correlation coefficient of 0.9391935 and a p-value of less than 0.01 from 1985 to 2021. The revelation of this statistically significant link prompted us to ponder whether the aroma of sizzling steaks in Steamboat Springs and the ancient glow of kerosene lamps in Egypt create a harmonious atmospheric symphony.

As we navigate through the cloud of mystery surrounding this unlikely correlation, our findings not only expand our understanding of environmental dynamics but also offer a beacon of humor in the oft-serious realm of academia. From the peaks of the Rocky Mountains to the banks of the Nile, the twinning of air pollution and kerosene combustion unravels akin to a comical mystery novel, leaving us with a scientific discovery that is just as amusing as it is illuminating.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
In the grand theater of environmental research, where the curtains rise on the stage of scientific inquiry, we often encounter the most unexpected and peculiar plot twists. Our foray into the realm of air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and the consumption of kerosene in the timeless land of Egypt is no exception. As we embark on this unconventional journey, we invite you to don your detective hat and join us in uncovering the enigmatic connection between these seemingly disparate phenomena.
Picture this: the crisp mountain air of Steamboat Springs, filled with the scent of pine and the occasional whiff of sizzling steaks, juxtaposed with the ancient aroma of kerosene lamps casting their warm glow in the heart of Egypt. On the surface, one might surmise that these two distant locales have as much in common as a penguin does with a camel. However, our data-driven approach reveals a compelling correlation that could rival the dramatic twists in a suspenseful thriller.
To shed light on this intriguing puzzle, we harnessed the formidable power of data, sifting through records from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration with the precision of a sommelier examining the bouquet of fine wine. Lo and behold, our analysis unveiled a correlation coefficient of 0.9391935 and a p-value so small it would make even the most timid statistician raise an eyebrow, spanning a breathtaking scope from 1985 to 2021.
Now, you may be thinking, "What on Earth could possibly link the atmospheric ballet in a Colorado ski town to the ancient tradition of kerosene usage in Egypt?" A fair question, dear reader, and one that tickles the fancy of our inquisitive minds as much as it does yours. Our findings not only broaden our understanding of environmental intricacies but also add a touch of whimsy to the somber halls of scholarly discourse.
As we embark on this scholarly odyssey, from the majestic peaks of the Rocky Mountains to the storied banks of the Nile, we invite you to join us in unraveling this scientific enigma that is as illuminating as it is uproarious. After all, who said academic research couldn't have a dash of humor and amusement? So, buckle up, fellow truth-seeker, for this rollercoaster ride through the whimsical world of air pollution and kerosene combustion is bound to leave us both enlightened and entertained.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The statistical analysis of our data revealed a striking correlation between air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and the consumption of kerosene in Egypt. With a correlation coefficient of 0.9391935 and an r-squared of 0.8820845, the relationship between these two seemingly unrelated factors hovers like a mysterious mist over the valleys of data.

Fig. 1 depicts the scatterplot, showcasing the strong correlation between air pollution in Steamboat Springs and kerosene consumption in Egypt. It's almost as if the data points are holding hands and skipping through a field of statistical significance, singing, "We're correlated, and we know it!"

Now, as we unravel this perplexing connection, we can't help but wonder: are the fumes from kerosene lamps in Egypt doing the tango with the emissions from roasting marshmallows in Colorado? It's like a cosmic dance-off, where molecules twirl and swirl across continents, all the while performing an intricate statistical ballet that leaves us in awe of the whimsical nature of environmental dynamics.

One might say that this unexpected correlation is akin to finding Bigfoot riding a unicorn – improbable, yet undeniably captivating. Our research not only uncovers the surprising link between air pollution and kerosene combustion but also adds a dose of levity to the often stoic domain of scientific inquiry. It's a bit like stumbling upon a clown convention in the midst of a business symposium – unexpected, but undeniably delightful.

In conclusion, our findings not only broaden our understanding of environmental interplay but also inject a spark of amusement into the scholarly discourse. The tale of air pollution in Steamboat Springs and kerosene combustion in Egypt unfolds like a whimsical narrative, leaving us with a scientific discovery that is just as entertaining as it is enlightening. Who knew that the odorous adventures of air pollution and kerosene could bring such mirth to the hallowed halls of academia?

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado and Kerosene used in Egypt. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
Air Pollution and Kerosene Combustion: Unearthing the Strange Saga of Steamboat Springs and Egypt

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this revolutionary study, we delve into the curious connection between air pollution in the picturesque Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and the consumption of kerosene in the historic land of Egypt. While this investigation may seem as perplexing as a riddle wrapped in an enigma, our data-driven approach sheds light on the surprising correlation between these seemingly disparate phenomena.

Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team unraveled an unexpected relationship, boasting a correlation coefficient of 0.9391935 and a p-value of less than 0.01 from 1985 to 2021. The revelation of this statistically significant link prompted us to ponder whether the aroma of sizzling steaks in Steamboat Springs and the ancient glow of kerosene lamps in Egypt create a harmonious atmospheric symphony.

As we navigate through the cloud of mystery surrounding this unlikely correlation, our findings not only expand our understanding of environmental dynamics but also offer a beacon of humor in the oft-serious realm of academia. From the peaks of the Rocky Mountains to the banks of the Nile, the twinning of air pollution and kerosene combustion unravels akin to a comical mystery novel, leaving us with a scientific discovery that is just as amusing as it is illuminating.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
In "Smith et al.'s Analysis of Air Quality in Colorado," the authors find troubling evidence of increasing air pollution levels in the charming town of Steamboat Springs, Colorado. As the idyllic scenery of this ski resort town is marred by the unwelcome presence of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds, the looming question arises: what could possibly taint the pristine air of this picturesque locale? Furthermore, "Doe's Study on Kerosene Consumption in Egypt" sheds light on the widespread use of kerosene in Egypt, a land steeped in history and tradition, where the warm glow of kerosene lamps has been a timeless source of illumination.
However, as we delve into the peculiar correlation between air pollution in Steamboat Springs and kerosene combustion in Egypt, we cannot help but wonder if there is an underlying connection that transcends geographic boundaries. While the initial focus may seem preposterous, akin to pondering the correlation between cheese consumption in Switzerland and sandcastle building in the Sahara, our investigation takes us down a rabbit hole of unexpected discoveries and improbable associations.
In "Jones's Examination of Environmental Cross-Connections," the authors introduce the concept of serendipitous environmental parallels, suggesting that seemingly unrelated phenomena may, in fact, be intertwined by an invisible thread. As we consider the notion of atmospheric osmosis, wherein the molecules of air pollutants and kerosene fumes engage in an intricate dance across continents, we are reminded that truth can indeed be stranger than fiction. And speaking of fiction, who could forget the timeless classic "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind" by Yuval Noah Harari, or "The Omnivore's Dilemma" by Michael Pollan, which, in their exploration of human history and food production, offer a tantalizing insight into the interconnectedness of seemingly disparate elements?
But let us not confine our literary explorations to the realm of non-fiction. Picture this: a detective prowling the gas-lit streets of 19th-century London in Arthur Conan Doyle's "Sherlock Holmes" series, sniffing out clues amidst the foggy haze of industrial-era air pollution. Or perhaps we should turn our attention to the works of Agatha Christie, whose masterful plots, not unlike our research inquiry, weave together unlikely threads to unravel the most baffling enigmas. And who could overlook the zany antics of "The Magic School Bus" and the intrepid Ms. Frizzle, whose educational escapades take her students on whimsical journeys, proving that learning and laughter can go hand in hand?
As we contemplate the interplay between air pollution and kerosene combustion, let us not shy away from embracing the quirkiness that makes this journey all the more delightful. For in the intersection of environmental science and human activities, there lies a tapestry of unexpected connections that rival the most fantastical tales. So, let us march forward with a spark of curiosity and a glimmer of mirth, for the scientific saga we unravel is as marvelous as it is mirthful.

[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis of our data revealed a striking correlation between air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and the consumption of kerosene in Egypt. With a correlation coefficient of 0.9391935 and an r-squared of 0.8820845, the relationship between these two seemingly unrelated factors hovers like a mysterious mist over the valleys of data.
Fig. 1 depicts the scatterplot, showcasing the strong correlation between air pollution in Steamboat Springs and kerosene consumption in Egypt. It's almost as if the data points are holding hands and skipping through a field of statistical significance, singing, "We're correlated, and we know it!"
Now, as we unravel this perplexing connection, we can't help but wonder: are the fumes from kerosene lamps in Egypt doing the tango with the emissions from roasting marshmallows in Colorado? It's like a cosmic dance-off, where molecules twirl and swirl across continents, all the while performing an intricate statistical ballet that leaves us in awe of the whimsical nature of environmental dynamics.
One might say that this unexpected correlation is akin to finding Bigfoot riding a unicorn – improbable, yet undeniably captivating. Our research not only uncovers the surprising link between air pollution and kerosene combustion but also adds a dose of levity to the often stoic domain of scientific inquiry. It's a bit like stumbling upon a clown convention in the midst of a business symposium – unexpected, but undeniably delightful.
In conclusion, our findings not only broaden our understanding of environmental interplay but also inject a spark of amusement into the scholarly discourse. The tale of air pollution in Steamboat Springs and kerosene combustion in Egypt unfolds like a whimsical narrative, leaving us with a scientific discovery that is just as entertaining as it is enlightening. Who knew that the odorous adventures of air pollution and kerosene could bring such mirth to the hallowed halls of academia?

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

Our findings provide compelling support for the wacky yet surprisingly robust relationship between air pollution in Steamboat Springs and kerosene combustion in Egypt. Just as the plot thickens in a gripping mystery novel, our statistical analysis has unearthed a connection that is as confounding as it is captivating.

As we hearken back to Jones's concept of serendipitous environmental parallels, the correlation we've uncovered between these two seemingly disparate phenomena is reminiscent of stumbling upon a secret passage in a stately manor – unexpected, but undeniably intriguing. Much like the antics of Ms. Frizzle in "The Magic School Bus," our research journey has been filled with unexpected twists and turns, proving that science can be as whimsical as it is enlightening.

In "Smith et al.'s Analysis of Air Quality in Colorado," the authors noted the troubling rise in air pollution levels in Steamboat Springs, Colorado. Our results fortify their findings and shine a spotlight on the unforeseen dance between the emissions from sizzling steaks and the noxious particles that hover over this scenic town. One might say it's like uncovering the elusive Loch Ness Monster paddling in a hot tub – peculiar, yet undeniably captivating.

Turning to "Doe's Study on Kerosene Consumption in Egypt," our research reaffirms the widespread use of kerosene in this ancient land, as the warm glow of kerosene lamps continues to be a timeless source of illumination. It's as if we're unraveling a treasure map leading to the surprising connection between the aromatic allure of kerosene and the atmospheric theatrics unfolding in distant lands.

Our findings not only expand the scope of environmental science but also infuse a welcome dose of humor into the scholarly arena. It's akin to stumbling upon a flash mob in a quiet library, where unexpected joy permeates the seriousness of academic pursuit.

In sum, the saga of air pollution in Steamboat Springs and kerosene combustion in Egypt emerges as a scientific discovery that is just as amusing as it is enlightening. Our research waltzes at the intersection of whimsy and wisdom, proving that even the most enigmatic correlations can harbor a glint of mirth amidst the fog of academic inquiry.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado and Kerosene used in Egypt. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
Air Pollution and Kerosene Combustion: Unearthing the Strange Saga of Steamboat Springs and Egypt

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this revolutionary study, we delve into the curious connection between air pollution in the picturesque Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and the consumption of kerosene in the historic land of Egypt. While this investigation may seem as perplexing as a riddle wrapped in an enigma, our data-driven approach sheds light on the surprising correlation between these seemingly disparate phenomena.

Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team unraveled an unexpected relationship, boasting a correlation coefficient of 0.9391935 and a p-value of less than 0.01 from 1985 to 2021. The revelation of this statistically significant link prompted us to ponder whether the aroma of sizzling steaks in Steamboat Springs and the ancient glow of kerosene lamps in Egypt create a harmonious atmospheric symphony.

As we navigate through the cloud of mystery surrounding this unlikely correlation, our findings not only expand our understanding of environmental dynamics but also offer a beacon of humor in the oft-serious realm of academia. From the peaks of the Rocky Mountains to the banks of the Nile, the twinning of air pollution and kerosene combustion unravels akin to a comical mystery novel, leaving us with a scientific discovery that is just as amusing as it is illuminating.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
In the grand theater of environmental research, where the curtains rise on the stage of scientific inquiry, we often encounter the most unexpected and peculiar plot twists. Our foray into the realm of air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and the consumption of kerosene in the timeless land of Egypt is no exception. As we embark on this unconventional journey, we invite you to don your detective hat and join us in uncovering the enigmatic connection between these seemingly disparate phenomena.
Picture this: the crisp mountain air of Steamboat Springs, filled with the scent of pine and the occasional whiff of sizzling steaks, juxtaposed with the ancient aroma of kerosene lamps casting their warm glow in the heart of Egypt. On the surface, one might surmise that these two distant locales have as much in common as a penguin does with a camel. However, our data-driven approach reveals a compelling correlation that could rival the dramatic twists in a suspenseful thriller.
To shed light on this intriguing puzzle, we harnessed the formidable power of data, sifting through records from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration with the precision of a sommelier examining the bouquet of fine wine. Lo and behold, our analysis unveiled a correlation coefficient of 0.9391935 and a p-value so small it would make even the most timid statistician raise an eyebrow, spanning a breathtaking scope from 1985 to 2021.
Now, you may be thinking, "What on Earth could possibly link the atmospheric ballet in a Colorado ski town to the ancient tradition of kerosene usage in Egypt?" A fair question, dear reader, and one that tickles the fancy of our inquisitive minds as much as it does yours. Our findings not only broaden our understanding of environmental intricacies but also add a touch of whimsy to the somber halls of scholarly discourse.
As we embark on this scholarly odyssey, from the majestic peaks of the Rocky Mountains to the storied banks of the Nile, we invite you to join us in unraveling this scientific enigma that is as illuminating as it is uproarious. After all, who said academic research couldn't have a dash of humor and amusement? So, buckle up, fellow truth-seeker, for this rollercoaster ride through the whimsical world of air pollution and kerosene combustion is bound to leave us both enlightened and entertained.

[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis of our data revealed a striking correlation between air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and the consumption of kerosene in Egypt. With a correlation coefficient of 0.9391935 and an r-squared of 0.8820845, the relationship between these two seemingly unrelated factors hovers like a mysterious mist over the valleys of data.
Fig. 1 depicts the scatterplot, showcasing the strong correlation between air pollution in Steamboat Springs and kerosene consumption in Egypt. It's almost as if the data points are holding hands and skipping through a field of statistical significance, singing, "We're correlated, and we know it!"
Now, as we unravel this perplexing connection, we can't help but wonder: are the fumes from kerosene lamps in Egypt doing the tango with the emissions from roasting marshmallows in Colorado? It's like a cosmic dance-off, where molecules twirl and swirl across continents, all the while performing an intricate statistical ballet that leaves us in awe of the whimsical nature of environmental dynamics.
One might say that this unexpected correlation is akin to finding Bigfoot riding a unicorn – improbable, yet undeniably captivating. Our research not only uncovers the surprising link between air pollution and kerosene combustion but also adds a dose of levity to the often stoic domain of scientific inquiry. It's a bit like stumbling upon a clown convention in the midst of a business symposium – unexpected, but undeniably delightful.
In conclusion, our findings not only broaden our understanding of environmental interplay but also inject a spark of amusement into the scholarly discourse. The tale of air pollution in Steamboat Springs and kerosene combustion in Egypt unfolds like a whimsical narrative, leaving us with a scientific discovery that is just as entertaining as it is enlightening. Who knew that the odorous adventures of air pollution and kerosene could bring such mirth to the hallowed halls of academia?

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, this study waltzes into the realm of environmental research with all the finesse of a startled flamingo on an ice rink. The unearthing of a robust correlation between air pollution in Steamboat Springs and kerosene consumption in Egypt not only raises eyebrows but elicits a hearty chuckle from even the most austere of academics.

As we bid adieu to this peculiar pairing of environmental oddities, we find ourselves pondering whether the winds carrying the scent of sizzling steaks in Colorado perform a pas de deux with the ancient aroma of kerosene lamps in Egypt. It's a dance of atmospheric intrigue that would make even the most stoic of researchers break out in a whimsical jig.

And so, with a twirl and a flourish, we assert that no further research is needed in this area, for the bond between air pollution in Steamboat Springs and kerosene combustion in Egypt is as solid as a rock (pun intended). It's like trying to separate kittens from yarn – an exercise in futility!

Let this be a lesson to us all: in the realm of scientific inquiry, where the serious and the lighthearted converge, the unexpected pairings often lead to the most delightful revelations. So, here's to the unlikely duet of air pollution and kerosene, offering us not only wisdom but a good-natured laugh as well.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Air Pollution and Kerosene Combustion: Unearthing the Strange Saga of Steamboat Springs and Egypt. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Ecological Anomalies

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Air Pollution and Kerosene Combustion: Unearthing the Strange Saga of Steamboat Springs and Egypt. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Society for Ethereal Energy Studies

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Air Pollution and Kerosene Combustion: Unearthing the Strange Saga of Steamboat Springs and Egypt with an abstract of In this revolutionary study, we delve into the curious connection between air pollution in the picturesque Steamboat Springs, Colorado, and the consumption of kerosene in the historic land of Egypt. While this investigation may seem as perplexing as a riddle wrapped in an enigma, our data-driven approach sheds light on the surprising correlation between these seemingly disparate phenomena.
Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team unraveled an unexpected relationship, boasting a correlation coefficient of 0.9391935 and a p-value of less than 0.01 from 1985 to 2021. The revelation of this statistically significant link prompted us to ponder whether the aroma of sizzling steaks in Steamboat Springs and the ancient glow of kerosene lamps in Egypt create a harmonious atmospheric symphony.
As we navigate through the cloud of mystery surrounding this unlikely correlation, our findings not only expand our understanding of environmental dynamics but also offer a beacon of humor in the oft-serious realm of academia. From the peaks of the Rocky Mountains to the banks of the Nile, the twinning of air pollution and kerosene combustion unravels akin to a comical mystery novel, leaving us with a scientific discovery that is just as amusing as it is illuminating.

ChatGPT:

air pollution, kerosene combustion, Steamboat Springs, Colorado, Egypt, correlation, Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Information Administration, atmospheric symphony, environmental dynamics

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado
Detailed data title: Percentage of days with moderate or worse air quality in Steamboat Springs, CO
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado

Kerosene used in Egypt
Detailed data title: Volume of kerosene used consumed in Egypt in millions of barrels per day
Source: Energy Information Administration
See what else correlates with Kerosene used in Egypt

Correlation r = 0.9391935 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.8820845 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 88.2% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Kerosene used in Egypt) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado) over the 37 years from 1985 through 2021.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 8.03E-18.^Show 0.0000000000000000080349788108
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.94 in 8.03E-16% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 124,455,835,360,247,248 random variables^Note You don't actually need 124 quadrillion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 36 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 36 because we have two variables measured over a period of 37 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.88, 0.97 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado (Bad air quality days)	0.195122	0.214286	0.144068	0.184971	0.165644	0.179191	0.258242	0.138889	0.129577	0.146067	0.142857	0.129231	0.0965909	0.0625	0.0971787	0.0860534	0.0683761	0.0718391	0.0740741	0.0748503	0.0516717	0.0596591	0.047619	0.0738255	0.0542857	0.0569801	0.0349854	0.01983	0.0372493	0.0346821	0.0192308	0.0255682	0.0263158	0.0028169	0.00842697	0.0139665	0.019774
Kerosene used in Egypt (Million Barrels/Day)	49.229	49	50	52	51	49	50	42	35	30	25	33	25	24	22	20.9935	18.4673	17.3872	12.3892	10.708	6.52285	3.53674	3.02847	2.80899	3.19789	3.19789	2.32959	0.127068	0.0847123	0.10589	0.127068	0.147841	0.10863	0.760411	0.890767	0.10863	0.132495

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,237 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 636,906,169 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([0.195122,0.214286,0.144068,0.184971,0.165644,0.179191,0.258242,0.138889,0.129577,0.146067,0.142857,0.129231,0.0965909,0.0625,0.0971787,0.0860534,0.0683761,0.0718391,0.0740741,0.0748503,0.0516717,0.0596591,0.047619,0.0738255,0.0542857,0.0569801,0.0349854,0.01983,0.0372493,0.0346821,0.0192308,0.0255682,0.0263158,0.0028169,0.00842697,0.0139665,0.019774,])
array_2 = np.array([49.229,49,50,52,51,49,50,42,35,30,25,33,25,24,22,20.9935,18.4673,17.3872,12.3892,10.708,6.52285,3.53674,3.02847,2.80899,3.19789,3.19789,2.32959,0.127068,0.0847123,0.10589,0.127068,0.147841,0.10863,0.760411,0.890767,0.10863,0.132495,])
array_1_name = "Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado"
array_2_name = "Kerosene used in Egypt"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Air pollution in Steamboat Springs, Colorado
Line chart for only Kerosene used in Egypt
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Air Pollution and Kerosene Combustion: Unearthing the Strange Saga of Steamboat Springs and Egypt

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Correlation ID: 5434 · Black Variable ID: 21770 · Red Variable ID: 24375


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