Spurious correlation #4,491 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama and the second variable is Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. The chart goes from 1999 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama and the second variable is Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. The chart goes from 1999 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

As the air got cleaner in Mobile, people no longer felt the need to Ford away from the pollution, leading to a drop in total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. The correlation is clear - fresher air meant fewer people were revved up about buying Ford vehicles! It seems like in this case, a breath of fresh air led to a stall in Ford sales nationwide.

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: [ Cyberpunk ] - A futuristic scene where skyscrapers loom tall in the background, their sleek surfaces reflecting the soft glow of neon signs and holographic advertisements. Streets are bustling with people, each adorned with high-tech wearables and cybernetic enhancements. The cityscape is tinged with a blue and purple hue, accentuating the advanced technology integrated within the environment. In the distance, a row of sleek, electric Ford vehicles rests, showcasing their aerodynamic designs. The sky above is clear, with a striking contrast to the smog-infested cityscape it once was. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Charcoal Realistic Cyberpunk Photorealism Cyber folk
ChatGPT: Cyberpunk

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States, in the following situation: As the air got cleaner in Mobile, people no longer felt the need to Ford away from the pollution, leading to a drop in total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. The correlation is clear - fresher air meant fewer people were revved up about buying Ford vehicles! It seems like in this case, a breath of fresh air led to a stall in Ford sales nationwide.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In Mobile, Alabama, the once hazy skyline clears as air pollution decreases. People are seen strolling through the streets, taking deep, refreshing breaths. In the distance, a row of Ford vehicles sits parked, their engines quiet. Sales figures for Ford Motors in the United States drop, reflecting the decreased demand as the air quality improves.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Cyberpunk ] and depicting this scene: In Mobile, Alabama, the once hazy skyline clears as air pollution decreases. People are seen strolling through the streets, taking deep, refreshing breaths. In the distance, a row of Ford vehicles sits parked, their engines quiet. Sales figures for Ford Motors in the United States drop, reflecting the decreased demand as the air quality improves. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: [ Cyberpunk ] - A futuristic scene where skyscrapers loom tall in the background, their sleek surfaces reflecting the soft glow of neon signs and holographic advertisements. Streets are bustling with people, each adorned with high-tech wearables and cybernetic enhancements. The cityscape is tinged with a blue and purple hue, accentuating the advanced technology integrated within the environment. In the distance, a row of sleek, electric Ford vehicles rests, showcasing their aerodynamic designs. The sky above is clear, with a striking contrast to the smog-infested cityscape it once was.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how a decrease in Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama caused Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States to decrease. Include one good pun.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Correlation of Catastrophic Car Sales: Examining the Association Between Air Pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Ford Motors' Fluctuating Figures

The Journal of Ecological Economics and Automotive Analysis

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name some movies that you watched that are tangentially related to the topic.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Correlation of Catastrophic Car Sales: Examining the Association Between Air Pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Ford Motors' Fluctuating Figures

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the seemingly divergent domains of environmental pollution and automobile retail, probing the potential link between air pollution levels in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. Employing data from the esteemed Environmental Protection Agency and the ubiquitous fount of knowledge, Wikipedia, we embarked on a rigorous analysis. Our investigation yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.8081998 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the years spanning 1999 to 2021.

Much like the inexorable link between peanut butter and jelly, our findings suggest a strong association between air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford vehicles. The roots of this connection, much like Alabama's magnolia trees, may be deep-seated and complex, hinting at the environmental and economic interplay affecting the automotive industry. While our results invite further exploration and conjecture, they illuminate the pervasive influence of air pollution on consumer behavior and market dynamics. This study serves as a reminder that behind the veneer of statistical models and regression analyses, lies a world where exhaust fumes and economic outcomes engage in a covert pas de deux.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
In the realm of environmental economics, the impact of pollution on various facets of the economy has long been a subject of scrutiny. From analyzing the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on agricultural productivity to evaluating the correlation between air quality and consumer behavior, researchers have sought to untangle the intricate web of connections between the environment and economic outcomes. Set against this backdrop, our investigation delves into the perplexing paradox of how air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, relates to the total annual sales of vehicles manufactured by the esteemed Ford Motors in the United States.
Mobile, Alabama, a city steeped in historical charm and bordered by the serene waters of the Mobile Bay, serves as an intriguing setting for our study. Nestled amidst a tapestry of industrial facilities and transportation arteries, the city grapples with the perennial challenge of air pollution, a phenomenon that permeates its atmosphere much like the aroma of freshly brewed coffee in a quaint corner café. Conversely, Ford Motors, an enduring symbol of automotive prowess, commands a substantial share of the U.S. automobile market, conjuring images of sleek vehicles traversing the nation's highways and byways like modern-day steeds.
The intersection of these two seemingly disparate phenomena beckons us to explore the interplay between environmental quality and consumer preferences. By scrutinizing the emissions data from Mobile's atmospheric milieu and juxtaposing it with the scale of Ford Motors' sales figures, we endeavor to shed light on the subtle yet substantive relationship that underpins these domains. Our inquiry is not merely an exercise in statistical analysis; rather, it is a quest to unravel the enigmatic dance between pollutants and profits, between smog-choked skies and showroom allure.
As we embark on our scholarly odyssey, we must remain cognizant of the nuanced tapestry of factors that could influence the dynamics at play. Industrial activity, regulatory interventions, consumer sentiment, and a litany of other variables may conspire to shape the observed patterns. Our task, akin to tracing tire tracks on a dusty road, is to discern the imprint of air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, on the consumption patterns and market performance of Ford vehicles across the nation. While we approach this investigation with the gravitas befitting serious academic inquiry, we cannot resist the allure of peering beneath the surface to discover the unexpected connections that pervade this seemingly incongruous pairing.
In the labyrinthine landscape of economic forces and environmental perturbations, our endeavor is akin to navigating a winding road with twists and turns that defy expectation. It is within this intellectual terrain that we seek to offer not just an analysis of statistical significance, but also a narrative that encapsulates the whimsical interplay of economic decisions and environmental externalities. With the spirit of discovery as our compass, we set forth to unravel the correlation of catastrophic car sales, shedding light on the enigmatic bond between Mobile's atmospheric aura and Ford Motors' fluctuating figures.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

In our endeavor to discern the potential link between air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States, we first turn to the body of existing research in related areas. Prior studies have laid the groundwork for understanding the intricate interplay between environmental factors and economic outcomes, providing a lens through which to examine our own investigation.

Smith and Doe (2015) conducted a comprehensive analysis of the impact of air pollution on consumer behavior, shedding light on the subtle ways in which environmental quality influences purchasing decisions. Their study, much like a well-oiled engine, underscored the significance of considering the broader context of environmental factors in shaping market dynamics. Meanwhile, Jones et al. (2018) delved into the realm of automotive retail and consumer preferences, offering insights into the variables that drive sales figures for major vehicular manufacturers. Their work, akin to a finely-tuned transmission, highlighted the multifaceted nature of consumer decision-making in the automobile sector.

Turning our attention to non-fiction literature, "The Omnivore's Dilemma" by Michael Pollan and "Fast Food Nation" by Eric Schlosser provide a tangential yet insightful perspective on the influence of environmental and economic factors on consumer choices. While not directly related to the automotive industry, these books offer a delectable feast of ideas about the complexities of consumer behavior and the environmental underpinnings of our economic choices. On a different note, "The Grapes of Wrath" by John Steinbeck and "The Road" by Cormac McCarthy, though works of fiction, evoke imagery of long journeys by car, reminding us of the enduring role of automobiles in shaping societal narratives.

In the realm of cinema, "Cars" and "Little Miss Sunshine" offer cinematic depictions that capture aspects of the automotive industry and the American consumer experience. While these films may not directly address the connection between air pollution and automobile sales, they provide a delightful backdrop against which to ponder the broader cultural resonance of vehicular pursuits.

As we delve into this literature, it becomes increasingly clear that the intersection of environmental factors and economic dynamics is rife with hidden connections and unexpected parallels. As we proceed to untangle this enigmatic web, let us not overlook the whimsical nature of this inquiry and the myriad ways in which our findings may serve as a vehicle for new insights and lively discourse.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Wikipedia . You used data from 1999 to 2021

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Correlation of Catastrophic Car Sales: Examining the Association Between Air Pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Ford Motors' Fluctuating Figures

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the seemingly divergent domains of environmental pollution and automobile retail, probing the potential link between air pollution levels in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. Employing data from the esteemed Environmental Protection Agency and the ubiquitous fount of knowledge, Wikipedia, we embarked on a rigorous analysis. Our investigation yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.8081998 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the years spanning 1999 to 2021.

Much like the inexorable link between peanut butter and jelly, our findings suggest a strong association between air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford vehicles. The roots of this connection, much like Alabama's magnolia trees, may be deep-seated and complex, hinting at the environmental and economic interplay affecting the automotive industry. While our results invite further exploration and conjecture, they illuminate the pervasive influence of air pollution on consumer behavior and market dynamics. This study serves as a reminder that behind the veneer of statistical models and regression analyses, lies a world where exhaust fumes and economic outcomes engage in a covert pas de deux.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
In the realm of environmental economics, the impact of pollution on various facets of the economy has long been a subject of scrutiny. From analyzing the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on agricultural productivity to evaluating the correlation between air quality and consumer behavior, researchers have sought to untangle the intricate web of connections between the environment and economic outcomes. Set against this backdrop, our investigation delves into the perplexing paradox of how air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, relates to the total annual sales of vehicles manufactured by the esteemed Ford Motors in the United States.
Mobile, Alabama, a city steeped in historical charm and bordered by the serene waters of the Mobile Bay, serves as an intriguing setting for our study. Nestled amidst a tapestry of industrial facilities and transportation arteries, the city grapples with the perennial challenge of air pollution, a phenomenon that permeates its atmosphere much like the aroma of freshly brewed coffee in a quaint corner café. Conversely, Ford Motors, an enduring symbol of automotive prowess, commands a substantial share of the U.S. automobile market, conjuring images of sleek vehicles traversing the nation's highways and byways like modern-day steeds.
The intersection of these two seemingly disparate phenomena beckons us to explore the interplay between environmental quality and consumer preferences. By scrutinizing the emissions data from Mobile's atmospheric milieu and juxtaposing it with the scale of Ford Motors' sales figures, we endeavor to shed light on the subtle yet substantive relationship that underpins these domains. Our inquiry is not merely an exercise in statistical analysis; rather, it is a quest to unravel the enigmatic dance between pollutants and profits, between smog-choked skies and showroom allure.
As we embark on our scholarly odyssey, we must remain cognizant of the nuanced tapestry of factors that could influence the dynamics at play. Industrial activity, regulatory interventions, consumer sentiment, and a litany of other variables may conspire to shape the observed patterns. Our task, akin to tracing tire tracks on a dusty road, is to discern the imprint of air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, on the consumption patterns and market performance of Ford vehicles across the nation. While we approach this investigation with the gravitas befitting serious academic inquiry, we cannot resist the allure of peering beneath the surface to discover the unexpected connections that pervade this seemingly incongruous pairing.
In the labyrinthine landscape of economic forces and environmental perturbations, our endeavor is akin to navigating a winding road with twists and turns that defy expectation. It is within this intellectual terrain that we seek to offer not just an analysis of statistical significance, but also a narrative that encapsulates the whimsical interplay of economic decisions and environmental externalities. With the spirit of discovery as our compass, we set forth to unravel the correlation of catastrophic car sales, shedding light on the enigmatic bond between Mobile's atmospheric aura and Ford Motors' fluctuating figures.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

The methodology employed in this study combines quantitative analysis with a touch of whimsy, as we seek to untangle the enigmatic interplay of air pollution and automobile sales. Our endeavor encompasses data collection, statistical modeling, and a keen eye for the unexpected connections that permeate this seemingly incongruous domain.

Data Collection:
Our research team scoured the digital expanse, traversing the virtual highways and byways of the internet to gather pertinent data. We primarily relied on the troves of information housed within the Environmental Protection Agency's databases, extracting air quality indices and pollutant concentration levels in the vicinity of Mobile, Alabama. As a testament to the pervasive nature of knowledge dissemination, we also gleaned industry-specific insights from the reliable annals of Wikipedia, embracing the democratization of information as we navigated the labyrinth of facts and figures.

The Vexing Variables:
At the crux of our methodology lies the juxtaposition of air pollution metrics and Ford Motors' total annual sales figures. We harnessed the ethereal power of statistical software to summon the coefficient of correlation, a measure that captures the elusive dance between these seemingly disparate phenomena. Dabbling in the arcane arts of econometrics, we invoked the spirit of regression analysis to probe deeper into the nuanced relationship between Mobile's atmospheric perturbations and the ebb and flow of Ford vehicles off the dealership lots.

The Time Warp:
Spanning the temporal prism from 1999 to 2021, our data encapsulates the undulating tides of environmental flux and economic vicissitudes. Much like a time-traveling soothsayer, we aimed to capture the subtle shifts and seismic swells that may underpin the association between air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the whims of consumers nationwide. Through this chronological lens, we sought to discern not merely patterns, but the evolution of the atmospheric aura and its resonance in the realm of automotive commerce.

Incorporating the Quirks:
Acknowledging the capricious nature of empirical realities, we endeavored to account for potential confounding factors and covariates that could whisper clandestine influence into our models. Industrial activity, meteorological vagaries, and regulatory interventions emerged as phantoms in our statistical tapestry, urging us to fortify our analyses with robustness against the unseen machinations that may lurk beneath the surface.

Overall, our methodology harmonizes the precision of empirical analysis with a playful embrace of the serendipitous and the unexpected. As we embark on this scholarly sojourn into the heart of statistical conjecture, we remain poised to unravel the correlation of catastrophic car sales, plumbing the depths of economic and environmental intrigue with levity and gravitas in equal measure.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Wikipedia .

For the time period 1999 to 2021, you found a correlation 0.8081998, r-squared of 0.6531869, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Correlation of Catastrophic Car Sales: Examining the Association Between Air Pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Ford Motors' Fluctuating Figures

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the seemingly divergent domains of environmental pollution and automobile retail, probing the potential link between air pollution levels in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. Employing data from the esteemed Environmental Protection Agency and the ubiquitous fount of knowledge, Wikipedia, we embarked on a rigorous analysis. Our investigation yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.8081998 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the years spanning 1999 to 2021.

Much like the inexorable link between peanut butter and jelly, our findings suggest a strong association between air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford vehicles. The roots of this connection, much like Alabama's magnolia trees, may be deep-seated and complex, hinting at the environmental and economic interplay affecting the automotive industry. While our results invite further exploration and conjecture, they illuminate the pervasive influence of air pollution on consumer behavior and market dynamics. This study serves as a reminder that behind the veneer of statistical models and regression analyses, lies a world where exhaust fumes and economic outcomes engage in a covert pas de deux.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
In the realm of environmental economics, the impact of pollution on various facets of the economy has long been a subject of scrutiny. From analyzing the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on agricultural productivity to evaluating the correlation between air quality and consumer behavior, researchers have sought to untangle the intricate web of connections between the environment and economic outcomes. Set against this backdrop, our investigation delves into the perplexing paradox of how air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, relates to the total annual sales of vehicles manufactured by the esteemed Ford Motors in the United States.
Mobile, Alabama, a city steeped in historical charm and bordered by the serene waters of the Mobile Bay, serves as an intriguing setting for our study. Nestled amidst a tapestry of industrial facilities and transportation arteries, the city grapples with the perennial challenge of air pollution, a phenomenon that permeates its atmosphere much like the aroma of freshly brewed coffee in a quaint corner café. Conversely, Ford Motors, an enduring symbol of automotive prowess, commands a substantial share of the U.S. automobile market, conjuring images of sleek vehicles traversing the nation's highways and byways like modern-day steeds.
The intersection of these two seemingly disparate phenomena beckons us to explore the interplay between environmental quality and consumer preferences. By scrutinizing the emissions data from Mobile's atmospheric milieu and juxtaposing it with the scale of Ford Motors' sales figures, we endeavor to shed light on the subtle yet substantive relationship that underpins these domains. Our inquiry is not merely an exercise in statistical analysis; rather, it is a quest to unravel the enigmatic dance between pollutants and profits, between smog-choked skies and showroom allure.
As we embark on our scholarly odyssey, we must remain cognizant of the nuanced tapestry of factors that could influence the dynamics at play. Industrial activity, regulatory interventions, consumer sentiment, and a litany of other variables may conspire to shape the observed patterns. Our task, akin to tracing tire tracks on a dusty road, is to discern the imprint of air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, on the consumption patterns and market performance of Ford vehicles across the nation. While we approach this investigation with the gravitas befitting serious academic inquiry, we cannot resist the allure of peering beneath the surface to discover the unexpected connections that pervade this seemingly incongruous pairing.
In the labyrinthine landscape of economic forces and environmental perturbations, our endeavor is akin to navigating a winding road with twists and turns that defy expectation. It is within this intellectual terrain that we seek to offer not just an analysis of statistical significance, but also a narrative that encapsulates the whimsical interplay of economic decisions and environmental externalities. With the spirit of discovery as our compass, we set forth to unravel the correlation of catastrophic car sales, shedding light on the enigmatic bond between Mobile's atmospheric aura and Ford Motors' fluctuating figures.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The investigation into the correlation between air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States unfolded with enlightening revelations. For the period from 1999 to 2021, an analysis of the collected data yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.8081998, indicating a strong positive association between the levels of air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford vehicles. The correlation was further supported by an r-squared value of 0.6531869, signifying that approximately 65.3% of the variation in Ford Motors' total annual sales can be attributed to the fluctuations in air pollution levels in Mobile, Alabama. Additionally, the statistical significance of this correlation was confirmed with a p-value of less than 0.01, highlighting the robustness of the relationship uncovered.

The strength of the correlation between air pollution levels and Ford Motors' total annual sales is vividly showcased in the presented scatterplot (Fig. 1). The scatterplot paints a compelling picture of the coalescence between these seemingly disparate variables, accentuating the undeniable bond that permeates the environmental and economic realms.

These notable findings underscore the profound influence of environmental factors on consumer behavior and market trends within the automotive industry, akin to the unmistakable sway of ocean tides on coastal landscapes. The robustness of the observed correlation beckons further exploration into the multifaceted interplay between environmental quality and commercial outcomes, echoing the timeless adage that every puff of air emission may have economic repercussions as weighty as a ton of steel.

The correlation coefficient, akin to a steadfast bridge linking two distant shores, accentuates the intrinsic connection between Mobile's atmospheric composition and the nationwide desirability of Ford vehicles. This revelation impels contemplation of the intricate ways in which environmental footprints traverse economic landscapes, akin to the captivating dance of a southern breeze amid a cacophony of economic transactions.

The statistical rigor underpinning the findings engenders confidence in the robustness of the discovered correlation, highlighting the profound implications of Mobile's air pollution on the ebbs and flows of Ford Motors' sales figures. These revelations inspire contemplation of the intricate ways in which localized environmental perturbations can reverberate across national economic domains, akin to a butterfly's wingbeat unfurling a tempestuous whirlwind.

Together, these findings corroborate the notion that air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and Ford Motors' total annual sales are intertwined in a complex, symbiotic relationship. The astute observer is reminded of the silent yet pronounced dialogue between the noxious emissions in the Alabama air and the vehicular marvels gracing American roads, much like the subtleties hidden within a well-crafted, albeit unassuming, pun.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
Correlation of Catastrophic Car Sales: Examining the Association Between Air Pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Ford Motors' Fluctuating Figures

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the seemingly divergent domains of environmental pollution and automobile retail, probing the potential link between air pollution levels in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. Employing data from the esteemed Environmental Protection Agency and the ubiquitous fount of knowledge, Wikipedia, we embarked on a rigorous analysis. Our investigation yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.8081998 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the years spanning 1999 to 2021.

Much like the inexorable link between peanut butter and jelly, our findings suggest a strong association between air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford vehicles. The roots of this connection, much like Alabama's magnolia trees, may be deep-seated and complex, hinting at the environmental and economic interplay affecting the automotive industry. While our results invite further exploration and conjecture, they illuminate the pervasive influence of air pollution on consumer behavior and market dynamics. This study serves as a reminder that behind the veneer of statistical models and regression analyses, lies a world where exhaust fumes and economic outcomes engage in a covert pas de deux.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
In our endeavor to discern the potential link between air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States, we first turn to the body of existing research in related areas. Prior studies have laid the groundwork for understanding the intricate interplay between environmental factors and economic outcomes, providing a lens through which to examine our own investigation.
Smith and Doe (2015) conducted a comprehensive analysis of the impact of air pollution on consumer behavior, shedding light on the subtle ways in which environmental quality influences purchasing decisions. Their study, much like a well-oiled engine, underscored the significance of considering the broader context of environmental factors in shaping market dynamics. Meanwhile, Jones et al. (2018) delved into the realm of automotive retail and consumer preferences, offering insights into the variables that drive sales figures for major vehicular manufacturers. Their work, akin to a finely-tuned transmission, highlighted the multifaceted nature of consumer decision-making in the automobile sector.
Turning our attention to non-fiction literature, "The Omnivore's Dilemma" by Michael Pollan and "Fast Food Nation" by Eric Schlosser provide a tangential yet insightful perspective on the influence of environmental and economic factors on consumer choices. While not directly related to the automotive industry, these books offer a delectable feast of ideas about the complexities of consumer behavior and the environmental underpinnings of our economic choices. On a different note, "The Grapes of Wrath" by John Steinbeck and "The Road" by Cormac McCarthy, though works of fiction, evoke imagery of long journeys by car, reminding us of the enduring role of automobiles in shaping societal narratives.
In the realm of cinema, "Cars" and "Little Miss Sunshine" offer cinematic depictions that capture aspects of the automotive industry and the American consumer experience. While these films may not directly address the connection between air pollution and automobile sales, they provide a delightful backdrop against which to ponder the broader cultural resonance of vehicular pursuits.
As we delve into this literature, it becomes increasingly clear that the intersection of environmental factors and economic dynamics is rife with hidden connections and unexpected parallels. As we proceed to untangle this enigmatic web, let us not overlook the whimsical nature of this inquiry and the myriad ways in which our findings may serve as a vehicle for new insights and lively discourse.

[[RESULTS]]
The investigation into the correlation between air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States unfolded with enlightening revelations. For the period from 1999 to 2021, an analysis of the collected data yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.8081998, indicating a strong positive association between the levels of air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford vehicles. The correlation was further supported by an r-squared value of 0.6531869, signifying that approximately 65.3% of the variation in Ford Motors' total annual sales can be attributed to the fluctuations in air pollution levels in Mobile, Alabama. Additionally, the statistical significance of this correlation was confirmed with a p-value of less than 0.01, highlighting the robustness of the relationship uncovered.
The strength of the correlation between air pollution levels and Ford Motors' total annual sales is vividly showcased in the presented scatterplot (Fig. 1). The scatterplot paints a compelling picture of the coalescence between these seemingly disparate variables, accentuating the undeniable bond that permeates the environmental and economic realms.
These notable findings underscore the profound influence of environmental factors on consumer behavior and market trends within the automotive industry, akin to the unmistakable sway of ocean tides on coastal landscapes. The robustness of the observed correlation beckons further exploration into the multifaceted interplay between environmental quality and commercial outcomes, echoing the timeless adage that every puff of air emission may have economic repercussions as weighty as a ton of steel.
The correlation coefficient, akin to a steadfast bridge linking two distant shores, accentuates the intrinsic connection between Mobile's atmospheric composition and the nationwide desirability of Ford vehicles. This revelation impels contemplation of the intricate ways in which environmental footprints traverse economic landscapes, akin to the captivating dance of a southern breeze amid a cacophony of economic transactions.
The statistical rigor underpinning the findings engenders confidence in the robustness of the discovered correlation, highlighting the profound implications of Mobile's air pollution on the ebbs and flows of Ford Motors' sales figures. These revelations inspire contemplation of the intricate ways in which localized environmental perturbations can reverberate across national economic domains, akin to a butterfly's wingbeat unfurling a tempestuous whirlwind.
Together, these findings corroborate the notion that air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and Ford Motors' total annual sales are intertwined in a complex, symbiotic relationship. The astute observer is reminded of the silent yet pronounced dialogue between the noxious emissions in the Alabama air and the vehicular marvels gracing American roads, much like the subtleties hidden within a well-crafted, albeit unassuming, pun.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The results of our investigation bring to the fore a compelling narrative that underscores the intricate entanglement of air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. As we dissect the implications of our findings, it is evident that the resonance of our correlation coefficient and statistical significance align closely with prior research, albeit with an air of whimsy that seems to waft through the academic ether.

Drawing from the literature review, Smith and Doe's (2015) investigation into the impact of air pollution on consumer behavior primed our understanding of the nuanced ways in which environmental quality permeates market dynamics. Much like the seasoned craftsmanship of a reliable exhaust pipe, our results lend credence to the notion that air pollution exerts a substantial influence on consumer preferences, particularly within the automotive realm. Similarly, the work of Jones et al. (2018), akin to a well-balanced wheel alignment, shed light on the multifaceted nature of consumer decision-making, providing a backdrop against which our own findings seamlessly mesh.

Moreover, the tangential yet insightful perspectives offered by "The Omnivore's Dilemma" and "Fast Food Nation" continue to resonate profoundly with our investigation. While not a direct focus of our study, the underlying interplay of environmental and economic factors raised in these works convey a subtle yet compelling resonance with the observed correlation. As we confront the intersection of air pollution and Ford Motors' sales figures, it becomes increasingly clear that our results serve as a testament to the enduring influence of environmental factors on consumer choices—a notion that we humbly embrace, much like a well-worn tire clings to the paved road.

The robust correlation coefficient and statistical significance uncovered in our study bear the hallmark of an ardent relationship between Mobile's atmospheric composition and the nationwide appeal of Ford vehicles. As we contemplate the profound symphony between pollution and purchase, much like a well-orchestrated concerto, we are reminded of the intricate ways in which environmental footprints traverse economic landscapes. The spirited corroboration of our findings with prior research speaks to the enduring resilience of environmental and economic interplay in shaping market dynamics, much like an enduring friendship forged over time.

In closing, our research extends an invitation to delve deeper into the enigmatic web of environmental and economic interdependencies, underscoring the profound resonance of the hidden threads that bind them. As we navigate this labyrinth, let us not lose sight of the whimsical nature of this inquiry and the dormant possibilities it holds for igniting lively discourse and sparking offbeat curiosity, much like a playful jest concealed within the solemn folds of academic prose.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
Correlation of Catastrophic Car Sales: Examining the Association Between Air Pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Ford Motors' Fluctuating Figures

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the seemingly divergent domains of environmental pollution and automobile retail, probing the potential link between air pollution levels in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. Employing data from the esteemed Environmental Protection Agency and the ubiquitous fount of knowledge, Wikipedia, we embarked on a rigorous analysis. Our investigation yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.8081998 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the years spanning 1999 to 2021.

Much like the inexorable link between peanut butter and jelly, our findings suggest a strong association between air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford vehicles. The roots of this connection, much like Alabama's magnolia trees, may be deep-seated and complex, hinting at the environmental and economic interplay affecting the automotive industry. While our results invite further exploration and conjecture, they illuminate the pervasive influence of air pollution on consumer behavior and market dynamics. This study serves as a reminder that behind the veneer of statistical models and regression analyses, lies a world where exhaust fumes and economic outcomes engage in a covert pas de deux.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
In the realm of environmental economics, the impact of pollution on various facets of the economy has long been a subject of scrutiny. From analyzing the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on agricultural productivity to evaluating the correlation between air quality and consumer behavior, researchers have sought to untangle the intricate web of connections between the environment and economic outcomes. Set against this backdrop, our investigation delves into the perplexing paradox of how air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, relates to the total annual sales of vehicles manufactured by the esteemed Ford Motors in the United States.
Mobile, Alabama, a city steeped in historical charm and bordered by the serene waters of the Mobile Bay, serves as an intriguing setting for our study. Nestled amidst a tapestry of industrial facilities and transportation arteries, the city grapples with the perennial challenge of air pollution, a phenomenon that permeates its atmosphere much like the aroma of freshly brewed coffee in a quaint corner café. Conversely, Ford Motors, an enduring symbol of automotive prowess, commands a substantial share of the U.S. automobile market, conjuring images of sleek vehicles traversing the nation's highways and byways like modern-day steeds.
The intersection of these two seemingly disparate phenomena beckons us to explore the interplay between environmental quality and consumer preferences. By scrutinizing the emissions data from Mobile's atmospheric milieu and juxtaposing it with the scale of Ford Motors' sales figures, we endeavor to shed light on the subtle yet substantive relationship that underpins these domains. Our inquiry is not merely an exercise in statistical analysis; rather, it is a quest to unravel the enigmatic dance between pollutants and profits, between smog-choked skies and showroom allure.
As we embark on our scholarly odyssey, we must remain cognizant of the nuanced tapestry of factors that could influence the dynamics at play. Industrial activity, regulatory interventions, consumer sentiment, and a litany of other variables may conspire to shape the observed patterns. Our task, akin to tracing tire tracks on a dusty road, is to discern the imprint of air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, on the consumption patterns and market performance of Ford vehicles across the nation. While we approach this investigation with the gravitas befitting serious academic inquiry, we cannot resist the allure of peering beneath the surface to discover the unexpected connections that pervade this seemingly incongruous pairing.
In the labyrinthine landscape of economic forces and environmental perturbations, our endeavor is akin to navigating a winding road with twists and turns that defy expectation. It is within this intellectual terrain that we seek to offer not just an analysis of statistical significance, but also a narrative that encapsulates the whimsical interplay of economic decisions and environmental externalities. With the spirit of discovery as our compass, we set forth to unravel the correlation of catastrophic car sales, shedding light on the enigmatic bond between Mobile's atmospheric aura and Ford Motors' fluctuating figures.

[[RESULTS]]
The investigation into the correlation between air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States unfolded with enlightening revelations. For the period from 1999 to 2021, an analysis of the collected data yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.8081998, indicating a strong positive association between the levels of air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford vehicles. The correlation was further supported by an r-squared value of 0.6531869, signifying that approximately 65.3% of the variation in Ford Motors' total annual sales can be attributed to the fluctuations in air pollution levels in Mobile, Alabama. Additionally, the statistical significance of this correlation was confirmed with a p-value of less than 0.01, highlighting the robustness of the relationship uncovered.
The strength of the correlation between air pollution levels and Ford Motors' total annual sales is vividly showcased in the presented scatterplot (Fig. 1). The scatterplot paints a compelling picture of the coalescence between these seemingly disparate variables, accentuating the undeniable bond that permeates the environmental and economic realms.
These notable findings underscore the profound influence of environmental factors on consumer behavior and market trends within the automotive industry, akin to the unmistakable sway of ocean tides on coastal landscapes. The robustness of the observed correlation beckons further exploration into the multifaceted interplay between environmental quality and commercial outcomes, echoing the timeless adage that every puff of air emission may have economic repercussions as weighty as a ton of steel.
The correlation coefficient, akin to a steadfast bridge linking two distant shores, accentuates the intrinsic connection between Mobile's atmospheric composition and the nationwide desirability of Ford vehicles. This revelation impels contemplation of the intricate ways in which environmental footprints traverse economic landscapes, akin to the captivating dance of a southern breeze amid a cacophony of economic transactions.
The statistical rigor underpinning the findings engenders confidence in the robustness of the discovered correlation, highlighting the profound implications of Mobile's air pollution on the ebbs and flows of Ford Motors' sales figures. These revelations inspire contemplation of the intricate ways in which localized environmental perturbations can reverberate across national economic domains, akin to a butterfly's wingbeat unfurling a tempestuous whirlwind.
Together, these findings corroborate the notion that air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and Ford Motors' total annual sales are intertwined in a complex, symbiotic relationship. The astute observer is reminded of the silent yet pronounced dialogue between the noxious emissions in the Alabama air and the vehicular marvels gracing American roads, much like the subtleties hidden within a well-crafted, albeit unassuming, pun.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In the enthralling saga of environmental economics and its intersection with consumer behavior, our expedition navigated the labyrinthine channels of air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and its enigmatic dance with the total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. The correlation coefficient of 0.8081998 we uncovered serves as a testament to the enduring bond between the atmospheric aura of Mobile and the nationwide allure of Ford vehicles. This bond, much like a story captured in the fleeting wisps of a passing cloud, hints at the intricate and profound connections that underpin economic landscapes.

The statistical significance of our findings, adorned with a p-value of less than 0.01, underscores the robustness of the observed association, akin to the unwavering presence of a traffic light guiding the flow of economic phenomena. Our exploration has unveiled a narrative of intertwined destinies, where the exhalations of Mobile’s industrial fabric intertwine with the economic fortunes of Ford Motors in a duet that resonates across the corridors of commerce.

With these revelations, we have unraveled a tale where the rich tapestry of air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, weaves a compelling narrative alongside the fluctuations in Ford Motors' sales figures. As we reflect on our academic sojourn, it is with humble conviction that we assert the solidity of our findings and proclaim that further research in this domain is as unnecessary as a snowplow in the Saharan desert. For in this tale of exhaust fumes and economic sway, the inextricable embrace of Mobile's air pollution with Ford Motors' sales figures has been unveiled with a clarity that rivals the pristine contours of a freshly waxed car.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Correlation of Catastrophic Car Sales: Examining the Association Between Air Pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Ford Motors' Fluctuating Figures. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Ecological Economics and Automotive Analysis

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Correlation of Catastrophic Car Sales: Examining the Association Between Air Pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Ford Motors' Fluctuating Figures. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Society for Environmental Automotive Analysis and Research

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Correlation of Catastrophic Car Sales: Examining the Association Between Air Pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Ford Motors' Fluctuating Figures with an abstract of This study delves into the seemingly divergent domains of environmental pollution and automobile retail, probing the potential link between air pollution levels in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States. Employing data from the esteemed Environmental Protection Agency and the ubiquitous fount of knowledge, Wikipedia, we embarked on a rigorous analysis. Our investigation yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.8081998 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the years spanning 1999 to 2021.
Much like the inexorable link between peanut butter and jelly, our findings suggest a strong association between air pollution in Mobile, Alabama, and the total annual sales of Ford vehicles. The roots of this connection, much like Alabama's magnolia trees, may be deep-seated and complex, hinting at the environmental and economic interplay affecting the automotive industry. While our results invite further exploration and conjecture, they illuminate the pervasive influence of air pollution on consumer behavior and market dynamics. This study serves as a reminder that behind the veneer of statistical models and regression analyses, lies a world where exhaust fumes and economic outcomes engage in a covert pas de deux.

ChatGPT:

"air pollution Mobile Alabama, Ford Motors sales correlation",
"environmental pollution automobile retail association",
"Mobile Alabama air pollution Ford Motors sales",
"air pollution consumer behavior car sales",
"Mobile Alabama pollution economic impact Ford Motors sales"

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama
Detailed data title: Percentage of days with moderate or worse air quality in Mobile, AL
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama

Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States
Source: Wikipedia
See what else correlates with Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States

Correlation r = 0.8081998 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.6531869 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 65.3% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama) over the 23 years from 1999 through 2021.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 3.09E-6.^Show 0.0000030874435661663430000000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.81 in 0.000309% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 323,893 random variables^Note You don't actually need 323 thousand variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 22 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 22 because we have two variables measured over a period of 23 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.59, 0.92 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama (Bad air quality days)	64.1791	62.1053	35.5401	36.1963	33.4254	31.4763	36.2573	34.2618	27.298	21.2885	14.8045	25.6198	29.2763	19.3662	12.9825	21.4035	24.5179	24.8603	17.7285	20.8914	30.1136	26.4368	25.2078
Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States (Sales)	4163370	4202820	3971360	3623710	3483720	3331680	3153880	2901900	2507370	1988380	1620890	1935460	2143100	2250160	2493920	2480940	2613160	2614700	2586720	2497320	2422700	2044740	1905960

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([64.1791,62.1053,35.5401,36.1963,33.4254,31.4763,36.2573,34.2618,27.298,21.2885,14.8045,25.6198,29.2763,19.3662,12.9825,21.4035,24.5179,24.8603,17.7285,20.8914,30.1136,26.4368,25.2078,])
array_2 = np.array([4163370,4202820,3971360,3623710,3483720,3331680,3153880,2901900,2507370,1988380,1620890,1935460,2143100,2250160,2493920,2480940,2613160,2614700,2586720,2497320,2422700,2044740,1905960,])
array_1_name = "Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama"
array_2_name = "Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Air pollution in Mobile, Alabama
Line chart for only Total annual sales of Ford Motors in the United States
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Correlation of Catastrophic Car Sales: Examining the Association Between Air Pollution in Mobile, Alabama and Ford Motors' Fluctuating Figures

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Correlation ID: 4491 · Black Variable ID: 20915 · Red Variable ID: 337


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