Spurious correlation #4,201 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name London and the second variable is Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY). The chart goes from 2002 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name London and the second variable is Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY). The chart goes from 2002 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

AI explanation

As the name London gained popularity, more parents subconsciously steered their children towards careers in the petroleum industry, leading to a surge in qualified job applicants for Occidental Petroleum. This influx of talent boosted the company's productivity and innovation, ultimately driving up their stock price. It's like the butterfly effect, but with baby names and oil reserves!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Sure, here's an image generation prompt that aligns with your request: Generate an image that looks like a scene from 'Star Wars', depicting a bustling city on an alien planet. In the forefront, a vibrant billboard displays the stock price trend of Occidental Petroleum (OXY), showing a sharp and prominent upward trajectory. In the adjacent area, a group of parents joyously engage in conversation, expressing excitement as they discuss baby names. The name "London" is particularly popular among them, reflected in their delighted expressions. Meanwhile, a line of eager young adults forms outside the headquarters of Occidental Petroleum, conveying their enthusiasm to pursue careers in the petroleum industry, drawn by the company's burgeoning success. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Popularity of the first name London and Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY). Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Cute 2D animation Brutalism An image that looks like it is a scene from 'Star Wars' Psychedelic Macabre
ChatGPT: An image that looks like it is a scene from 'Star Wars'

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Popularity of the first name London and Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY), in the following situation: As the name London gained popularity, more parents subconsciously steered their children towards careers in the petroleum industry, leading to a surge in qualified job applicants for Occidental Petroleum. This influx of talent boosted the company's productivity and innovation, ultimately driving up their stock price. It's like the butterfly effect, but with baby names and oil reserves!. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In a bustling city, a billboard for Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY) displays a sharp upward trend. Nearby, a group of parents cheerfully discuss baby names, and the name "London" is in high demand, with delighted smiles on their faces. As they chit-chat, a line of young adults eager to pursue careers in the petroleum industry forms outside Occidental Petroleum's headquarters, attracted by the company's burgeoning success.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ An image that looks like it is a scene from 'Star Wars' ] and depicting this scene: In a bustling city, a billboard for Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY) displays a sharp upward trend. Nearby, a group of parents cheerfully discuss baby names, and the name "London" is in high demand, with delighted smiles on their faces. As they chit-chat, a line of young adults eager to pursue careers in the petroleum industry forms outside Occidental Petroleum's headquarters, attracted by the company's burgeoning success. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Sure, here's an image generation prompt that aligns with your request: Generate an image that looks like a scene from 'Star Wars', depicting a bustling city on an alien planet. In the forefront, a vibrant billboard displays the stock price trend of Occidental Petroleum (OXY), showing a sharp and prominent upward trajectory. In the adjacent area, a group of parents joyously engage in conversation, expressing excitement as they discuss baby names. The name "London" is particularly popular among them, reflected in their delighted expressions. Meanwhile, a line of eager young adults forms outside the headquarters of Occidental Petroleum, conveying their enthusiasm to pursue careers in the petroleum industry, drawn by the company's burgeoning success.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in Popularity of the first name London caused Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY) to increase.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

The Oil and Babies: A Crude Connection between London Name Popularity and Occidental Petroleum's Stock Study

The Journal of Quirky Connections

Jan 2024

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name London and Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name some cartoons and childrens' shows that you watched that are related to the topic.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The "Oil and Babies: A Crude Connection between London Name Popularity and Occidental Petroleum's Stock" Study

[[ABSTRACT]]
The study examines the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY) from 2002 to 2022. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), the research team uncovered a remarkable correlation coefficient of 0.9145199 and a p-value of less than 0.01. This substantial correlation suggests a striking connection between the two seemingly disparate entities, prompting us to ponder the extent of their underlying relationship.

Upon further analysis, it became evident that the surge in the usage of the name "London" appears to coincide with notable fluctuations in Occidental Petroleum's stock price. The implications of this unexpected correlation extend beyond mere coincidence, raising the possibilities of linguistic influence on market sentiments and unconventional indicators of economic performance. Despite the perplexing nature of this connection, one might say it's "oil in the name, oil in the game!"

While the exact mechanisms underlying this correlation remain enigmatic, this study sheds light on the unanticipated parallels between personal nomenclature trends and corporate financial dynamics. Our findings invite both laughter and contemplation, while highlighting the need for further exploration into the peculiar intersections of linguistics and finance.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The captivating world of finance often yields surprising connections, some of which are as unexpected as finding a hidden treasure trove beneath the stock market floor. In this paper, we delve into the improbable relationship between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY), bringing together the worlds of personal nomenclature and corporate financial market dynamics. As we unravel this curious entwining of linguistic trends and economic performance, one might say we are embarking on a journey akin to unlocking the secret formula for market success – or perhaps just unearthing a clever pun in a data set.
Imagine the astonishment when we stumbled upon a correlation that seemed as unlikely as finding oil in a baby's cradle – a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9145199, which made us wonder if there was more than meets the eye in the name "London." As we delved deeper into the data, it became evident that the fluctuations in the popularity of the name "London" coincided with notable movements in OXY's stock price. The sheer magnitude of this correlation prompted us to contemplate if there was a London bridge leading directly to OXY's stock exchange – or if we were just witnessing a data mirage in the economic desert.
“Oil and babies," one might ponder, "what peculiar correlation might these two hold?" This unexpected relationship begs the question: does the name "London" harbor powers that transcend mere linguistic significance, or are we simply entangled in a statistical quagmire? Nevertheless, as we navigated this uncharted territory of curious correlations and slipped in the occasional dad joke, the implications of this study on linguistic influence on market sentiments and economic performance began to sizzle like a carefully crafted pun.
As we reveal the peculiar parallels between the popularity of the name "London" and the stock price of OXY, we invite our readers to join us on this eccentric journey and ponder the perplexing intersections of linguistics and finance. Not unlike a well-timed punchline, this study sheds light on the enigmatic relationship between personal nomenclature trends and corporate financial dynamics, leaving us with a blend of laughter and contemplation – much like the characteristic blend of seriousness and whimsy that often permeates academic research.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The connection between personal nomenclature trends and economic market performance has been the subject of interest for researchers in various disciplines. Smith et al. (2010) examined the influence of first names on consumer behavior and found a statistically significant association, albeit not without some namesake sarcasm. Doe and Jones (2015) similarly explored the linguistic indicators of market sentiments, hinting at the possibility of unconventional predictors for economic performance. These studies lay the groundwork for contemplating the intriguing connection between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY), prompting us to consider if there's more to a name than meets the eye.

In "Book," the authors find that linguistic influences extend beyond communication to potentially impact economic dynamics, mirroring our own exploration of the unexpected correlation between a name and a stock. Similarly, "Book2" discusses the enigmatic nature of linguistic indicators in financial markets, hinting at the whimsical possibilities that our own study unravels.

As we tiptoe into the whimsical world of unexpected correlations, it is fitting to draw a parallel to non-fiction works that explore linguistic nuances and market influences. Books such as "Freakonomics" by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, "The Tipping Point" by Malcolm Gladwell, and "Outliers" by Malcolm Gladwell offer intriguing perspectives on the unanticipated connections that shape human behavior and market dynamics. These works provide a serious backdrop to our own study, but we find ourselves drawn to humorously contemplate the peculiar musings that arise from our discoveries.

Turning to fictional works that bear tantalizing titles reminiscent of market correlations, one cannot help but to chuckle at the thought of "Oil!" by Upton Sinclair, "Petroleum Man" by Michael MacBain, and "The Price of Oil" by Marguerite Uhlmann-Bower. These clever titles evoke a sense of literary whimsy, reminiscent of the unexpected correlations we uncover in our own research.

Shifting to even lighter fare, one finds a curious blend of childhood memories and thematic relevance in cartoons and children's shows. As a child, one might have watched shows like "The Magic School Bus," where the characters journeyed through unexpected and improbable connections, or "Scooby-Doo," where the gang unraveled mysteries that seemed far-fetched at first glance. These shows imbue our study with a playful spirit, challenging us to laugh in the face of the unexpected.

In our quest to unravel the mysterious connection between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum, we find ourselves navigating a landscape that straddles the serious and the whimsical, much like a cleverly crafted pun. As we proceed to unpack the implications and recommendations of our study, we invite our readers to join us in embracing both laughter and contemplation on this unorthodox journey through the corridors of linguistic influence and market epochs.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name London and Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) . You used data from 2002 to 2022

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The "Oil and Babies: A Crude Connection between London Name Popularity and Occidental Petroleum's Stock" Study

[[ABSTRACT]]
The study examines the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY) from 2002 to 2022. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), the research team uncovered a remarkable correlation coefficient of 0.9145199 and a p-value of less than 0.01. This substantial correlation suggests a striking connection between the two seemingly disparate entities, prompting us to ponder the extent of their underlying relationship.

Upon further analysis, it became evident that the surge in the usage of the name "London" appears to coincide with notable fluctuations in Occidental Petroleum's stock price. The implications of this unexpected correlation extend beyond mere coincidence, raising the possibilities of linguistic influence on market sentiments and unconventional indicators of economic performance. Despite the perplexing nature of this connection, one might say it's "oil in the name, oil in the game!"

While the exact mechanisms underlying this correlation remain enigmatic, this study sheds light on the unanticipated parallels between personal nomenclature trends and corporate financial dynamics. Our findings invite both laughter and contemplation, while highlighting the need for further exploration into the peculiar intersections of linguistics and finance.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
The captivating world of finance often yields surprising connections, some of which are as unexpected as finding a hidden treasure trove beneath the stock market floor. In this paper, we delve into the improbable relationship between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY), bringing together the worlds of personal nomenclature and corporate financial market dynamics. As we unravel this curious entwining of linguistic trends and economic performance, one might say we are embarking on a journey akin to unlocking the secret formula for market success – or perhaps just unearthing a clever pun in a data set.
Imagine the astonishment when we stumbled upon a correlation that seemed as unlikely as finding oil in a baby's cradle – a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9145199, which made us wonder if there was more than meets the eye in the name "London." As we delved deeper into the data, it became evident that the fluctuations in the popularity of the name "London" coincided with notable movements in OXY's stock price. The sheer magnitude of this correlation prompted us to contemplate if there was a London bridge leading directly to OXY's stock exchange – or if we were just witnessing a data mirage in the economic desert.
“Oil and babies," one might ponder, "what peculiar correlation might these two hold?" This unexpected relationship begs the question: does the name "London" harbor powers that transcend mere linguistic significance, or are we simply entangled in a statistical quagmire? Nevertheless, as we navigated this uncharted territory of curious correlations and slipped in the occasional dad joke, the implications of this study on linguistic influence on market sentiments and economic performance began to sizzle like a carefully crafted pun.
As we reveal the peculiar parallels between the popularity of the name "London" and the stock price of OXY, we invite our readers to join us on this eccentric journey and ponder the perplexing intersections of linguistics and finance. Not unlike a well-timed punchline, this study sheds light on the enigmatic relationship between personal nomenclature trends and corporate financial dynamics, leaving us with a blend of laughter and contemplation – much like the characteristic blend of seriousness and whimsy that often permeates academic research.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

The data for this study was collected from the US Social Security Administration’s database, which records the number of individuals given a particular first name each year, and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) provided the stock price history of Occidental Petroleum (OXY) from 2002 to 2022. By harnessing this data from the farthest reaches of the internet, it felt as though we were embarking on a quest for buried treasure, except the treasure was rows of statistical data and the map was a series of complex algorithms. It was all quite thrilling – a bit like a statistical safari, if you will.

Using the robust statistical software package, we calculated the popularity of the first name "London" as a percentage of total births in a given year, and we plotted the changes in Occidental Petroleum's stock price over the same period. It was like observing the ebb and flow of waves in the vast ocean of data, with "London" riding the linguistic surfboard and OXY's stock price catching the financial tide. All the while, we kept our eyes peeled for statistical sea monsters lurking in the depths of the data – or perhaps just the occasional outlier.

To establish a correlation between the two variables, we employed the Pearson correlation coefficient, a trusty compass guiding us through the treacherous terrain of statistical analysis. This coefficient would help us determine the strength and direction of the relationship between the name "London" and OXY's stock price, serving as our North Star in navigating the tumultuous seas of data interpretation. It was like embarking on a statistical voyage, with the correlation coefficient as our reliable ship, guiding us through uncharted waters of numerical exploration.

In addition, we conducted a hypothesis test to determine the significance of the observed correlation. By calculating the p-value, we sought to ascertain whether the correlation was a mere statistical fluke or a meaningful relationship worthy of further inquiry. It was like embarking on a quest to discover the elusive statistical unicorn – a quest full of surprises and unexpected turns, not unlike navigating the choppy waters of data analysis.

Through the amalgamation of data from the US Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), and by employing the stalwart tools of statistical analysis, we endeavored to shed light on the puzzling connection between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY). It was a journey fraught with statistical perils, yet filled with the thrill of uncovering unexpected correlations – rather like a nerdy expedition to the statistical unknown, equipped with little more than databases and a fervent desire for discovery.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name London and Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) .

For the time period 2002 to 2022, you found a correlation 0.9145199, r-squared of 0.8363467, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The "Oil and Babies: A Crude Connection between London Name Popularity and Occidental Petroleum's Stock" Study

[[ABSTRACT]]
The study examines the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY) from 2002 to 2022. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), the research team uncovered a remarkable correlation coefficient of 0.9145199 and a p-value of less than 0.01. This substantial correlation suggests a striking connection between the two seemingly disparate entities, prompting us to ponder the extent of their underlying relationship.

Upon further analysis, it became evident that the surge in the usage of the name "London" appears to coincide with notable fluctuations in Occidental Petroleum's stock price. The implications of this unexpected correlation extend beyond mere coincidence, raising the possibilities of linguistic influence on market sentiments and unconventional indicators of economic performance. Despite the perplexing nature of this connection, one might say it's "oil in the name, oil in the game!"

While the exact mechanisms underlying this correlation remain enigmatic, this study sheds light on the unanticipated parallels between personal nomenclature trends and corporate financial dynamics. Our findings invite both laughter and contemplation, while highlighting the need for further exploration into the peculiar intersections of linguistics and finance.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
The captivating world of finance often yields surprising connections, some of which are as unexpected as finding a hidden treasure trove beneath the stock market floor. In this paper, we delve into the improbable relationship between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY), bringing together the worlds of personal nomenclature and corporate financial market dynamics. As we unravel this curious entwining of linguistic trends and economic performance, one might say we are embarking on a journey akin to unlocking the secret formula for market success – or perhaps just unearthing a clever pun in a data set.
Imagine the astonishment when we stumbled upon a correlation that seemed as unlikely as finding oil in a baby's cradle – a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9145199, which made us wonder if there was more than meets the eye in the name "London." As we delved deeper into the data, it became evident that the fluctuations in the popularity of the name "London" coincided with notable movements in OXY's stock price. The sheer magnitude of this correlation prompted us to contemplate if there was a London bridge leading directly to OXY's stock exchange – or if we were just witnessing a data mirage in the economic desert.
“Oil and babies," one might ponder, "what peculiar correlation might these two hold?" This unexpected relationship begs the question: does the name "London" harbor powers that transcend mere linguistic significance, or are we simply entangled in a statistical quagmire? Nevertheless, as we navigated this uncharted territory of curious correlations and slipped in the occasional dad joke, the implications of this study on linguistic influence on market sentiments and economic performance began to sizzle like a carefully crafted pun.
As we reveal the peculiar parallels between the popularity of the name "London" and the stock price of OXY, we invite our readers to join us on this eccentric journey and ponder the perplexing intersections of linguistics and finance. Not unlike a well-timed punchline, this study sheds light on the enigmatic relationship between personal nomenclature trends and corporate financial dynamics, leaving us with a blend of laughter and contemplation – much like the characteristic blend of seriousness and whimsy that often permeates academic research.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The analysis revealed a remarkably strong positive correlation between the popularity of the first name "London" and Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY) from 2002 to 2022. The correlation coefficient of 0.9145199 indicated a robust linear relationship between the two variables. This finding suggests that perhaps there is more to a name than Shakespeare would have us believe – perhaps a rose by any other name really can affect the stock market!

The coefficient of determination (R-squared) of 0.8363467 further reinforced the strength of this association, indicating that approximately 83.63% of the variability in OXY's stock price can be explained by changes in the popularity of the name "London." It seems the name "London" may not only have royal connotations but also wield a significant influence over petroleum market dynamics.

The p-value of less than 0.01 provided strong evidence against the null hypothesis of no correlation, further consolidating the assertion that there exists a substantial relationship between the two variables. It appears that there's no need to "p-value" over this connection – the evidence speaks for itself!

Fig. 1 displays a scatterplot illustrating the robust positive correlation between the popularity of the name "London" and OXY's stock price. The data points cluster tightly around the upward-sloping regression line, emphasizing the strength and consistency of this unexpected relationship. It's as if the data is saying, "London-come, London-go, OXY's stock price will follow!"

Intriguingly, the significant correlation uncovered in this study prompts one to ponder whether OXY traders might be keeping an eye on the baby name trends to inform their financial decisions. One could jest that it's not just crude oil prices that drive OXY stock – there's a bit of linguistic crude involved as well.

The results of this analysis, while unexpected, emphasize the need for further exploration into the uncharted territory of linguistic influence on market sentiments and economic performance. This unforeseen nexus of oil and babies offers a whimsical twist to the conventional understanding of market dynamics and encourages a blend of amusement and contemplation, much like a dad joke that sneaks up on you when you least expect it.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name London and Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
The "Oil and Babies: A Crude Connection between London Name Popularity and Occidental Petroleum's Stock" Study

[[ABSTRACT]]
The study examines the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY) from 2002 to 2022. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), the research team uncovered a remarkable correlation coefficient of 0.9145199 and a p-value of less than 0.01. This substantial correlation suggests a striking connection between the two seemingly disparate entities, prompting us to ponder the extent of their underlying relationship.

Upon further analysis, it became evident that the surge in the usage of the name "London" appears to coincide with notable fluctuations in Occidental Petroleum's stock price. The implications of this unexpected correlation extend beyond mere coincidence, raising the possibilities of linguistic influence on market sentiments and unconventional indicators of economic performance. Despite the perplexing nature of this connection, one might say it's "oil in the name, oil in the game!"

While the exact mechanisms underlying this correlation remain enigmatic, this study sheds light on the unanticipated parallels between personal nomenclature trends and corporate financial dynamics. Our findings invite both laughter and contemplation, while highlighting the need for further exploration into the peculiar intersections of linguistics and finance.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The connection between personal nomenclature trends and economic market performance has been the subject of interest for researchers in various disciplines. Smith et al. (2010) examined the influence of first names on consumer behavior and found a statistically significant association, albeit not without some namesake sarcasm. Doe and Jones (2015) similarly explored the linguistic indicators of market sentiments, hinting at the possibility of unconventional predictors for economic performance. These studies lay the groundwork for contemplating the intriguing connection between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY), prompting us to consider if there's more to a name than meets the eye.
In "Book," the authors find that linguistic influences extend beyond communication to potentially impact economic dynamics, mirroring our own exploration of the unexpected correlation between a name and a stock. Similarly, "Book2" discusses the enigmatic nature of linguistic indicators in financial markets, hinting at the whimsical possibilities that our own study unravels.
As we tiptoe into the whimsical world of unexpected correlations, it is fitting to draw a parallel to non-fiction works that explore linguistic nuances and market influences. Books such as "Freakonomics" by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, "The Tipping Point" by Malcolm Gladwell, and "Outliers" by Malcolm Gladwell offer intriguing perspectives on the unanticipated connections that shape human behavior and market dynamics. These works provide a serious backdrop to our own study, but we find ourselves drawn to humorously contemplate the peculiar musings that arise from our discoveries.
Turning to fictional works that bear tantalizing titles reminiscent of market correlations, one cannot help but to chuckle at the thought of "Oil!" by Upton Sinclair, "Petroleum Man" by Michael MacBain, and "The Price of Oil" by Marguerite Uhlmann-Bower. These clever titles evoke a sense of literary whimsy, reminiscent of the unexpected correlations we uncover in our own research.
Shifting to even lighter fare, one finds a curious blend of childhood memories and thematic relevance in cartoons and children's shows. As a child, one might have watched shows like "The Magic School Bus," where the characters journeyed through unexpected and improbable connections, or "Scooby-Doo," where the gang unraveled mysteries that seemed far-fetched at first glance. These shows imbue our study with a playful spirit, challenging us to laugh in the face of the unexpected.
In our quest to unravel the mysterious connection between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum, we find ourselves navigating a landscape that straddles the serious and the whimsical, much like a cleverly crafted pun. As we proceed to unpack the implications and recommendations of our study, we invite our readers to join us in embracing both laughter and contemplation on this unorthodox journey through the corridors of linguistic influence and market epochs.

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis revealed a remarkably strong positive correlation between the popularity of the first name "London" and Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY) from 2002 to 2022. The correlation coefficient of 0.9145199 indicated a robust linear relationship between the two variables. This finding suggests that perhaps there is more to a name than Shakespeare would have us believe – perhaps a rose by any other name really can affect the stock market!
The coefficient of determination (R-squared) of 0.8363467 further reinforced the strength of this association, indicating that approximately 83.63% of the variability in OXY's stock price can be explained by changes in the popularity of the name "London." It seems the name "London" may not only have royal connotations but also wield a significant influence over petroleum market dynamics.
The p-value of less than 0.01 provided strong evidence against the null hypothesis of no correlation, further consolidating the assertion that there exists a substantial relationship between the two variables. It appears that there's no need to "p-value" over this connection – the evidence speaks for itself!
Fig. 1 displays a scatterplot illustrating the robust positive correlation between the popularity of the name "London" and OXY's stock price. The data points cluster tightly around the upward-sloping regression line, emphasizing the strength and consistency of this unexpected relationship. It's as if the data is saying, "London-come, London-go, OXY's stock price will follow!"
Intriguingly, the significant correlation uncovered in this study prompts one to ponder whether OXY traders might be keeping an eye on the baby name trends to inform their financial decisions. One could jest that it's not just crude oil prices that drive OXY stock – there's a bit of linguistic crude involved as well.
The results of this analysis, while unexpected, emphasize the need for further exploration into the uncharted territory of linguistic influence on market sentiments and economic performance. This unforeseen nexus of oil and babies offers a whimsical twist to the conventional understanding of market dynamics and encourages a blend of amusement and contemplation, much like a dad joke that sneaks up on you when you least expect it.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

Our study unveils a remarkably strong and statistically significant correlation between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY), reinforcing prior research on linguistic indicators of market sentiments. This unforeseen connection prompts us to wonder whether there's a "petroleum jelly" between the name "London" and the volatile movements of OXY's stock price.

The substantial correlation coefficient of 0.9145199 provides robust evidence for a positive linear relationship between these seemingly unrelated variables, echoing the sentiments of Smith et al. (2010) and Doe and Jones (2015) who hinted at the influence of first names on consumer behavior and market sentiments. It appears that the name "London" may not only signify regal sophistication but also exerts a notable influence over the tumultuous tides of petroleum market dynamics. One might say it's a quintessentially "crude" connection!

Furthermore, the overwhelmingly high coefficient of determination (R-squared) of 0.8363467 underscores the magnitude to which changes in the popularity of the name "London" explain fluctuations in OXY's stock price. With this level of explanatory power, it seems that when it comes to OXY's stock, it's not just "all Greek" – there's a considerable dose of linguistic influence at play, too.

The p-value of less than 0.01 offers resounding support against the null hypothesis, reinforcing the substantial relationship between the name "London" and OXY's stock price. It seems that there's no need to "p-value" over this connection – the statistical evidence speaks for itself, much like a good dad joke that elicits a chuckle without much effort.

The intriguing findings of our study affirm the unanticipated parallels between personal nomenclature trends and corporate financial dynamics, shedding light on the whimsical and unconventional indicators of economic performance. While the exact mechanisms underlying this correlation remain a delightful mystery, our findings invite both laughter and contemplation, much like a well-timed pun that catches one off guard.

As we navigate this curious nexus of oil and babies, it becomes evident that the implications of our study stretch beyond mere coincidence, extending to the tantalizing possibilities of linguistic influence on market sentiments and the unconventional predictors of economic performance. The whimsical nature of this singular correlation challenges conventional views of market dynamics, inviting both amusement and contemplation – a bit like a playful jest hidden within a dense economic text.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name London and Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
The "Oil and Babies: A Crude Connection between London Name Popularity and Occidental Petroleum's Stock" Study

[[ABSTRACT]]
The study examines the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY) from 2002 to 2022. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), the research team uncovered a remarkable correlation coefficient of 0.9145199 and a p-value of less than 0.01. This substantial correlation suggests a striking connection between the two seemingly disparate entities, prompting us to ponder the extent of their underlying relationship.

Upon further analysis, it became evident that the surge in the usage of the name "London" appears to coincide with notable fluctuations in Occidental Petroleum's stock price. The implications of this unexpected correlation extend beyond mere coincidence, raising the possibilities of linguistic influence on market sentiments and unconventional indicators of economic performance. Despite the perplexing nature of this connection, one might say it's "oil in the name, oil in the game!"

While the exact mechanisms underlying this correlation remain enigmatic, this study sheds light on the unanticipated parallels between personal nomenclature trends and corporate financial dynamics. Our findings invite both laughter and contemplation, while highlighting the need for further exploration into the peculiar intersections of linguistics and finance.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
The captivating world of finance often yields surprising connections, some of which are as unexpected as finding a hidden treasure trove beneath the stock market floor. In this paper, we delve into the improbable relationship between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY), bringing together the worlds of personal nomenclature and corporate financial market dynamics. As we unravel this curious entwining of linguistic trends and economic performance, one might say we are embarking on a journey akin to unlocking the secret formula for market success – or perhaps just unearthing a clever pun in a data set.
Imagine the astonishment when we stumbled upon a correlation that seemed as unlikely as finding oil in a baby's cradle – a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9145199, which made us wonder if there was more than meets the eye in the name "London." As we delved deeper into the data, it became evident that the fluctuations in the popularity of the name "London" coincided with notable movements in OXY's stock price. The sheer magnitude of this correlation prompted us to contemplate if there was a London bridge leading directly to OXY's stock exchange – or if we were just witnessing a data mirage in the economic desert.
“Oil and babies," one might ponder, "what peculiar correlation might these two hold?" This unexpected relationship begs the question: does the name "London" harbor powers that transcend mere linguistic significance, or are we simply entangled in a statistical quagmire? Nevertheless, as we navigated this uncharted territory of curious correlations and slipped in the occasional dad joke, the implications of this study on linguistic influence on market sentiments and economic performance began to sizzle like a carefully crafted pun.
As we reveal the peculiar parallels between the popularity of the name "London" and the stock price of OXY, we invite our readers to join us on this eccentric journey and ponder the perplexing intersections of linguistics and finance. Not unlike a well-timed punchline, this study sheds light on the enigmatic relationship between personal nomenclature trends and corporate financial dynamics, leaving us with a blend of laughter and contemplation – much like the characteristic blend of seriousness and whimsy that often permeates academic research.

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis revealed a remarkably strong positive correlation between the popularity of the first name "London" and Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY) from 2002 to 2022. The correlation coefficient of 0.9145199 indicated a robust linear relationship between the two variables. This finding suggests that perhaps there is more to a name than Shakespeare would have us believe – perhaps a rose by any other name really can affect the stock market!
The coefficient of determination (R-squared) of 0.8363467 further reinforced the strength of this association, indicating that approximately 83.63% of the variability in OXY's stock price can be explained by changes in the popularity of the name "London." It seems the name "London" may not only have royal connotations but also wield a significant influence over petroleum market dynamics.
The p-value of less than 0.01 provided strong evidence against the null hypothesis of no correlation, further consolidating the assertion that there exists a substantial relationship between the two variables. It appears that there's no need to "p-value" over this connection – the evidence speaks for itself!
Fig. 1 displays a scatterplot illustrating the robust positive correlation between the popularity of the name "London" and OXY's stock price. The data points cluster tightly around the upward-sloping regression line, emphasizing the strength and consistency of this unexpected relationship. It's as if the data is saying, "London-come, London-go, OXY's stock price will follow!"
Intriguingly, the significant correlation uncovered in this study prompts one to ponder whether OXY traders might be keeping an eye on the baby name trends to inform their financial decisions. One could jest that it's not just crude oil prices that drive OXY stock – there's a bit of linguistic crude involved as well.
The results of this analysis, while unexpected, emphasize the need for further exploration into the uncharted territory of linguistic influence on market sentiments and economic performance. This unforeseen nexus of oil and babies offers a whimsical twist to the conventional understanding of market dynamics and encourages a blend of amusement and contemplation, much like a dad joke that sneaks up on you when you least expect it.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, the findings of this study have unveiled a remarkably robust correlation between the popularity of the name "London" and Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY). It appears that this unexpected relationship is not just "crude" coincidence but may have substantial implications for understanding market dynamics and linguistic influences. One might even say this correlation is "oil-riginal!"

The substantial correlation coefficient of 0.9145199 and the impressively low p-value leave little room to doubt the existence of this peculiar connection. It seems there's no need to "drill" down into whether this correlation is significant – it's as clear as black gold!

Further investigation into the mechanisms underlying this correlation is warranted, as we cannot overlook the possibility that OXY's stock price may be influenced by the ebb and flow of popular baby names. It's as if the market is saying, "London-come, London-go, OXY's stock price will follow!"

However, it may be premature to infer causality from this correlation. After all, we wouldn't want to jump to the conclusion that naming your baby "London" could lead to a future of investing in petroleum stocks. But for now, we might as well say, "O(XY) baby, O(XY)!"

In light of these findings, it appears that no more research is needed into the connection between the popularity of the name "London" and OXY's stock price. It seems that this collaboration between baby names and petroleum market dynamics has already filled our quota of whimsical research for the year.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited The Oil and Babies: A Crude Connection between London Name Popularity and Occidental Petroleum's Stock Study. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Quirky Connections

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited The Oil and Babies: A Crude Connection between London Name Popularity and Occidental Petroleum's Stock Study. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Institute for Socio-Economic Trend Analysis

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled The Oil and Babies: A Crude Connection between London Name Popularity and Occidental Petroleum's Stock Study with an abstract of The study examines the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "London" and the stock price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY) from 2002 to 2022. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), the research team uncovered a remarkable correlation coefficient of 0.9145199 and a p-value of less than 0.01. This substantial correlation suggests a striking connection between the two seemingly disparate entities, prompting us to ponder the extent of their underlying relationship.
Upon further analysis, it became evident that the surge in the usage of the name "London" appears to coincide with notable fluctuations in Occidental Petroleum's stock price. The implications of this unexpected correlation extend beyond mere coincidence, raising the possibilities of linguistic influence on market sentiments and unconventional indicators of economic performance. Despite the perplexing nature of this connection, one might say it's "oil in the name, oil in the game!"
While the exact mechanisms underlying this correlation remain enigmatic, this study sheds light on the unanticipated parallels between personal nomenclature trends and corporate financial dynamics. Our findings invite both laughter and contemplation, while highlighting the need for further exploration into the peculiar intersections of linguistics and finance.

ChatGPT:

"London name popularity," "Occidental Petroleum stock," "linguistic influence on market sentiments," "correlation between name popularity and stock price," "nomenclature trends and corporate financial dynamics," "linguistics and finance," "London name usage and stock price fluctuations," "US Social Security Administration data," "LSEG Analytics data," "relationship between name popularity and economic performance," "unconventional indicators of economic performance," "mechanisms underlying the correlation," "linguistic influence on economic indicators," "occurrence of name usage and stock fluctuations," "linguistics in financial analysis."

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Popularity of the first name London
Detailed data title: Babies of all sexes born in the US named London
Source: US Social Security Administration
See what else correlates with Popularity of the first name London

Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY)
Detailed data title: Opening price of Occidental Petroleum (OXY) on the first trading day of the year
Source: LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv)
Additional Info: ^{See full details} Via Microsoft Excel Stockhistory function

See what else correlates with Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY)

Correlation r = 0.9145199 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.8363467 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 83.6% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY)) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Popularity of the first name London) over the 21 years from 2002 through 2022.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 6.7E-9.^Show 0.0000000066677242081374590000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.91 in 6.7E-7% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 149,976,209 random variables^Note You don't actually need 149 million variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 20 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 20 because we have two variables measured over a period of 21 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.8, 0.97 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Popularity of the first name London (Babies born)	465	505	613	842	1309	1560	2637	3150	3383	3617	3687	3875	3725	3366	2706	2247	1920	1999	1755	1562	1286
Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY) (Stock price)	12.69	13.57	20.22	27.99	39.57	46.84	74.86	58.14	79.29	94.76	92.79	75.14	90.66	79.98	67.06	72.27	74.01	60.52	41.63	17.75	29.21

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([465,505,613,842,1309,1560,2637,3150,3383,3617,3687,3875,3725,3366,2706,2247,1920,1999,1755,1562,1286,])
array_2 = np.array([12.69,13.57,20.22,27.99,39.57,46.84,74.86,58.14,79.29,94.76,92.79,75.14,90.66,79.98,67.06,72.27,74.01,60.52,41.63,17.75,29.21,])
array_1_name = "Popularity of the first name London"
array_2_name = "Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY)"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Popularity of the first name London
Line chart for only Occidental Petroleum's stock price (OXY)
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: The Oil and Babies: A Crude Connection between London Name Popularity and Occidental Petroleum's Stock Study

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Correlation ID: 4201 · Black Variable ID: 3264 · Red Variable ID: 1704


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