Spurious correlation #4,171 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is The number of physicists in California and the second variable is The price of gold. The chart goes from 2003 to 2014, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is The number of physicists in California and the second variable is The price of gold. The chart goes from 2003 to 2014, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

AI explanation

As the number of physicists in California skyrockets, so does their collective brainpower. With their minds abuzz with quantum theories and celestial mechanics, they inadvertently project a magnetic field of innovation and discovery. This unexpected side effect leads to a surge in demand for gold in the tech industry, as companies rush to create the latest gadgets infused with scientific wizardry. The result? A gilded conundrum where the presence of more physicists in California mysteriously alchemizes into higher gold prices, leaving everyone scratching their heads in bewilderment.

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate an image of a futuristic California cityscape with a vibrant magnetic field enveloping a cluster of physicists working on cutting-edge technology. The city should be adorned with golden hues, representing the soaring price of gold, and technology-infused gadgets. The physicists should appear to be generating brilliant ideas, with an aura of innovation emanating from their collaborative efforts. The overall scene should evoke a sense of cybernetic art, blending the artistic beauty of technology and the enigma of the surging gold prices. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: The number of physicists in California and The price of gold. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: a Polaroid photo Scalar art Vaporwave inspired by bauhaus Cybernetic art
ChatGPT: Cybernetic art

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both The number of physicists in California and The price of gold, in the following situation: As the number of physicists in California skyrockets, so does their collective brainpower. With their minds abuzz with quantum theories and celestial mechanics, they inadvertently project a magnetic field of innovation and discovery. This unexpected side effect leads to a surge in demand for gold in the tech industry, as companies rush to create the latest gadgets infused with scientific wizardry. The result? A gilded conundrum where the presence of more physicists in California mysteriously alchemizes into higher gold prices, leaving everyone scratching their heads in bewilderment.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In California, the number of physicists multiplies, filling the air with brilliant ideas. As their collective brainpower grows, a magnetic field of innovation surrounds them. Concurrently, the price of gold begins to soar as the tech industry clamors for the precious metal to infuse their latest scientific gadgets. The scene is a gilded conundrum where the surge in physicists inexplicably transforms into higher gold prices, leaving everyone perplexed.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Cybernetic art ] and depicting this scene: In California, the number of physicists multiplies, filling the air with brilliant ideas. As their collective brainpower grows, a magnetic field of innovation surrounds them. Concurrently, the price of gold begins to soar as the tech industry clamors for the precious metal to infuse their latest scientific gadgets. The scene is a gilded conundrum where the surge in physicists inexplicably transforms into higher gold prices, leaving everyone perplexed. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate an image of a futuristic California cityscape with a vibrant magnetic field enveloping a cluster of physicists working on cutting-edge technology. The city should be adorned with golden hues, representing the soaring price of gold, and technology-infused gadgets. The physicists should appear to be generating brilliant ideas, with an aura of innovation emanating from their collaborative efforts. The overall scene should evoke a sense of cybernetic art, blending the artistic beauty of technology and the enigma of the surging gold prices.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in The number of physicists in California caused The price of gold to increase.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

California Dreamin': The Gold(en) Standard of Physicist Population and Precious Metal Prices

Journal of Multidisciplinary California Studies

Jan 2024

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of physicists in California and The price of gold. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Perhaps you also got inspiration from some board games that are vaugely related.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"California Dreamin': The Gold(en) Standard of Physicist Population and Precious Metal Prices"

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the correlation between the quantity of physicists in the state of California and the price of gold, exploiting data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Kitco. Our analysis covers the period from 2003 to 2014 and reveals a robust correlation coefficient of 0.9052382 with a statistically significant p-value < 0.01. While this seems like a remarkable finding, one might ponder whether it's truly the gold standard or just a gilded illusion. Whether it's a quirk of statistical wizardry or a bonafide discovery, the link between physicists and precious metal prices sparks curiosity and potentially sets the stage for a whole new field of study – quantum economics, where the motion of particles might soon be analogous to the fluctuations in gold prices. After all, in the world of economics, as in physics, it's all about the quantums, be they of the financial or the mechanical ilk.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The allure of California extends far beyond its breathtaking coastline, picturesque vineyards, and Hollywood glitz and glamour; for it also harbors a treasure trove of physicists within its sunny borders. This abundance of scientific minds casts a shimmering spotlight on the state's intellectual landscape, but could it also have an impact on the value of another shiny commodity – gold? Our study aims to unravel this tantalizing connection between the number of physicists in California and the price of gold, aiming to provide insight into the interplay between intellectual capital and precious metal prices.
As the famous physicist Albert Einstein once stated, “The only source of knowledge is experience,” and we embarked on this research experience to investigate a potential relationship that is as captivating as the laws of physics themselves. Our analysis covers the period from 2003 to 2014, a timeframe rife with economic fluctuations and scientific advancements, allowing us to probe the depths of this correlation with both precision and a touch of whimsy.
While some may raise an eyebrow at the notion of linking the study of fundamental particles to the behavior of financial markets, the intricate dance between physicists and precious metal prices has captivated our curiosity. After all, with physicists delving into the mysterious realms of subatomic particles and gold enthusiasts tracking the oscillations of a different kind of precious material, perhaps there is an underlying harmony yet to be uncovered. It seems only fitting that in the Golden State, the study of gold and physics should intertwine in a captivating pas de deux of economic inquiry.
As we peel back the layers of this enigmatic relationship, we aim to shed light on a potential nexus between intellectual pursuit and material wealth. Could the minds of physicists, brimming with the electricity of innovation, exert an invisible force on the market dynamics of a metal long revered for its luster and allure? The prospect of such a connection sparks both intrigue and amusement, inviting us to contemplate the interplay between the empirical and the ethereal, the tangible and the transcendent.
With each passing day, the shimmer of gold captures the imagination of investors and aficionados alike, while physicists delve deeper into the mysteries of the universe, leaving us to ponder whether the dance of electrons might mirror the dance of market forces. As we embark on this scientific odyssey, we invite the reader to join us in exploring the intersection of quarks and commodities, where the mysteries of the market and the marvels of physics converge in a waltz of intellectual inquiry and perhaps a touch of economic alchemy.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

As our study delves into the potential link between the quantity of physicists in California and the price of gold, we turn to the existing body of literature to shed light on this intriguing interplay between intellectual capital and precious metal prices. Smith and Doe (2007) found a positive correlation between the number of scientific research facilities and the prices of rare metals, creating a tantalizing foundation for our exploration. However, while this correlation hints at the potential impact of scientific endeavors on commodity prices, it fails to capture the specific influence of physicists, leaving room for further investigation.

Jones et al. (2013) expanded on this notion by analyzing the effects of technological innovation on the prices of precious metals. Their findings revealed a notable impact, prompting us to consider the role of physicists as innovators in the realm of scientific and technological advancement. This prompts a shift in focus towards not just the number of physicists, but their influence on cutting-edge discoveries and developments that could ripple through the market. It's as if the magnetic pull of innovation from the scientific community exerts an invisible force on the fluctuations of gold prices, akin to the enigmatic dance of electrons within a metal lattice.

Turning to the realm of non-fiction literature, "The Physics of Wall Street" by Brown (2013) offers insights into the role of mathematical models and scientific principles in the world of finance. While the book delves into the intricacies of financial markets, including precious metal trading, its exploration of the interconnection between physics and economics sparks a whimsical pondering of whether the motion of particles might soon be analogous to the fluctuations in gold prices. The concept of quantum economics emerges, where the quantums of financial markets and the mechanical ilk share an entangled dance, and as we gaze into this quantum abyss, it gazes back into us.

Meanwhile, in "Goldfinger" by Fleming (1959), the iconic James Bond becomes embroiled in a plot to manipulate the gold market, weaving a tale of intrigue and deception that tantalizes with the notion of the power inherent in controlling the precious metal. While a work of fiction, it encapsulates the allure and mystique surrounding the world of gold trading, offering a glimpse into the fabled "gold standard" and the potential impact of external influences on its price dynamics. As we navigate the juncture of reality and fantasy, the whimsy of our investigation becomes increasingly apparent, as if we are donning the metaphorical top hat and monocle of curiosity and setting off on a merry dance through the pages of economic inquiry.

Drawing further inspiration from the world of gaming, the board game "Pandemic" offers an unlikely parallel to our investigation, as players collaborate to contain and combat the spread of global diseases, highlighting the interconnected nature of global phenomena. In a similar vein, the fluctuations in gold prices and the presence of physicists in California seem to share an unseen thread, where the whims of market dynamics and the intellectual fervor of scientific endeavors intersect. It's almost as if we are grappling with the unseen forces of economic epidemics and scientific pandemics, questioning the very fabric of cause and effect within the global ecosystem of markets and minds.

As the tapestry of literature and imagination intertwines, we are poised to unravel a nexus between the ethereal realm of intellectual pursuit and the tangible domain of material wealth. The shimmering dance of gold and the fervent quests of physicists invite us to ponder the cosmic symphony unfolding before our eyes, where the mysteries of the market and the marvels of physics intertwine in a captivating pas de deux of economic inquiry.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of physicists in California and The price of gold. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Bureau of Larbor Statistics and Kitco . You used data from 2003 to 2014

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"California Dreamin': The Gold(en) Standard of Physicist Population and Precious Metal Prices"

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the correlation between the quantity of physicists in the state of California and the price of gold, exploiting data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Kitco. Our analysis covers the period from 2003 to 2014 and reveals a robust correlation coefficient of 0.9052382 with a statistically significant p-value < 0.01. While this seems like a remarkable finding, one might ponder whether it's truly the gold standard or just a gilded illusion. Whether it's a quirk of statistical wizardry or a bonafide discovery, the link between physicists and precious metal prices sparks curiosity and potentially sets the stage for a whole new field of study – quantum economics, where the motion of particles might soon be analogous to the fluctuations in gold prices. After all, in the world of economics, as in physics, it's all about the quantums, be they of the financial or the mechanical ilk.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The allure of California extends far beyond its breathtaking coastline, picturesque vineyards, and Hollywood glitz and glamour; for it also harbors a treasure trove of physicists within its sunny borders. This abundance of scientific minds casts a shimmering spotlight on the state's intellectual landscape, but could it also have an impact on the value of another shiny commodity – gold? Our study aims to unravel this tantalizing connection between the number of physicists in California and the price of gold, aiming to provide insight into the interplay between intellectual capital and precious metal prices.
As the famous physicist Albert Einstein once stated, “The only source of knowledge is experience,” and we embarked on this research experience to investigate a potential relationship that is as captivating as the laws of physics themselves. Our analysis covers the period from 2003 to 2014, a timeframe rife with economic fluctuations and scientific advancements, allowing us to probe the depths of this correlation with both precision and a touch of whimsy.
While some may raise an eyebrow at the notion of linking the study of fundamental particles to the behavior of financial markets, the intricate dance between physicists and precious metal prices has captivated our curiosity. After all, with physicists delving into the mysterious realms of subatomic particles and gold enthusiasts tracking the oscillations of a different kind of precious material, perhaps there is an underlying harmony yet to be uncovered. It seems only fitting that in the Golden State, the study of gold and physics should intertwine in a captivating pas de deux of economic inquiry.
As we peel back the layers of this enigmatic relationship, we aim to shed light on a potential nexus between intellectual pursuit and material wealth. Could the minds of physicists, brimming with the electricity of innovation, exert an invisible force on the market dynamics of a metal long revered for its luster and allure? The prospect of such a connection sparks both intrigue and amusement, inviting us to contemplate the interplay between the empirical and the ethereal, the tangible and the transcendent.
With each passing day, the shimmer of gold captures the imagination of investors and aficionados alike, while physicists delve deeper into the mysteries of the universe, leaving us to ponder whether the dance of electrons might mirror the dance of market forces. As we embark on this scientific odyssey, we invite the reader to join us in exploring the intersection of quarks and commodities, where the mysteries of the market and the marvels of physics converge in a waltz of intellectual inquiry and perhaps a touch of economic alchemy.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

Study Design
The methodology of our research endeavor involved a multifaceted approach that aimed to capture the elusive relationship between the quantity of physicists in California and the price of gold. We conducted a thorough analysis using data extracted from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which provided us with a comprehensive overview of the physicist population in the state. In addition, to glean insights into the gyrations of the gold market, we turned to the venerable institution known as Kitco, where precious metal prices unfold like the plot of a suspenseful thriller, albeit one with more bullion and fewer plot twists.

Data Collection
Our research team meticulously scoured the depths of the internet, navigating through vast seas of raw data and statistical reports akin to intrepid explorers on a quest for hidden treasure. While our primary sources were the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Kitco, we also ventured into the realm of academic journals and economic publications in search of supplementary data and nuggets of wisdom from esteemed scholars – a pursuit that required the navigational acumen of a seasoned mariner charting uncharted academic waters.

Sampling Strategy
With a keen eye for detail and an appetite for statistical precision, we honed in on the period from 2003 to 2014, a span rich with economic upheavals and technological advancements that provided a fertile landscape for tracing the undulating correlation between physicist population and gold prices. We meticulously curated our dataset, akin to expert vintners selecting only the finest grapes for a vintage wine, ensuring that the essence of our analysis captured the nuances of this unusual interplay between intellectual prowess and metallic allure.

Statistical Analysis
Employing the deft hand of a maestro orchestrating a symphony, we subjected our data to rigorous statistical analyses, unraveling the complex tapestry of numbers and trends with the precision of a physicist probing the fundamental particles of the universe. Our methodological arsenal included correlation analysis, regression modeling, and time series techniques, each serving as a brushstroke in painting the portrait of this enchanting correlation. The robust correlation coefficient of 0.9052382 emerged from this statistical cauldron, adorned with a p-value of less than 0.01, akin to a mathematical Easter egg promising the discovery of a golden connection.

Control Variables
To thwart the lurking specter of spurious correlations and confounding influences, we diligently identified and controlled for extraneous factors that could cast a shadow of doubt upon our findings. Variables such as global economic trends, geopolitical upheavals, and the whims of market sentiment were wrangled under the statistical lasso, ensuring that our analysis remained focused on the celestial dance between physicists and gold prices, unperturbed by the gravitational pull of external forces.

Validation Process
In a nod to the rigorous traditions of scientific inquiry, we subjected our findings to the crucible of peer review, where our methodology and results faced the incisive scrutiny of esteemed colleagues. Their rigorous evaluation served as a litmus test, probing the robustness of our analytical framework and confirming the authenticity of our discoveries, akin to alchemists validating the transformation of base metals into shimmering gold.

Conclusion
Our methodological odyssey, akin to a quest for hidden treasure in the annals of statistical analysis, culminated in a revelatory exploration of the bond between the intellectual wealth embodied by physicists and the tangible allure of gold prices. With precision-driven methodologies as our compass, we charted a course through the uncharted waters of economic and scientific inquiry, unearthing a tantalizing correlation that beckons further investigation and perhaps sparks the birth of quantum economics – a realm where the mysteries of the subatomic realm and the fluctuations of precious metals intertwine in a mesmerizing symphony of intellectual intrigue and perhaps a touch of scientific whimsy.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of physicists in California and The price of gold. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
"California Dreamin': The Gold(en) Standard of Physicist Population and Precious Metal Prices"

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the correlation between the quantity of physicists in the state of California and the price of gold, exploiting data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Kitco. Our analysis covers the period from 2003 to 2014 and reveals a robust correlation coefficient of 0.9052382 with a statistically significant p-value < 0.01. While this seems like a remarkable finding, one might ponder whether it's truly the gold standard or just a gilded illusion. Whether it's a quirk of statistical wizardry or a bonafide discovery, the link between physicists and precious metal prices sparks curiosity and potentially sets the stage for a whole new field of study – quantum economics, where the motion of particles might soon be analogous to the fluctuations in gold prices. After all, in the world of economics, as in physics, it's all about the quantums, be they of the financial or the mechanical ilk.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
As our study delves into the potential link between the quantity of physicists in California and the price of gold, we turn to the existing body of literature to shed light on this intriguing interplay between intellectual capital and precious metal prices. Smith and Doe (2007) found a positive correlation between the number of scientific research facilities and the prices of rare metals, creating a tantalizing foundation for our exploration. However, while this correlation hints at the potential impact of scientific endeavors on commodity prices, it fails to capture the specific influence of physicists, leaving room for further investigation.
Jones et al. (2013) expanded on this notion by analyzing the effects of technological innovation on the prices of precious metals. Their findings revealed a notable impact, prompting us to consider the role of physicists as innovators in the realm of scientific and technological advancement. This prompts a shift in focus towards not just the number of physicists, but their influence on cutting-edge discoveries and developments that could ripple through the market. It's as if the magnetic pull of innovation from the scientific community exerts an invisible force on the fluctuations of gold prices, akin to the enigmatic dance of electrons within a metal lattice.
Turning to the realm of non-fiction literature, "The Physics of Wall Street" by Brown (2013) offers insights into the role of mathematical models and scientific principles in the world of finance. While the book delves into the intricacies of financial markets, including precious metal trading, its exploration of the interconnection between physics and economics sparks a whimsical pondering of whether the motion of particles might soon be analogous to the fluctuations in gold prices. The concept of quantum economics emerges, where the quantums of financial markets and the mechanical ilk share an entangled dance, and as we gaze into this quantum abyss, it gazes back into us.
Meanwhile, in "Goldfinger" by Fleming (1959), the iconic James Bond becomes embroiled in a plot to manipulate the gold market, weaving a tale of intrigue and deception that tantalizes with the notion of the power inherent in controlling the precious metal. While a work of fiction, it encapsulates the allure and mystique surrounding the world of gold trading, offering a glimpse into the fabled "gold standard" and the potential impact of external influences on its price dynamics. As we navigate the juncture of reality and fantasy, the whimsy of our investigation becomes increasingly apparent, as if we are donning the metaphorical top hat and monocle of curiosity and setting off on a merry dance through the pages of economic inquiry.
Drawing further inspiration from the world of gaming, the board game "Pandemic" offers an unlikely parallel to our investigation, as players collaborate to contain and combat the spread of global diseases, highlighting the interconnected nature of global phenomena. In a similar vein, the fluctuations in gold prices and the presence of physicists in California seem to share an unseen thread, where the whims of market dynamics and the intellectual fervor of scientific endeavors intersect. It's almost as if we are grappling with the unseen forces of economic epidemics and scientific pandemics, questioning the very fabric of cause and effect within the global ecosystem of markets and minds.
As the tapestry of literature and imagination intertwines, we are poised to unravel a nexus between the ethereal realm of intellectual pursuit and the tangible domain of material wealth. The shimmering dance of gold and the fervent quests of physicists invite us to ponder the cosmic symphony unfolding before our eyes, where the mysteries of the market and the marvels of physics intertwine in a captivating pas de deux of economic inquiry.

[[RESULTS]]
The findings of our analysis reveal a remarkably strong correlation between the number of physicists in California and the price of gold from 2003 to 2014. The correlation coefficient of 0.9052382 suggests a robust connection between these seemingly disparate factors, indicating that as the physicist population in California fluctuated, so too did the price of gold. With an r-squared value of 0.8194562, approximately 81.9% of the variability in gold prices can be explained by the fluctuations in the number of physicists - a truly striking result that has us contemplating the elusive interplay between the world of physics and the world of economics.
Upon close examination of the data, it becomes evident that the relationship between the number of physicists and the price of gold is far from arbitrary. The statistically significant p-value of < 0.01 further solidifies the strength of this connection, prompting us to consider the possibility of a causal link or, dare we say, an underlying gravitational pull between the intellectual pursuits of physicists and the lustrous allure of gold in the market.
Notably, Fig. 1 presents a visual representation of the data, depicting a clear and compelling scatterplot that underscores the strong correlation observed in our analysis. The upward trend in the scatterplot reflects the tantalizing association between the physicist population in California and the price of gold, a captivating sight that beckons us to ponder the potential mechanisms at play, whether quantum or otherwise.
While the correlation discovered in this study may raise eyebrows and prompt a tinge of skepticism, it leaves us musing about the intricate tapestry of factors that influence market dynamics. The interweaving of intellectual capital and commodity prices invites us to contemplate the influence of scientific activity on the economic landscape, prompting us to consider whether the minds of physicists, akin to the particles they study, impart an imperceptible momentum that ripples through the gold market.
Of course, while we relish these findings, we approach them with a hint of trepidation, mindful of the age-old adage that correlation does not imply causation. It is conceivable that the observed link between physicists and gold prices may be colored by external forces or by sheer happenstance, leading us into a realm of statistical wonder and cautionary tales about drawing hasty conclusions. Nonetheless, the curious correlation we've uncovered serves as a captivating entry point into the enigmatic intersection of scientific inquiry and market dynamics, raising questions that tickle the mind and stir the imagination.
In conclusion, the results of our analysis shed light on a hitherto unexplored nexus between the number of physicists in California and the price of gold, inviting further inquiry into the intriguing dance between intellectual pursuits and market fluctuations. Whether this correlation marks a profound discovery or merely a statistical dalliance, the intersection of physics and economics beckons us to embrace the wonder of inquiry and the unexpected connections that lie beneath the surface of empirical observation.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The results of our study have unveiled a compelling association between the number of physicists in California and the price of gold, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9052382 and a robust r-squared value of 0.8194562. These findings harmonize with previous research, echoing the melodious notes of correlation between scientific endeavors and precious metal prices. While some may view our discovery with a healthy dose of skepticism, it unearths a captivating brew of economic inquiry and intellectual fervor that tickles the mind and nudges us to ponder the mysterious interplay between particle physics and the fluctuation of gold prices.

Harkening back to the existing literature, the positive correlation uncovered in our study resonates with the findings of Smith and Doe (2007) and Jones et al. (2013), who laid the groundwork for exploring the interconnection between scientific pursuits and commodity prices. However, unlike a magician revealing the secrets behind a dazzling trick, our study ventures into uncharted territory, illuminating the invisible threads that seem to tether the realm of physics to the shimmering tides of the gold market. It's as if we are captivated by the enchanting waltz of scientific innovation and market dynamics, where the twists and turns of intellectual pursuit echo in the undulations of gold prices.

Delving into the world of non-fiction literature, the whimsical notion of "quantum economics" lingers like a mischievous sprite in our minds, inviting us to envision a realm where the wave functions of financial markets intersect with the quantum states of material wealth. As we navigate the labyrinth of mathematical models and economic principles, the very fabric of cause and effect appears to unravel before us, leaving us to contemplate the unseen dance of particles and prices, where the market’s unpredictability is akin to the capricious nature of quantum phenomena.

Our study also draws on the fictional landscape, where “Goldfinger” by Fleming (1959) offers a captivating portrayal of the intrigue surrounding the gold market. While a work of make-believe, it mirrors the air of mystique that shrouds the precious metal, conjuring thoughts of clandestine forces lurking behind its price dynamics. Much like a plot twist in a thrilling novel, our discovery hints at a connection between the scientific community and the shadowy machinations of the gold market, prompting us to ponder the potential impact of external influences that may shape its price trajectory.

Reflecting on the board game "Pandemic," we are reminded of the interconnected nature of global phenomena, where the whims of the market and the intellectual fervor of scientific endeavors intersect like players collaborating to navigate the intricate web of market dynamics. In a seemingly surreal parallel, the fluctuations in gold prices sway in time to the ebbs and flows of the physicist population in California, hinting at an underlying synergy that weaves through the tapestry of economic inquiry, beckoning us to unravel the enigma before us.

In summary, our findings not only corroborate previous research but also elevate the discourse to new heights, provoking musings about the cosmic ballet of physicists and gold prices. Whether it’s a marvel of statistical wizardry or a bonafide scientific discovery, the intersection of physics and economics resonates with the spirit of inquiry, inviting us to embrace the delightful serendipity of uncovering unexpected connections within the maze of empirical observation.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of physicists in California and The price of gold. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
"California Dreamin': The Gold(en) Standard of Physicist Population and Precious Metal Prices"

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the correlation between the quantity of physicists in the state of California and the price of gold, exploiting data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Kitco. Our analysis covers the period from 2003 to 2014 and reveals a robust correlation coefficient of 0.9052382 with a statistically significant p-value < 0.01. While this seems like a remarkable finding, one might ponder whether it's truly the gold standard or just a gilded illusion. Whether it's a quirk of statistical wizardry or a bonafide discovery, the link between physicists and precious metal prices sparks curiosity and potentially sets the stage for a whole new field of study – quantum economics, where the motion of particles might soon be analogous to the fluctuations in gold prices. After all, in the world of economics, as in physics, it's all about the quantums, be they of the financial or the mechanical ilk.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The allure of California extends far beyond its breathtaking coastline, picturesque vineyards, and Hollywood glitz and glamour; for it also harbors a treasure trove of physicists within its sunny borders. This abundance of scientific minds casts a shimmering spotlight on the state's intellectual landscape, but could it also have an impact on the value of another shiny commodity – gold? Our study aims to unravel this tantalizing connection between the number of physicists in California and the price of gold, aiming to provide insight into the interplay between intellectual capital and precious metal prices.
As the famous physicist Albert Einstein once stated, “The only source of knowledge is experience,” and we embarked on this research experience to investigate a potential relationship that is as captivating as the laws of physics themselves. Our analysis covers the period from 2003 to 2014, a timeframe rife with economic fluctuations and scientific advancements, allowing us to probe the depths of this correlation with both precision and a touch of whimsy.
While some may raise an eyebrow at the notion of linking the study of fundamental particles to the behavior of financial markets, the intricate dance between physicists and precious metal prices has captivated our curiosity. After all, with physicists delving into the mysterious realms of subatomic particles and gold enthusiasts tracking the oscillations of a different kind of precious material, perhaps there is an underlying harmony yet to be uncovered. It seems only fitting that in the Golden State, the study of gold and physics should intertwine in a captivating pas de deux of economic inquiry.
As we peel back the layers of this enigmatic relationship, we aim to shed light on a potential nexus between intellectual pursuit and material wealth. Could the minds of physicists, brimming with the electricity of innovation, exert an invisible force on the market dynamics of a metal long revered for its luster and allure? The prospect of such a connection sparks both intrigue and amusement, inviting us to contemplate the interplay between the empirical and the ethereal, the tangible and the transcendent.
With each passing day, the shimmer of gold captures the imagination of investors and aficionados alike, while physicists delve deeper into the mysteries of the universe, leaving us to ponder whether the dance of electrons might mirror the dance of market forces. As we embark on this scientific odyssey, we invite the reader to join us in exploring the intersection of quarks and commodities, where the mysteries of the market and the marvels of physics converge in a waltz of intellectual inquiry and perhaps a touch of economic alchemy.

[[RESULTS]]
The findings of our analysis reveal a remarkably strong correlation between the number of physicists in California and the price of gold from 2003 to 2014. The correlation coefficient of 0.9052382 suggests a robust connection between these seemingly disparate factors, indicating that as the physicist population in California fluctuated, so too did the price of gold. With an r-squared value of 0.8194562, approximately 81.9% of the variability in gold prices can be explained by the fluctuations in the number of physicists - a truly striking result that has us contemplating the elusive interplay between the world of physics and the world of economics.
Upon close examination of the data, it becomes evident that the relationship between the number of physicists and the price of gold is far from arbitrary. The statistically significant p-value of < 0.01 further solidifies the strength of this connection, prompting us to consider the possibility of a causal link or, dare we say, an underlying gravitational pull between the intellectual pursuits of physicists and the lustrous allure of gold in the market.
Notably, Fig. 1 presents a visual representation of the data, depicting a clear and compelling scatterplot that underscores the strong correlation observed in our analysis. The upward trend in the scatterplot reflects the tantalizing association between the physicist population in California and the price of gold, a captivating sight that beckons us to ponder the potential mechanisms at play, whether quantum or otherwise.
While the correlation discovered in this study may raise eyebrows and prompt a tinge of skepticism, it leaves us musing about the intricate tapestry of factors that influence market dynamics. The interweaving of intellectual capital and commodity prices invites us to contemplate the influence of scientific activity on the economic landscape, prompting us to consider whether the minds of physicists, akin to the particles they study, impart an imperceptible momentum that ripples through the gold market.
Of course, while we relish these findings, we approach them with a hint of trepidation, mindful of the age-old adage that correlation does not imply causation. It is conceivable that the observed link between physicists and gold prices may be colored by external forces or by sheer happenstance, leading us into a realm of statistical wonder and cautionary tales about drawing hasty conclusions. Nonetheless, the curious correlation we've uncovered serves as a captivating entry point into the enigmatic intersection of scientific inquiry and market dynamics, raising questions that tickle the mind and stir the imagination.
In conclusion, the results of our analysis shed light on a hitherto unexplored nexus between the number of physicists in California and the price of gold, inviting further inquiry into the intriguing dance between intellectual pursuits and market fluctuations. Whether this correlation marks a profound discovery or merely a statistical dalliance, the intersection of physics and economics beckons us to embrace the wonder of inquiry and the unexpected connections that lie beneath the surface of empirical observation.

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Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In unraveling the interplay between the physicist population in California and the price of gold, our study has uncovered a remarkably robust correlation, suggesting that the fluctuations in gold prices are not purely a matter of alchemy, but may indeed be influenced by the intellectual capital simmering within the Golden State. As we gaze upon the scatterplot and revel in the elegance of statistical wizardry, the allure of this correlation tugs at our academic heartstrings, prompting a waltz of intellectual inquiry into the hitherto unexplored intersection of physics and economics. These findings lay bare the tantalizing possibility that the minds of physicists wield a subtle gravitational pull on the market forces of gold, leaving us to ponder whether the dance of electrons might mirror the dance of market forces – a truly electrifying proposition, if you'll pardon the physics pun.

However, as we dust off our pince-nez and reign in our enthusiasm, we must heed the cautionary notes of statistical rigor and the age-old adage that correlation does not imply causation. While the connection between physicists and gold prices sparkles with intrigue, we must tread lightly in our interpretation, lest we succumb to the siren song of overzealous inference. Nonetheless, as we bid adieu to this scientific odyssey, we assert with confidence that this nexus between intellectual pursuits and market dynamics stands as a beacon of curiosity, inviting further contemplation and possibly even a dash of quantum economic theorizing.

In light of these findings, we unreservedly proclaim that no further research is necessary in this area. For now, it seems our inquiry into the interplay between physicists and the price of gold has unearthed a gleaming nugget of knowledge, leaving us to revel in the whimsy of discovery and the unexpected harmonies that lie at the confluence of physics and finance. And so, with a nod to Niels Bohr's wisdom, we fondly bid adieu to this enthralling endeavor, where the ordinary meets the extraordinary, and where the California dreamin' of physicists waltzes hand in hand with the golden standard of precious metal prices.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited California Dreamin': The Gold(en) Standard of Physicist Population and Precious Metal Prices. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

Journal of Multidisciplinary California Studies

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited California Dreamin': The Gold(en) Standard of Physicist Population and Precious Metal Prices. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Society for Astrophysical Studies and Economic Analyses

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled California Dreamin': The Gold(en) Standard of Physicist Population and Precious Metal Prices with an abstract of This study delves into the correlation between the quantity of physicists in the state of California and the price of gold, exploiting data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Kitco. Our analysis covers the period from 2003 to 2014 and reveals a robust correlation coefficient of 0.9052382 with a statistically significant p-value < 0.01. While this seems like a remarkable finding, one might ponder whether it's truly the gold standard or just a gilded illusion. Whether it's a quirk of statistical wizardry or a bonafide discovery, the link between physicists and precious metal prices sparks curiosity and potentially sets the stage for a whole new field of study – quantum economics, where the motion of particles might soon be analogous to the fluctuations in gold prices. After all, in the world of economics, as in physics, it's all about the quantums, be they of the financial or the mechanical ilk.

ChatGPT:

Physicist population, California, gold prices, precious metals, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Kitco, correlation coefficient, statistical significance, quantum economics, gold price fluctuations, quantum physics, economic analysis, physicist quantity, California economy

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

The number of physicists in California
Detailed data title: BLS estimate of physicists in California
Source: Bureau of Larbor Statistics
See what else correlates with The number of physicists in California

The price of gold
Detailed data title: Yearly cumulative average of London PM fix gold price
Source: Kitco
See what else correlates with The price of gold

Correlation r = 0.9052382 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.8194562 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 81.9% of the change in the one variable (i.e., The price of gold) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., The number of physicists in California) over the 12 years from 2003 through 2014.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 5.1E-5.^Show 0.0000512344651755605100000000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.91 in 0.0051% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 19,518 random variables^Note Which I absolutely did.
with the same 11 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 11 because we have two variables measured over a period of 12 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.69, 0.97 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
The number of physicists in California (Physicists)	1650	1830	2170	1800	1700	2010	1880	2890	3030	3730	3320	2890
The price of gold (In USD per ounce)	363.38	409.72	444.74	603.46	695.39	871.96	972.35	1224.53	1571.52	1668.98	1411.23	1291.88

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([1650,1830,2170,1800,1700,2010,1880,2890,3030,3730,3320,2890,])
array_2 = np.array([363.38,409.72,444.74,603.46,695.39,871.96,972.35,1224.53,1571.52,1668.98,1411.23,1291.88,])
array_1_name = "The number of physicists in California"
array_2_name = "The price of gold"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

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High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
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Line chart for only The number of physicists in California
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The spurious research paper: California Dreamin': The Gold(en) Standard of Physicist Population and Precious Metal Prices

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Correlation ID: 4171 · Black Variable ID: 5367 · Red Variable ID: 346


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