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Spurious correlation #3,354 · View random

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is US household spending on healthcare and the second variable is ONEOK's stock price (OKE).  The chart goes from 2002 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time. Small Image
Download png
, svg

AI explanation

As US household spending on healthcare increases, more people are able to afford regular check-ups. These check-ups lead to a healthier population overall. With a healthier population, there is a decreased need for medical interventions, leading to a surplus of medical resources. ONEOK, being a company in the energy sector, seizes this opportunity and rebrands itself as the premier provider of all-natural, organic, gluten-free, non-GMO, energy-boosting, kale-infused, artisanal healing crystals. This new venture is a massive success, propelling ONEOK's stock price to new heights as the nation embraces the power of energy healing. Remember, a crystal a day keeps the doctor away!

Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate an image that embodies a humorous reddit-style visual. A group of people gather around a large stock market screen, eagerly watching as the stock price of ONEOK (OKE) rises steadily. In the foreground, they are excitedly discussing their investment in the company as a way to help cover their medical bills. Behind them, a line graph shows the increase in US household spending on healthcare. The scene combines financial excitement with healthcare concerns. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.
This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK's stock price (OKE). Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Low poly Cyberpunk Charcoal Low poly a funny image you would see on reddit
ChatGPT: a funny image you would see on reddit

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK's stock price (OKE), in the following situation: As US household spending on healthcare increased, people realized they needed to invest in companies like ONEOK to make enough money to afford their medical bills. So, they all bought OKE stock, causing the price to rise.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In the scene, a line graph showing the increase in US household spending on healthcare is displayed in the background. In the foreground, a group of people are gathered around a large stock market screen, eagerly watching as the stock price of ONEOK (OKE) rises steadily. They are all excitedly discussing their investment in the company as a way to help cover their medical bills.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ a funny image you would see on reddit ] and depicting this scene: In the scene, a line graph showing the increase in US household spending on healthcare is displayed in the background. In the foreground, a group of people are gathered around a large stock market screen, eagerly watching as the stock price of ONEOK (OKE) rises steadily. They are all excitedly discussing their investment in the company as a way to help cover their medical bills. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate an image that embodies a humorous reddit-style visual. A group of people gather around a large stock market screen, eagerly watching as the stock price of ONEOK (OKE) rises steadily. In the foreground, they are excitedly discussing their investment in the company as a way to help cover their medical bills. Behind them, a line graph shows the increase in US household spending on healthcare. The scene combines financial excitement with healthcare concerns.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in US household spending on healthcare caused ONEOK's stock price (OKE) to increase.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)
The Healthcare-Wealthcare Connection: Exploring the Relationship Between US Household Health Spending and ONEOK's Stock Price

The Journal of Financial Health and Medical Markets

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!
Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.




Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a witty academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a statistics journal.You write titles and abstracts of goofy academic research papers.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, and add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please draft the title and abstract of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK's stock price (OKE). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Make the title seem clever.

Your research team used data from Bureau of Labor Statistics and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) to assess this nagging question. You found a correlation coefficient of 0.8965155 and p < 0.01 for 2002 to 2022.

Please respond in this format (replace "Lorem ipsum dolor sit" with your title and abstract)

[[TITLE]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit

[[ABSTRACT]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit



ChatGPT:
[[TITLE]]
The Healthcare-Wealthcare Connection: Exploring the Relationship Between US Household Health Spending and ONEOK's Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
We present a comprehensive analysis of the intriguing relationship between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK Inc.'s (OKE) stock price. Leveraging data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), we employed robust statistical methods to investigate this seemingly enigmatic connection. Our findings reveal a striking correlation, with a coefficient of 0.8965155 and p < 0.01, spanning the years 2002 to 2022.

Our results not only shed light on the financial implications of healthcare expenditure but also provide compelling evidence of its intertwined nature with stock performance. As household healthcare spending rises, there is a noticeable uptrend in ONEOK's stock price, prompting the adage, "Invest in health, and wealth will follow."

This study not only deepens our understanding of the complex relationship between healthcare spending and financial markets but also underlines the significance of considering non-traditional indicators in stock price analyses. Our findings invite further exploration of the healthcare-wealthcare nexus and may inspire investors to keep a pulse on the health of the healthcare sector for potential stock gains. As the saying goes, "A good prognosis for healthcare spending may just be the right prescription for a healthy stock portfolio."


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a witty academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a statistics journal.You draft the introduction section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the introduction section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK's stock price (OKE). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Healthcare-Wealthcare Connection: Exploring the Relationship Between US Household Health Spending and ONEOK's Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
We present a comprehensive analysis of the intriguing relationship between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK Inc.'s (OKE) stock price. Leveraging data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), we employed robust statistical methods to investigate this seemingly enigmatic connection. Our findings reveal a striking correlation, with a coefficient of 0.8965155 and p < 0.01, spanning the years 2002 to 2022.

Our results not only shed light on the financial implications of healthcare expenditure but also provide compelling evidence of its intertwined nature with stock performance. As household healthcare spending rises, there is a noticeable uptrend in ONEOK's stock price, prompting the adage, "Invest in health, and wealth will follow."

This study not only deepens our understanding of the complex relationship between healthcare spending and financial markets but also underlines the significance of considering non-traditional indicators in stock price analyses. Our findings invite further exploration of the healthcare-wealthcare nexus and may inspire investors to keep a pulse on the health of the healthcare sector for potential stock gains. As the saying goes, "A good prognosis for healthcare spending may just be the right prescription for a healthy stock portfolio."

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[INTRODUCTION]]



ChatGPT:
[[INTRODUCTION]]

Healthcare expenditure is a perennial heavyweight in the US economy, accounting for a substantial portion of household budgets and national GDP. The financial ramifications of this immense monetary flow extend beyond the confines of the healthcare sector, encapsulating implications for various industries and financial markets. In particular, the intriguing interplay between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK Inc.'s (OKE) stock price has attracted considerable attention, prompting us to delve into this uncharted territory of healthcare-wealthcare connections.

As we embark upon this unconventional voyage, we are reminded of the classic dad joke: Why don't skeletons fight each other? They don't have the guts! Speaking of guts, delving into the interconnection between healthcare spending and stock prices requires a strong stomach for complexity and a keen eye for unexpected correlations.

Our study aims to uncover the intricate relationship between these seemingly disparate elements, aiming to bring meaningful insights amid the sea of financial data and market dynamics. Our findings not only offer a fresh perspective but also serve as a catalyst for a new frontier in financial analyses, blurring the lines between healthcare and wealthcare, if you will.

Now, you may be wondering, "What do you call a healthcare-oriented stock portfolio?" A diversified portfolio, of course! In line with this witticism, our investigation seeks to challenge traditional notions of stock price determinants and diversify the discourse around the impact of healthcare spending on financial markets.

As we journey through the labyrinth of statistical analyses and financial correlations, we invite you to join us in unraveling the mysteries of the healthcare-wealthcare connection. After all, a little humor and unexpected twists can make even the most complex research endeavors a bit more engaging.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a witty academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a statistics journal.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK's stock price (OKE). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then cite some social media posts you read that seem to be related.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Healthcare-Wealthcare Connection: Exploring the Relationship Between US Household Health Spending and ONEOK's Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
We present a comprehensive analysis of the intriguing relationship between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK Inc.'s (OKE) stock price. Leveraging data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), we employed robust statistical methods to investigate this seemingly enigmatic connection. Our findings reveal a striking correlation, with a coefficient of 0.8965155 and p < 0.01, spanning the years 2002 to 2022.

Our results not only shed light on the financial implications of healthcare expenditure but also provide compelling evidence of its intertwined nature with stock performance. As household healthcare spending rises, there is a noticeable uptrend in ONEOK's stock price, prompting the adage, "Invest in health, and wealth will follow."

This study not only deepens our understanding of the complex relationship between healthcare spending and financial markets but also underlines the significance of considering non-traditional indicators in stock price analyses. Our findings invite further exploration of the healthcare-wealthcare nexus and may inspire investors to keep a pulse on the health of the healthcare sector for potential stock gains. As the saying goes, "A good prognosis for healthcare spending may just be the right prescription for a healthy stock portfolio."

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
Healthcare expenditure is a perennial heavyweight in the US economy, accounting for a substantial portion of household budgets and national GDP. The financial ramifications of this immense monetary flow extend beyond the confines of the healthcare sector, encapsulating implications for various industries and financial markets. In particular, the intriguing interplay between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK Inc.'s (OKE) stock price has attracted considerable attention, prompting us to delve into this uncharted territory of healthcare-wealthcare connections.
As we embark upon this unconventional voyage, we are reminded of the classic dad joke: Why don't skeletons fight each other? They don't have the guts! Speaking of guts, delving into the interconnection between healthcare spending and stock prices requires a strong stomach for complexity and a keen eye for unexpected correlations.
Our study aims to uncover the intricate relationship between these seemingly disparate elements, aiming to bring meaningful insights amid the sea of financial data and market dynamics. Our findings not only offer a fresh perspective but also serve as a catalyst for a new frontier in financial analyses, blurring the lines between healthcare and wealthcare, if you will.
Now, you may be wondering, "What do you call a healthcare-oriented stock portfolio?" A diversified portfolio, of course! In line with this witticism, our investigation seeks to challenge traditional notions of stock price determinants and diversify the discourse around the impact of healthcare spending on financial markets.
As we journey through the labyrinth of statistical analyses and financial correlations, we invite you to join us in unraveling the mysteries of the healthcare-wealthcare connection. After all, a little humor and unexpected twists can make even the most complex research endeavors a bit more engaging.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]



ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

In "Smith et al.," the authors find that US household spending on healthcare has been a significant component of household consumption expenditure, with a sustained upward trend observed over the past decades. The escalation of healthcare costs and expenditures has raised pertinent concerns regarding its impact on household finances and overall economic well-being. Meanwhile, "Doe and Jones" investigate the stock price dynamics of ONEOK Inc. (OKE), elucidating the various factors that influence its market performance. The authors highlight the multifaceted nature of stock prices, influenced by macroeconomic indicators, industry-specific trends, and company-specific factors.

Now, to inject a bit of levity into this literature review: Did you hear about the mathematician who's afraid of negative numbers? He will stop at nothing to avoid them! Similarly, negative correlations between household healthcare spending and ONEOK's stock price seem to be elusive in our analyses, as we unveil an unexpected positive relationship between these two seemingly unrelated domains.

Moving beyond conventional academic sources, let us delve into the literary realm for some unconventional wisdom. "The Healing of America" by T.R. Reid and "America's Bitter Pill" by Steven Brill offer insightful commentary on the state of healthcare in the United States. On the financial front, "The Intelligent Investor" by Benjamin Graham provides timeless wisdom on investment strategies. In a more fictional vein, "The Fountainhead" by Ayn Rand and "Moneyball" by Michael Lewis offer intriguing narratives that, while not directly related to healthcare or stock prices, remind us of the unpredictability and human element inherent in financial markets.

In the age of social media, we cannot discount the power of personal anecdotes and insights. In a recent tweet, @FinanceFanatic muses, "Investing in healthcare feels like putting money where your heart is – literally. #StocksAndStethoscopes." Meanwhile, a LinkedIn post by an anonymous user emphasizes the symbiotic relationship between healthcare spending and stock portfolios, stating, "Investing in healthcare can give your portfolio a healthy dose of resilience. It's like a flu shot for your investments."

Speaking of flu shots and investments, our findings emphasize the robust correlation between US household healthcare spending and ONEOK's stock price, challenging traditional notions and prompting further inquiry into this unconventional relationship. As we navigate this landscape of statistical analyses and financial musings, we invite you to join us in unraveling the enigmatic connection between healthcare and wealthcare. After all, a little humor and unexpected twists can make even the most complex research endeavors a bit more engaging – much like a well-placed dad joke in a scholarly publication.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a witty academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a statistics journal.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK's stock price (OKE). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Bureau of Labor Statistics and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) . You used data from 2002 to 2022

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Healthcare-Wealthcare Connection: Exploring the Relationship Between US Household Health Spending and ONEOK's Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
We present a comprehensive analysis of the intriguing relationship between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK Inc.'s (OKE) stock price. Leveraging data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), we employed robust statistical methods to investigate this seemingly enigmatic connection. Our findings reveal a striking correlation, with a coefficient of 0.8965155 and p < 0.01, spanning the years 2002 to 2022.

Our results not only shed light on the financial implications of healthcare expenditure but also provide compelling evidence of its intertwined nature with stock performance. As household healthcare spending rises, there is a noticeable uptrend in ONEOK's stock price, prompting the adage, "Invest in health, and wealth will follow."

This study not only deepens our understanding of the complex relationship between healthcare spending and financial markets but also underlines the significance of considering non-traditional indicators in stock price analyses. Our findings invite further exploration of the healthcare-wealthcare nexus and may inspire investors to keep a pulse on the health of the healthcare sector for potential stock gains. As the saying goes, "A good prognosis for healthcare spending may just be the right prescription for a healthy stock portfolio."

[[INTRODUCTION]]
Healthcare expenditure is a perennial heavyweight in the US economy, accounting for a substantial portion of household budgets and national GDP. The financial ramifications of this immense monetary flow extend beyond the confines of the healthcare sector, encapsulating implications for various industries and financial markets. In particular, the intriguing interplay between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK Inc.'s (OKE) stock price has attracted considerable attention, prompting us to delve into this uncharted territory of healthcare-wealthcare connections.
As we embark upon this unconventional voyage, we are reminded of the classic dad joke: Why don't skeletons fight each other? They don't have the guts! Speaking of guts, delving into the interconnection between healthcare spending and stock prices requires a strong stomach for complexity and a keen eye for unexpected correlations.
Our study aims to uncover the intricate relationship between these seemingly disparate elements, aiming to bring meaningful insights amid the sea of financial data and market dynamics. Our findings not only offer a fresh perspective but also serve as a catalyst for a new frontier in financial analyses, blurring the lines between healthcare and wealthcare, if you will.
Now, you may be wondering, "What do you call a healthcare-oriented stock portfolio?" A diversified portfolio, of course! In line with this witticism, our investigation seeks to challenge traditional notions of stock price determinants and diversify the discourse around the impact of healthcare spending on financial markets.
As we journey through the labyrinth of statistical analyses and financial correlations, we invite you to join us in unraveling the mysteries of the healthcare-wealthcare connection. After all, a little humor and unexpected twists can make even the most complex research endeavors a bit more engaging.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]



ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

To commence our exploration of the healthcare-wealthcare connection, we harnessed a delightfully convoluted blend of statistical analyses and financial voodoo to scrutinize the relationship between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK Inc.'s (OKE) stock price. Our data collection process involved traversing the vast plains of the internet, with the Bureau of Labor Statistics and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) as our guiding stars. We sifted through financial archives and economic almanacs from the years 2002 to 2022, with an eagle-eyed focus on identifying trends and patterns that would make even the savviest stock trader do a double-take.

Now, buckle up for a bit of statistical jiggery-pokery, as we delved into the enigmatic world of coefficient calculations and p-values. We conducted a rigorous correlation analysis between US household healthcare spending and ONEOK's stock price, utilizing the trusty Pearson correlation coefficient to quantify the strength and direction of this mesmerizing relationship. The coefficient of 0.8965155 left us as pleasantly surprised as finding a dollar bill in a coat pocket on laundry day, and with a p-value of less than 0.01, we were more confident in our findings than a seasoned chef with a tried-and-true recipe for success.

To spice things up, we sprinkled in a dash of linear regression modeling to further dissect the intricate dance between healthcare spending and stock prices. Our model not only captured the essence of this connection but also raised a few eyebrows in the statistical community – though not as much as overhearing a dad joke at a statistics conference.

In order to ensure the robustness of our analyses, we also employed time series analysis to unravel the temporal dimensions of this captivating relationship. We merrily charted the ebbs and flows of healthcare spending and stock prices, noting the striking synchronicity between the two – it was almost as harmonious as a dad and his barbecue grill on a lazy Sunday afternoon.

Lastly, we didn't shy away from incorporating some Bayesian analysis into our methodology mix, injecting a bit of probability theory pizzazz to our exploration. By quantifying the uncertainty of our findings and nudging the boundaries of traditional statistical inference, we expanded our understanding of the intertwined nature of healthcare spending and stock prices. It was as exhilarating as finding a hidden gem in a sea of statistical jargon.

In summary, our methodology was a delightful medley of statistical gymnastics and financial acrobatics, ensuring a thorough unraveling of the healthcare-wealthcare connection. This methodological concoction not only affirmed the importance of our investigation but also set the stage for a riveting journey into the heart of this captivating correlation.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a witty academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a statistics journal.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK's stock price (OKE). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Bureau of Labor Statistics and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) .

For the time period 2002 to 2022, you found a correlation 0.8965155, r-squared of 0.8037400, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Healthcare-Wealthcare Connection: Exploring the Relationship Between US Household Health Spending and ONEOK's Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
We present a comprehensive analysis of the intriguing relationship between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK Inc.'s (OKE) stock price. Leveraging data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), we employed robust statistical methods to investigate this seemingly enigmatic connection. Our findings reveal a striking correlation, with a coefficient of 0.8965155 and p < 0.01, spanning the years 2002 to 2022.

Our results not only shed light on the financial implications of healthcare expenditure but also provide compelling evidence of its intertwined nature with stock performance. As household healthcare spending rises, there is a noticeable uptrend in ONEOK's stock price, prompting the adage, "Invest in health, and wealth will follow."

This study not only deepens our understanding of the complex relationship between healthcare spending and financial markets but also underlines the significance of considering non-traditional indicators in stock price analyses. Our findings invite further exploration of the healthcare-wealthcare nexus and may inspire investors to keep a pulse on the health of the healthcare sector for potential stock gains. As the saying goes, "A good prognosis for healthcare spending may just be the right prescription for a healthy stock portfolio."

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
Healthcare expenditure is a perennial heavyweight in the US economy, accounting for a substantial portion of household budgets and national GDP. The financial ramifications of this immense monetary flow extend beyond the confines of the healthcare sector, encapsulating implications for various industries and financial markets. In particular, the intriguing interplay between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK Inc.'s (OKE) stock price has attracted considerable attention, prompting us to delve into this uncharted territory of healthcare-wealthcare connections.
As we embark upon this unconventional voyage, we are reminded of the classic dad joke: Why don't skeletons fight each other? They don't have the guts! Speaking of guts, delving into the interconnection between healthcare spending and stock prices requires a strong stomach for complexity and a keen eye for unexpected correlations.
Our study aims to uncover the intricate relationship between these seemingly disparate elements, aiming to bring meaningful insights amid the sea of financial data and market dynamics. Our findings not only offer a fresh perspective but also serve as a catalyst for a new frontier in financial analyses, blurring the lines between healthcare and wealthcare, if you will.
Now, you may be wondering, "What do you call a healthcare-oriented stock portfolio?" A diversified portfolio, of course! In line with this witticism, our investigation seeks to challenge traditional notions of stock price determinants and diversify the discourse around the impact of healthcare spending on financial markets.
As we journey through the labyrinth of statistical analyses and financial correlations, we invite you to join us in unraveling the mysteries of the healthcare-wealthcare connection. After all, a little humor and unexpected twists can make even the most complex research endeavors a bit more engaging.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]



ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

We found a robust and statistically significant correlation between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK's (OKE) stock price over the period from 2002 to 2022. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to be 0.8965155, indicating a strong positive linear relationship between these two variables. It seems that as household healthcare spending goes up, so does ONEOK's stock price, prompting the classic dad joke: What do you call a sick bird of prey? An ill eagle! It appears in this case, an ill eagle might just be a sign of a healthy stock portfolio.

Further bolstering the strength of this relationship, the coefficient of determination (R-squared) was computed to be 0.8037400, indicating that approximately 80% of the variability in ONEOK's stock price can be explained by the variability in US household healthcare spending. It’s as if healthcare spending and stock price are playing a game of 'Operation', where every movement in one directly impacts the other - talk about a high-stakes game!

Additionally, the p-value was found to be less than 0.01, providing strong evidence against the null hypothesis of no relationship between these variables. This suggests that the observed correlation is unlikely due to random chance, making the link between healthcare spending and stock performance statistically significant. It's almost as if these two variables are performi(g)ning surgery on each other in the financial markets!

To visually illustrate the potency of this relationship, Fig. 1 presents a scatterplot showing the strong positive correlation between US household healthcare spending and ONEOK's stock price over the studied period. The scatterplot resembles two interconnected healthcare gears, symbolizing the smooth and synchronized movement between healthcare spending and stock performance.

Overall, our findings not only confirm the unexpected connection between healthcare expenditure and stock price but also underscore the need for investors to pay heed to the pulse of the healthcare sector for potential stock gains. It seems that when it comes to the healthcare-wealthcare nexus, "investing in health may indeed lead to a wealth of opportunities in the stock market" - pardon the pun, the prospect of wealth and health is nothing to balk at, after all!


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a witty academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a statistics journal.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK's stock price (OKE). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
The Healthcare-Wealthcare Connection: Exploring the Relationship Between US Household Health Spending and ONEOK's Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
We present a comprehensive analysis of the intriguing relationship between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK Inc.'s (OKE) stock price. Leveraging data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), we employed robust statistical methods to investigate this seemingly enigmatic connection. Our findings reveal a striking correlation, with a coefficient of 0.8965155 and p < 0.01, spanning the years 2002 to 2022.

Our results not only shed light on the financial implications of healthcare expenditure but also provide compelling evidence of its intertwined nature with stock performance. As household healthcare spending rises, there is a noticeable uptrend in ONEOK's stock price, prompting the adage, "Invest in health, and wealth will follow."

This study not only deepens our understanding of the complex relationship between healthcare spending and financial markets but also underlines the significance of considering non-traditional indicators in stock price analyses. Our findings invite further exploration of the healthcare-wealthcare nexus and may inspire investors to keep a pulse on the health of the healthcare sector for potential stock gains. As the saying goes, "A good prognosis for healthcare spending may just be the right prescription for a healthy stock portfolio."

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
In "Smith et al.," the authors find that US household spending on healthcare has been a significant component of household consumption expenditure, with a sustained upward trend observed over the past decades. The escalation of healthcare costs and expenditures has raised pertinent concerns regarding its impact on household finances and overall economic well-being. Meanwhile, "Doe and Jones" investigate the stock price dynamics of ONEOK Inc. (OKE), elucidating the various factors that influence its market performance. The authors highlight the multifaceted nature of stock prices, influenced by macroeconomic indicators, industry-specific trends, and company-specific factors.
Now, to inject a bit of levity into this literature review: Did you hear about the mathematician who's afraid of negative numbers? He will stop at nothing to avoid them! Similarly, negative correlations between household healthcare spending and ONEOK's stock price seem to be elusive in our analyses, as we unveil an unexpected positive relationship between these two seemingly unrelated domains.
Moving beyond conventional academic sources, let us delve into the literary realm for some unconventional wisdom. "The Healing of America" by T.R. Reid and "America's Bitter Pill" by Steven Brill offer insightful commentary on the state of healthcare in the United States. On the financial front, "The Intelligent Investor" by Benjamin Graham provides timeless wisdom on investment strategies. In a more fictional vein, "The Fountainhead" by Ayn Rand and "Moneyball" by Michael Lewis offer intriguing narratives that, while not directly related to healthcare or stock prices, remind us of the unpredictability and human element inherent in financial markets.
In the age of social media, we cannot discount the power of personal anecdotes and insights. In a recent tweet, @FinanceFanatic muses, "Investing in healthcare feels like putting money where your heart is – literally. #StocksAndStethoscopes." Meanwhile, a LinkedIn post by an anonymous user emphasizes the symbiotic relationship between healthcare spending and stock portfolios, stating, "Investing in healthcare can give your portfolio a healthy dose of resilience. It's like a flu shot for your investments."
Speaking of flu shots and investments, our findings emphasize the robust correlation between US household healthcare spending and ONEOK's stock price, challenging traditional notions and prompting further inquiry into this unconventional relationship. As we navigate this landscape of statistical analyses and financial musings, we invite you to join us in unraveling the enigmatic connection between healthcare and wealthcare. After all, a little humor and unexpected twists can make even the most complex research endeavors a bit more engaging – much like a well-placed dad joke in a scholarly publication.

[[RESULTS]]
We found a robust and statistically significant correlation between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK's (OKE) stock price over the period from 2002 to 2022. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to be 0.8965155, indicating a strong positive linear relationship between these two variables. It seems that as household healthcare spending goes up, so does ONEOK's stock price, prompting the classic dad joke: What do you call a sick bird of prey? An ill eagle! It appears in this case, an ill eagle might just be a sign of a healthy stock portfolio.
Further bolstering the strength of this relationship, the coefficient of determination (R-squared) was computed to be 0.8037400, indicating that approximately 80% of the variability in ONEOK's stock price can be explained by the variability in US household healthcare spending. It’s as if healthcare spending and stock price are playing a game of 'Operation', where every movement in one directly impacts the other - talk about a high-stakes game!
Additionally, the p-value was found to be less than 0.01, providing strong evidence against the null hypothesis of no relationship between these variables. This suggests that the observed correlation is unlikely due to random chance, making the link between healthcare spending and stock performance statistically significant. It's almost as if these two variables are performi(g)ning surgery on each other in the financial markets!
To visually illustrate the potency of this relationship, Fig. 1 presents a scatterplot showing the strong positive correlation between US household healthcare spending and ONEOK's stock price over the studied period. The scatterplot resembles two interconnected healthcare gears, symbolizing the smooth and synchronized movement between healthcare spending and stock performance.
Overall, our findings not only confirm the unexpected connection between healthcare expenditure and stock price but also underscore the need for investors to pay heed to the pulse of the healthcare sector for potential stock gains. It seems that when it comes to the healthcare-wealthcare nexus, "investing in health may indeed lead to a wealth of opportunities in the stock market" - pardon the pun, the prospect of wealth and health is nothing to balk at, after all!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]



ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The results of our study provide compelling evidence supporting the previously documented relationship between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK's (OKE) stock price. Building on existing literature, which has highlighted the significant rise in healthcare costs and expenditures as well as the multifaceted nature of stock prices, our research not only uncovers an unexpected positive correlation between these two seemingly disparate domains but also offers valuable insights for investors and analysts.

Our findings align with the work of "Smith et al.," who underscored the escalating trend in healthcare expenditure within US households. As we unraveled the potent link between healthcare spending and stock performance, it became clear that the adage "Invest in health, and wealth will follow" holds true, perhaps more literally than previously thought. It seems that a holistic view of financial well-being should indeed encompass both health and wealth, prompting a lighthearted pun: Why did the stock market go to the doctor? Because it had too many lows and not enough highs! In this case, it appears that a high in healthcare spending could indeed signal a financial high on the stock market.

While our results might appear unexpected at first glance, they are in line with the complexities elucidated by "Doe and Jones," who delved into the various factors influencing ONEOK's stock price. Our study adds a new dimension to this understanding, highlighting the significant role played by US household healthcare spending. As the saying goes, "When it comes to stock prices, better health care equals better wealth care!"

The robust correlation coefficient and statistically significant p-value affirm the strong and reliable nature of the relationship between US household healthcare spending and ONEOK's stock price. The coefficient of determination further reinforces the substantial proportion of variability in stock price explained by healthcare spending, almost implying a therapeutic effect of healthcare spending on stock performance. It's as if healthcare expenditure has become not just a metric for health but also a vital sign for the stock market, prompting the pun: Why did the stock portfolio wear a bandage? Because it wanted to hedge its bets!

In conclusion, our findings not only contribute to the growing body of literature exploring the interplay between healthcare and financial markets but also offer practical implications for investors. The insights gleaned from this research emphasize the potential for considering healthcare spending as a non-traditional indicator in stock price analyses. As we continue to navigate the intricate landscape of healthcare and wealthcare, our study invites further exploration and pondering, as there's always room for a bit of humor and unexpected twists in scholarly pursuits – much like a well-placed dad joke amidst complex statistical analyses.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a witty academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a statistics journal.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK's stock price (OKE). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
The Healthcare-Wealthcare Connection: Exploring the Relationship Between US Household Health Spending and ONEOK's Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
We present a comprehensive analysis of the intriguing relationship between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK Inc.'s (OKE) stock price. Leveraging data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), we employed robust statistical methods to investigate this seemingly enigmatic connection. Our findings reveal a striking correlation, with a coefficient of 0.8965155 and p < 0.01, spanning the years 2002 to 2022.

Our results not only shed light on the financial implications of healthcare expenditure but also provide compelling evidence of its intertwined nature with stock performance. As household healthcare spending rises, there is a noticeable uptrend in ONEOK's stock price, prompting the adage, "Invest in health, and wealth will follow."

This study not only deepens our understanding of the complex relationship between healthcare spending and financial markets but also underlines the significance of considering non-traditional indicators in stock price analyses. Our findings invite further exploration of the healthcare-wealthcare nexus and may inspire investors to keep a pulse on the health of the healthcare sector for potential stock gains. As the saying goes, "A good prognosis for healthcare spending may just be the right prescription for a healthy stock portfolio."

[[INTRDUCTION]]
Healthcare expenditure is a perennial heavyweight in the US economy, accounting for a substantial portion of household budgets and national GDP. The financial ramifications of this immense monetary flow extend beyond the confines of the healthcare sector, encapsulating implications for various industries and financial markets. In particular, the intriguing interplay between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK Inc.'s (OKE) stock price has attracted considerable attention, prompting us to delve into this uncharted territory of healthcare-wealthcare connections.
As we embark upon this unconventional voyage, we are reminded of the classic dad joke: Why don't skeletons fight each other? They don't have the guts! Speaking of guts, delving into the interconnection between healthcare spending and stock prices requires a strong stomach for complexity and a keen eye for unexpected correlations.
Our study aims to uncover the intricate relationship between these seemingly disparate elements, aiming to bring meaningful insights amid the sea of financial data and market dynamics. Our findings not only offer a fresh perspective but also serve as a catalyst for a new frontier in financial analyses, blurring the lines between healthcare and wealthcare, if you will.
Now, you may be wondering, "What do you call a healthcare-oriented stock portfolio?" A diversified portfolio, of course! In line with this witticism, our investigation seeks to challenge traditional notions of stock price determinants and diversify the discourse around the impact of healthcare spending on financial markets.
As we journey through the labyrinth of statistical analyses and financial correlations, we invite you to join us in unraveling the mysteries of the healthcare-wealthcare connection. After all, a little humor and unexpected twists can make even the most complex research endeavors a bit more engaging.

[[RESULTS]]
We found a robust and statistically significant correlation between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK's (OKE) stock price over the period from 2002 to 2022. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to be 0.8965155, indicating a strong positive linear relationship between these two variables. It seems that as household healthcare spending goes up, so does ONEOK's stock price, prompting the classic dad joke: What do you call a sick bird of prey? An ill eagle! It appears in this case, an ill eagle might just be a sign of a healthy stock portfolio.
Further bolstering the strength of this relationship, the coefficient of determination (R-squared) was computed to be 0.8037400, indicating that approximately 80% of the variability in ONEOK's stock price can be explained by the variability in US household healthcare spending. It’s as if healthcare spending and stock price are playing a game of 'Operation', where every movement in one directly impacts the other - talk about a high-stakes game!
Additionally, the p-value was found to be less than 0.01, providing strong evidence against the null hypothesis of no relationship between these variables. This suggests that the observed correlation is unlikely due to random chance, making the link between healthcare spending and stock performance statistically significant. It's almost as if these two variables are performi(g)ning surgery on each other in the financial markets!
To visually illustrate the potency of this relationship, Fig. 1 presents a scatterplot showing the strong positive correlation between US household healthcare spending and ONEOK's stock price over the studied period. The scatterplot resembles two interconnected healthcare gears, symbolizing the smooth and synchronized movement between healthcare spending and stock performance.
Overall, our findings not only confirm the unexpected connection between healthcare expenditure and stock price but also underscore the need for investors to pay heed to the pulse of the healthcare sector for potential stock gains. It seems that when it comes to the healthcare-wealthcare nexus, "investing in health may indeed lead to a wealth of opportunities in the stock market" - pardon the pun, the prospect of wealth and health is nothing to balk at, after all!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]



ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our study has unveiled a compelling correlation between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK's (OKE) stock price. The striking coefficient of 0.8965155 and p < 0.01 not only emphasize the robustness of the relationship but also remind us of the classic dad joke: What do you call a doctor's group of friends? His "medicine" circle! It seems that in this case, the medicine circle of healthcare spending and stock price forms a powerful duo in the financial landscape.

Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (R-squared) of 0.8037400 underscores the substantial impact of healthcare spending on ONEOK's stock price, akin to the impact of a good medical pun: it's quite significant! Our findings point to the undeniable interconnectedness of these seemingly disparate domains, reinforcing the notion that in the realm of finance, health truly is wealth. As the age-old adage goes, "Why did the investor go to the doctor? He wanted to get a 'check-up' on his portfolio!"

The significance of the observed correlation cannot be overstated, as evidenced by the p-value of less than 0.01. This statistical robustness mirrors the unwavering strength of a good dad joke - it's unlikely to be dismissed lightly. Our study not only underscores the compelling link between healthcare spending and stock performance but also indicates that delving into this nexus may lead investors to a treasure trove of wealth creation opportunities, akin to a comedic gold mine for a dad joke aficionado.

In the end, our research prompts the firm assertion that no more investigation is needed in this area. Decades of data analysis and statistical testing have revealed the strong, consistent, and undeniable relationship between US household healthcare expenditure and ONEOK's stock price. It seems that when it comes to the healthcare-wealthcare nexus, "further research would be like trying to reinvent the wheel - unnecessary and probably a little tiring." It's clear that the prescription for understanding this connection has been successfully filled, and it's time for investors to adopt a "healthy" approach to their stock portfolios. After all, as the saying goes, "Why did the stock market refuse to move? It just needed a little 'patience' - and maybe a check-up on its healthcare stocks!"


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited The Healthcare-Wealthcare Connection: Exploring the Relationship Between US Household Health Spending and ONEOK's Stock Price. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Financial Health and Medical Markets


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited The Healthcare-Wealthcare Connection: Exploring the Relationship Between US Household Health Spending and ONEOK's Stock Price. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Society for Economic Health and Wealth Studies


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled The Healthcare-Wealthcare Connection: Exploring the Relationship Between US Household Health Spending and ONEOK's Stock Price with an abstract of We present a comprehensive analysis of the intriguing relationship between US household spending on healthcare and ONEOK Inc.'s (OKE) stock price. Leveraging data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), we employed robust statistical methods to investigate this seemingly enigmatic connection. Our findings reveal a striking correlation, with a coefficient of 0.8965155 and p < 0.01, spanning the years 2002 to 2022.
Our results not only shed light on the financial implications of healthcare expenditure but also provide compelling evidence of its intertwined nature with stock performance. As household healthcare spending rises, there is a noticeable uptrend in ONEOK's stock price, prompting the adage, "Invest in health, and wealth will follow."
This study not only deepens our understanding of the complex relationship between healthcare spending and financial markets but also underlines the significance of considering non-traditional indicators in stock price analyses. Our findings invite further exploration of the healthcare-wealthcare nexus and may inspire investors to keep a pulse on the health of the healthcare sector for potential stock gains. As the saying goes, "A good prognosis for healthcare spending may just be the right prescription for a healthy stock portfolio.

ChatGPT:

US household healthcare spending, ONEOK stock price, healthcare expenditure, stock performance, Bureau of Labor Statistics, LSEG Analytics, Refinitiv data, statistical analysis, correlation, financial implications, healthcare spending and stock price, healthcare-wealthcare connection, stock market analysis, non-traditional indicators, healthcare sector, investor insights, stock gains, healthcare spending prognosis

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.



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Data details

US household spending on healthcare
Detailed data title: Annual US household spend on healthcare, as a percentage of total household spend
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
See what else correlates with US household spending on healthcare

ONEOK's stock price (OKE)
Detailed data title: Opening price of ONEOK (OKE) on the first trading day of the year
Source: LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv)
Additional Info: Via Microsoft Excel Stockhistory function

See what else correlates with ONEOK's stock price (OKE)

Correlation r = 0.8965155 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r2 = 0.8037400 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 80.4% of the change in the one variable (i.e., ONEOK's stock price (OKE)) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., US household spending on healthcare) over the 21 years from 2002 through 2022.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 3.8E-8. 0.0000000381304769567197400000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme. More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.9 in 3.8E-6% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 26,225,741 random variables You don't actually need 26 million variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 20 degrees of freedom, Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 20 because we have two variables measured over a period of 21 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.76, 0.96 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!


All values for the years included above: If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.
200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022
US household spending on healthcare (Household spend)5.777225.91915.931565.740275.714885.747615.89476.370886.562186.665336.912647.105688.019447.756628.047328.205138.114468.238158.440678.146078.01732
ONEOK's stock price (OKE) (Stock price)7.878.439.712.4811.7618.9819.5612.7919.6524.4438.5237.9454.4149.924.6658.1453.7653.0575.923958.96




Why this works

  1. Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
  2. Lack of causal connection: There is probably Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
    no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
  3. Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
    p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
  4. Y-axis doesn't start at zero: I truncated the Y-axes of the graph above. I also used a line graph, which makes the visual connection stand out more than it deserves. Nothing against line graphs. They are great at telling a story when you have linear data! But visually it is deceptive because the only data is at the points on the graph, not the lines on the graph. In between each point, the data could have been doing anything. Like going for a random walk by itself!
    Mathematically what I showed is true, but it is intentionally misleading. Below is the same chart but with both Y-axes starting at zero.




Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."


# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([5.77722,5.9191,5.93156,5.74027,5.71488,5.74761,5.8947,6.37088,6.56218,6.66533,6.91264,7.10568,8.01944,7.75662,8.04732,8.20513,8.11446,8.23815,8.44067,8.14607,8.01732,])
array_2 = np.array([7.87,8.43,9.7,12.48,11.76,18.98,19.56,12.79,19.65,24.44,38.52,37.94,54.41,49.9,24.66,58.14,53.76,53.05,75.92,39,58.96,])
array_1_name = "US household spending on healthcare"
array_2_name = "ONEOK's stock price (OKE)"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)



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For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

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Correlation ID: 3354 · Black Variable ID: 19992 · Red Variable ID: 1837
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