Spurious correlation #3,258 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Solar power generated in Bahrain and the second variable is The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota. The chart goes from 2012 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Solar power generated in Bahrain and the second variable is The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota. The chart goes from 2012 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

The surplus solar power was beamed to Minnesota, inadvertently creating a booming job market for epidemiologists who were drawn to the state by the sudden abundance of sunny positions. Looks like the job market in Minnesota is infectious!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Create an image that depicts a group of epidemiologists lounging in a vibrant Minnesota landscape, framed by the juxtaposition of the bright Bahrain sun powering solar panels on one side and the eager epidemiologists on the other. The imagery should convey a sense of relaxation and opportunity, with the epidemiologists leisurely enjoying the sunlight and the promise of new career prospects, while the solar panels in Bahrain glisten under the radiant sunshine. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Solar power generated in Bahrain and The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Data cyber art Symbolism Scalar art a funny image you would see on reddit High-tech
ChatGPT: Scalar art

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Solar power generated in Bahrain and The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota, in the following situation: As Solar power increased in Bahrain, it created a sunny disposition worldwide, luring epidemiologists to Minnesota for a dose of Vitamin D and a "lighter" workload. The bright idea of living under the "solar-infused" Minnesota sky led to a surge in epidemiologists flocking to the state.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In a bright and sunny Minnesota, epidemiologists are seen basking in the warm glow of the sun, enjoying a lighter workload thanks to the increased Solar power in Bahrain. As solar panels glisten in the Bahrain sun, Minnesota's sky becomes a magnet for epidemiologists seeking both sunshine and exciting career opportunities.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Scalar art ] and depicting this scene: In a bright and sunny Minnesota, epidemiologists are seen basking in the warm glow of the sun, enjoying a lighter workload thanks to the increased Solar power in Bahrain. As solar panels glisten in the Bahrain sun, Minnesota's sky becomes a magnet for epidemiologists seeking both sunshine and exciting career opportunities. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Create an image that depicts a group of epidemiologists lounging in a vibrant Minnesota landscape, framed by the juxtaposition of the bright Bahrain sun powering solar panels on one side and the eager epidemiologists on the other. The imagery should convey a sense of relaxation and opportunity, with the epidemiologists leisurely enjoying the sunlight and the promise of new career prospects, while the solar panels in Bahrain glisten under the radiant sunshine.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in Solar power generated in Bahrain caused The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota to increase. Add a funny one-liner at the end.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Sunny Side Up: Illuminating the Link between Solar Power in Bahrain and the Surprising Surge of Epidemiologists in Minnesota

The Journal of Solar Studies and Regional Epidemiology

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Solar power generated in Bahrain and The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then cite some social media posts you read that seem to be related.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Sunny Side Up: Illuminating the Link between Solar Power in Bahrain and the Surprising Surge of Epidemiologists in Minnesota

[[ABSTRACT]]
The sun, our celestial source of energy, has long been a subject of scientific inquiry and, occasionally, lyrical waxing. In this study, we seek to shed light on the unexpected relationship between solar power generation in Bahrain and the burgeoning number of epidemiologists in Minnesota. Employing data from the Energy Information Administration and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we embarked on an illuminating investigation, aiming to uncover any potential correlations between these seemingly disparate phenomena.

Our findings, while initially seemingly as elusive as finding solar power at night, revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9771284, with a p-value less than 0.01 for the years 2012 to 2021. This discovery not only left us seeing stars but prompted us to delve into potential mechanisms behind this tantalizing connection. Could it be that the radiant energy captured in the Arabian desert somehow fuels the desire for epidemiological inquiry in the frigid tundra of the Land of 10,000 Lakes? Or perhaps there is a cosmic connection between the celestial dance of photons and the pursuit of public health knowledge?

In our paper, we not only present the statistical evidence backing this unusual association, but we also invite readers to join us in speculating on the causative factors. Our findings prompt us to consider the notion that the sun's influence may extend far beyond merely tanning our skins and warming our planet, to also shaping the occupational choices of public health professionals in unexpected ways.

So, as the sun sets on our investigation, we invite readers to ponder this profound interplay between solar power and the proliferation of epidemiologists in the spirit of scholarly curiosity, and perhaps a touch of celestial whimsy.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
Introduction
The sun, that fiery orb of nuclear fusion, has long captivated the imaginations of poets, physicists, and, undoubtedly, beachgoers seeking that perfect tan. In the realm of scientific inquiry, the study of solar power generation has traditionally been confined to discussions of renewable energy, climate change mitigation, and perhaps extracting the occasional groan-worthy solar pun. The association, if at all, between solar energy and the field of epidemiology, has been as obscure as a sunspot during a solar eclipse. However, in a twist as unexpected as a solar flare on a cloudy day, our research has revealed a rather surprising linkage between these two seemingly incongruous domains.
It is in this context that we delve into the peculiar relationship between the deployment of solar power in the Kingdom of Bahrain and the remarkable upsurge of epidemiologists in the state of Minnesota. With the fervor of a sun worshipper on the summer solstice, we embarked on an empirical investigation, aiming to untangle this perplexing connection. The pressing question that drove our inquiry was whether it was a mere coincidence or if there was a substantial correlation between these two disparate phenomena.
Armed with data from the Energy Information Administration and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we set out to analyze and disentangle the statistical relationship between the solar irradiance in the Arabian Peninsula and the rather unexpected occupation-specific employment trends in the upper Midwest of the United States. Our findings, akin to stumbling upon a diamond in the rough of statistical noise, not only unearthed a striking correlation but nudged us into exploring the potential mechanisms underpinning this unexpected association.
As we present the findings of our investigation, we invite our esteemed readers to join us in contemplating the enigmatic allure of the sun's influence on the proliferation of epidemiologists in the Land of 10,000 Lakes. The revelatory implications of our research, while as bright as a noonday sun, also invite a touch of speculative, if not whimsical, consideration into the cosmic interplay between solar energy and the occupational choices of public health professionals.
In the following sections, we shall expound upon the methodology, statistical analysis, and the implications of our findings, all the while inviting readers to bask in the radiance of this unexpected confluence of solar power in Bahrain and the burgeoning community of epidemiologists in Minnesota. So, don your metaphorical sunglasses as we embark on this illuminating journey into the uncanny affiliations between celestial energy and the scholarly pursuits of public health professionals.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The investigation into the correlation between solar power generation in Bahrain and the remarkable surge of epidemiologists in Minnesota is a pursuit that has left traditional scholars scratching their heads and basking in the unexpected light of interdisciplinary inquiry. While the topic at hand may seem as incongruous as sunscreen at the North Pole, our quest for understanding has led us down a path of uncovering intriguing connections and prompting contemplation of, quite literally, illuminating influences.

Smith et al. (2018) laid the groundwork for our inquiry with their comprehensive study on solar power generation and its potential effects on regional industries. In a similar vein, Doe (2019) explored the occupational trends related to the field of public health and epidemiology, providing a solid foundation for our comparative analysis. Jones (2020) further expanded on the potential impact of environmental factors on occupational choices, although it must be noted that his work focused primarily on terrestrial influences and did not take into account the cosmic dance of photons.

Shifting our gaze from the academic to the practical, we turn to non-fiction works that may shed solar-powered light on our peculiar inquiry. "Solar Power for Dummies" (Johnson, 2017) offers a comprehensive guide to understanding and harnessing the energy of the sun, although regrettably, it lacks a chapter on its potential influence on career choices. Conversely, "Epidemiology for the Layperson" (Garcia, 2020) offers insight into the fascinating world of disease surveillance and analysis, but remains silent on any potential connections to celestial phenomena.

The literary landscape, too, holds promise in shedding light on our quest. In H.G. Wells' "The War of the Worlds," the arrival of extraterrestrial beings prompts a reevaluation of human existence, akin to the potential paradigm shift we anticipate in our own findings. Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World" offers a dystopian vision of societal structure, in which the influence of external factors on human behavior is a central theme, albeit in a non-solar context. It is in these literary realms that we find inspiration and perhaps a touch of speculative mirth as we consider the unforeseen relationship between solar power and epidemiological pursuits.

Further venturing into the realms of social discourse, we cannot ignore the musings of internet personalities such as @EpiSunChaser and @SolarEpidemiologist, whose Twitter threads delve into the hypothetical links between occupational choices and celestial phenomena. While their insights may be delivered in bite-sized, 280-character bursts, they provoke the imaginations of our research team and raise intriguing, if arguably tongue-in-cheek, questions about the cosmic influences on epidemiological pursuits.

As we dive headfirst into this literature review, let us approach the humorous and the scholarly with equal reverence, for in the unexpected connections between solar power in Bahrain and the influx of epidemiologists in Minnesota, we may find not only empirical insight but also a touch of cosmic whimsy.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Solar power generated in Bahrain and The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Energy Information Administration and Bureau of Larbor Statistics . You used data from 2012 to 2021

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Sunny Side Up: Illuminating the Link between Solar Power in Bahrain and the Surprising Surge of Epidemiologists in Minnesota

[[ABSTRACT]]
The sun, our celestial source of energy, has long been a subject of scientific inquiry and, occasionally, lyrical waxing. In this study, we seek to shed light on the unexpected relationship between solar power generation in Bahrain and the burgeoning number of epidemiologists in Minnesota. Employing data from the Energy Information Administration and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we embarked on an illuminating investigation, aiming to uncover any potential correlations between these seemingly disparate phenomena.

Our findings, while initially seemingly as elusive as finding solar power at night, revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9771284, with a p-value less than 0.01 for the years 2012 to 2021. This discovery not only left us seeing stars but prompted us to delve into potential mechanisms behind this tantalizing connection. Could it be that the radiant energy captured in the Arabian desert somehow fuels the desire for epidemiological inquiry in the frigid tundra of the Land of 10,000 Lakes? Or perhaps there is a cosmic connection between the celestial dance of photons and the pursuit of public health knowledge?

In our paper, we not only present the statistical evidence backing this unusual association, but we also invite readers to join us in speculating on the causative factors. Our findings prompt us to consider the notion that the sun's influence may extend far beyond merely tanning our skins and warming our planet, to also shaping the occupational choices of public health professionals in unexpected ways.

So, as the sun sets on our investigation, we invite readers to ponder this profound interplay between solar power and the proliferation of epidemiologists in the spirit of scholarly curiosity, and perhaps a touch of celestial whimsy.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
Introduction
The sun, that fiery orb of nuclear fusion, has long captivated the imaginations of poets, physicists, and, undoubtedly, beachgoers seeking that perfect tan. In the realm of scientific inquiry, the study of solar power generation has traditionally been confined to discussions of renewable energy, climate change mitigation, and perhaps extracting the occasional groan-worthy solar pun. The association, if at all, between solar energy and the field of epidemiology, has been as obscure as a sunspot during a solar eclipse. However, in a twist as unexpected as a solar flare on a cloudy day, our research has revealed a rather surprising linkage between these two seemingly incongruous domains.
It is in this context that we delve into the peculiar relationship between the deployment of solar power in the Kingdom of Bahrain and the remarkable upsurge of epidemiologists in the state of Minnesota. With the fervor of a sun worshipper on the summer solstice, we embarked on an empirical investigation, aiming to untangle this perplexing connection. The pressing question that drove our inquiry was whether it was a mere coincidence or if there was a substantial correlation between these two disparate phenomena.
Armed with data from the Energy Information Administration and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we set out to analyze and disentangle the statistical relationship between the solar irradiance in the Arabian Peninsula and the rather unexpected occupation-specific employment trends in the upper Midwest of the United States. Our findings, akin to stumbling upon a diamond in the rough of statistical noise, not only unearthed a striking correlation but nudged us into exploring the potential mechanisms underpinning this unexpected association.
As we present the findings of our investigation, we invite our esteemed readers to join us in contemplating the enigmatic allure of the sun's influence on the proliferation of epidemiologists in the Land of 10,000 Lakes. The revelatory implications of our research, while as bright as a noonday sun, also invite a touch of speculative, if not whimsical, consideration into the cosmic interplay between solar energy and the occupational choices of public health professionals.
In the following sections, we shall expound upon the methodology, statistical analysis, and the implications of our findings, all the while inviting readers to bask in the radiance of this unexpected confluence of solar power in Bahrain and the burgeoning community of epidemiologists in Minnesota. So, don your metaphorical sunglasses as we embark on this illuminating journey into the uncanny affiliations between celestial energy and the scholarly pursuits of public health professionals.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

METHODOLOGY

Data Collection
Our research team embarked on a quest that involved traversing the vast expanse of the internet in search of elusive data pertaining to solar power generation in Bahrain and the employment trends of epidemiologists in Minnesota. We scoured the virtual terrain, like intrepid digital explorers, in pursuit of datasets that could shed light on the perplexing correlation we sought to unveil.

After numerous virtual odysseys, we turned to the Energy Information Administration and the Bureau of Labor Statistics as our primary sources of celestial and occupational data. These repositories, akin to information constellations in the vast digital cosmos, provided us with the empirical fuel required to power our investigation.

Data Analysis
For the period spanning 2012 to 2021, we harnessed the statistical prowess of a digital telescope to zoom into the intricate patterns hidden within the datasets. Utilizing complex algorithms that could rival the precision of a solar-powered clock, we meticulously analyzed the solar power generation data from Bahrain and the employment figures of epidemiologists in Minnesota. Like astronomers plotting the trajectory of celestial bodies, we sought to discern any discernible patterns that could underpin the unexpected juxtaposition of solar energy and the epidemiological workforce.

Statistical Techniques
Our methodological arsenal included an array of statistical techniques, from correlation analyses to time series modeling, as we endeavored to extract the essence of the relationship between solar luminosity and the expansion of the epidemiological cadre. Through the mystical incantations of p-values and correlation coefficients, we sought to illuminate the subtle dance between the radiant energy of the sun and the occupational choices of public health professionals.

While conventional statistical methodologies formed the bedrock of our analysis, we could not resist the temptation to incorporate a sprinkle of academic whimsy into our approach. We fancifully christened our variance analysis technique as "Solar Flare Variance Extrapolation," which, while not recognized by mainstream statistical circles, captured the ineffable spirit of our investigation.

Limitations
The lofty pursuit of unraveling the cosmic influences on epidemiological trends was not without its share of limitations. Our reliance on available datasets constrained the depth of our analysis, much like the restricted scope of Earth-bound telescopes in peering into the depths of outer space. Furthermore, the inherent complexities and potential confounders in the realms of solar energy dynamics and labor market forces posed challenges akin to navigating a labyrinthine solar system.

Despite these limitations, we marched forward with statistical rigor and perhaps a touch of cosmic optimism, aiming to shed light on the unexpected linkage between solar power in Bahrain and the burgeoning community of epidemiologists in Minnesota.

In the subsequent section, we shall unveil the empirical revelations of our investigation, inviting readers to peer through the metaphorical telescope of statistical analysis to comprehend the marvelous interplay between celestial energy and the ebbs and flows of occupational vocations.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Solar power generated in Bahrain and The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Energy Information Administration and Bureau of Larbor Statistics .

For the time period 2012 to 2021, you found a correlation 0.9771284, r-squared of 0.9547799, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Sunny Side Up: Illuminating the Link between Solar Power in Bahrain and the Surprising Surge of Epidemiologists in Minnesota

[[ABSTRACT]]
The sun, our celestial source of energy, has long been a subject of scientific inquiry and, occasionally, lyrical waxing. In this study, we seek to shed light on the unexpected relationship between solar power generation in Bahrain and the burgeoning number of epidemiologists in Minnesota. Employing data from the Energy Information Administration and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we embarked on an illuminating investigation, aiming to uncover any potential correlations between these seemingly disparate phenomena.

Our findings, while initially seemingly as elusive as finding solar power at night, revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9771284, with a p-value less than 0.01 for the years 2012 to 2021. This discovery not only left us seeing stars but prompted us to delve into potential mechanisms behind this tantalizing connection. Could it be that the radiant energy captured in the Arabian desert somehow fuels the desire for epidemiological inquiry in the frigid tundra of the Land of 10,000 Lakes? Or perhaps there is a cosmic connection between the celestial dance of photons and the pursuit of public health knowledge?

In our paper, we not only present the statistical evidence backing this unusual association, but we also invite readers to join us in speculating on the causative factors. Our findings prompt us to consider the notion that the sun's influence may extend far beyond merely tanning our skins and warming our planet, to also shaping the occupational choices of public health professionals in unexpected ways.

So, as the sun sets on our investigation, we invite readers to ponder this profound interplay between solar power and the proliferation of epidemiologists in the spirit of scholarly curiosity, and perhaps a touch of celestial whimsy.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
Introduction
The sun, that fiery orb of nuclear fusion, has long captivated the imaginations of poets, physicists, and, undoubtedly, beachgoers seeking that perfect tan. In the realm of scientific inquiry, the study of solar power generation has traditionally been confined to discussions of renewable energy, climate change mitigation, and perhaps extracting the occasional groan-worthy solar pun. The association, if at all, between solar energy and the field of epidemiology, has been as obscure as a sunspot during a solar eclipse. However, in a twist as unexpected as a solar flare on a cloudy day, our research has revealed a rather surprising linkage between these two seemingly incongruous domains.
It is in this context that we delve into the peculiar relationship between the deployment of solar power in the Kingdom of Bahrain and the remarkable upsurge of epidemiologists in the state of Minnesota. With the fervor of a sun worshipper on the summer solstice, we embarked on an empirical investigation, aiming to untangle this perplexing connection. The pressing question that drove our inquiry was whether it was a mere coincidence or if there was a substantial correlation between these two disparate phenomena.
Armed with data from the Energy Information Administration and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we set out to analyze and disentangle the statistical relationship between the solar irradiance in the Arabian Peninsula and the rather unexpected occupation-specific employment trends in the upper Midwest of the United States. Our findings, akin to stumbling upon a diamond in the rough of statistical noise, not only unearthed a striking correlation but nudged us into exploring the potential mechanisms underpinning this unexpected association.
As we present the findings of our investigation, we invite our esteemed readers to join us in contemplating the enigmatic allure of the sun's influence on the proliferation of epidemiologists in the Land of 10,000 Lakes. The revelatory implications of our research, while as bright as a noonday sun, also invite a touch of speculative, if not whimsical, consideration into the cosmic interplay between solar energy and the occupational choices of public health professionals.
In the following sections, we shall expound upon the methodology, statistical analysis, and the implications of our findings, all the while inviting readers to bask in the radiance of this unexpected confluence of solar power in Bahrain and the burgeoning community of epidemiologists in Minnesota. So, don your metaphorical sunglasses as we embark on this illuminating journey into the uncanny affiliations between celestial energy and the scholarly pursuits of public health professionals.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The statistical analysis of the data revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9771284 between solar power generation in Bahrain and the number of epidemiologists in Minnesota for the period of 2012 to 2021. The r-squared value of 0.9547799 indicates that approximately 95.48% of the variability in the number of epidemiologists can be explained by the variation in solar power generation. The p-value of less than 0.01 further strengthens the evidence of a significant relationship between these two variables, relegating the possibility of this association being a mere cosmic coincidence to the realm of statistical improbability.

The scatterplot representation of the data (Fig. 1) vividly illustrates the robust correlation observed between solar power generation in Bahrain and the proliferation of epidemiologists in Minnesota. The data points are tightly clustered around a clear upward trend line, resembling the proverbial solar system aligning with uncanny precision.

These results not only leave us pleasantly sun-kissed with statistical validation but also beckon further inquiry into the potential causal mechanisms underpinning this unexpected relationship. The findings of our study, akin to stumbling upon a solar eclipse, not only prompt scholarly consideration but also invite a touch of cosmic whimsy in contemplating the profound interplay between celestial energy and the vocational choices of public health professionals.

In conclusion, our findings illuminate the unanticipated yet compelling correlation between solar power generation in Bahrain and the surge of epidemiologists in Minnesota, challenging conventional wisdom and inviting further exploration into the solar system's influence on earthly endeavors. As the sun sets on this investigation, we invite readers to bask in the radiant implications of this unexpected interconnection, even if it means wearing metaphorical SPF 50 to shield against cosmic speculation.

Thank you for lending your scholarly gaze to this luminous inquiry, and may the light of knowledge continue to illuminate our path, much like the rays of the mighty sun.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Solar power generated in Bahrain and The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
Sunny Side Up: Illuminating the Link between Solar Power in Bahrain and the Surprising Surge of Epidemiologists in Minnesota

[[ABSTRACT]]
The sun, our celestial source of energy, has long been a subject of scientific inquiry and, occasionally, lyrical waxing. In this study, we seek to shed light on the unexpected relationship between solar power generation in Bahrain and the burgeoning number of epidemiologists in Minnesota. Employing data from the Energy Information Administration and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we embarked on an illuminating investigation, aiming to uncover any potential correlations between these seemingly disparate phenomena.

Our findings, while initially seemingly as elusive as finding solar power at night, revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9771284, with a p-value less than 0.01 for the years 2012 to 2021. This discovery not only left us seeing stars but prompted us to delve into potential mechanisms behind this tantalizing connection. Could it be that the radiant energy captured in the Arabian desert somehow fuels the desire for epidemiological inquiry in the frigid tundra of the Land of 10,000 Lakes? Or perhaps there is a cosmic connection between the celestial dance of photons and the pursuit of public health knowledge?

In our paper, we not only present the statistical evidence backing this unusual association, but we also invite readers to join us in speculating on the causative factors. Our findings prompt us to consider the notion that the sun's influence may extend far beyond merely tanning our skins and warming our planet, to also shaping the occupational choices of public health professionals in unexpected ways.

So, as the sun sets on our investigation, we invite readers to ponder this profound interplay between solar power and the proliferation of epidemiologists in the spirit of scholarly curiosity, and perhaps a touch of celestial whimsy.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The investigation into the correlation between solar power generation in Bahrain and the remarkable surge of epidemiologists in Minnesota is a pursuit that has left traditional scholars scratching their heads and basking in the unexpected light of interdisciplinary inquiry. While the topic at hand may seem as incongruous as sunscreen at the North Pole, our quest for understanding has led us down a path of uncovering intriguing connections and prompting contemplation of, quite literally, illuminating influences.
Smith et al. (2018) laid the groundwork for our inquiry with their comprehensive study on solar power generation and its potential effects on regional industries. In a similar vein, Doe (2019) explored the occupational trends related to the field of public health and epidemiology, providing a solid foundation for our comparative analysis. Jones (2020) further expanded on the potential impact of environmental factors on occupational choices, although it must be noted that his work focused primarily on terrestrial influences and did not take into account the cosmic dance of photons.
Shifting our gaze from the academic to the practical, we turn to non-fiction works that may shed solar-powered light on our peculiar inquiry. "Solar Power for Dummies" (Johnson, 2017) offers a comprehensive guide to understanding and harnessing the energy of the sun, although regrettably, it lacks a chapter on its potential influence on career choices. Conversely, "Epidemiology for the Layperson" (Garcia, 2020) offers insight into the fascinating world of disease surveillance and analysis, but remains silent on any potential connections to celestial phenomena.
The literary landscape, too, holds promise in shedding light on our quest. In H.G. Wells' "The War of the Worlds," the arrival of extraterrestrial beings prompts a reevaluation of human existence, akin to the potential paradigm shift we anticipate in our own findings. Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World" offers a dystopian vision of societal structure, in which the influence of external factors on human behavior is a central theme, albeit in a non-solar context. It is in these literary realms that we find inspiration and perhaps a touch of speculative mirth as we consider the unforeseen relationship between solar power and epidemiological pursuits.
Further venturing into the realms of social discourse, we cannot ignore the musings of internet personalities such as @EpiSunChaser and @SolarEpidemiologist, whose Twitter threads delve into the hypothetical links between occupational choices and celestial phenomena. While their insights may be delivered in bite-sized, 280-character bursts, they provoke the imaginations of our research team and raise intriguing, if arguably tongue-in-cheek, questions about the cosmic influences on epidemiological pursuits.
As we dive headfirst into this literature review, let us approach the humorous and the scholarly with equal reverence, for in the unexpected connections between solar power in Bahrain and the influx of epidemiologists in Minnesota, we may find not only empirical insight but also a touch of cosmic whimsy.

[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis of the data revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9771284 between solar power generation in Bahrain and the number of epidemiologists in Minnesota for the period of 2012 to 2021. The r-squared value of 0.9547799 indicates that approximately 95.48% of the variability in the number of epidemiologists can be explained by the variation in solar power generation. The p-value of less than 0.01 further strengthens the evidence of a significant relationship between these two variables, relegating the possibility of this association being a mere cosmic coincidence to the realm of statistical improbability.
The scatterplot representation of the data (Fig. 1) vividly illustrates the robust correlation observed between solar power generation in Bahrain and the proliferation of epidemiologists in Minnesota. The data points are tightly clustered around a clear upward trend line, resembling the proverbial solar system aligning with uncanny precision.
These results not only leave us pleasantly sun-kissed with statistical validation but also beckon further inquiry into the potential causal mechanisms underpinning this unexpected relationship. The findings of our study, akin to stumbling upon a solar eclipse, not only prompt scholarly consideration but also invite a touch of cosmic whimsy in contemplating the profound interplay between celestial energy and the vocational choices of public health professionals.
In conclusion, our findings illuminate the unanticipated yet compelling correlation between solar power generation in Bahrain and the surge of epidemiologists in Minnesota, challenging conventional wisdom and inviting further exploration into the solar system's influence on earthly endeavors. As the sun sets on this investigation, we invite readers to bask in the radiant implications of this unexpected interconnection, even if it means wearing metaphorical SPF 50 to shield against cosmic speculation.
Thank you for lending your scholarly gaze to this luminous inquiry, and may the light of knowledge continue to illuminate our path, much like the rays of the mighty sun.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The remarkable correlation we observed between solar power generation in Bahrain and the proliferation of epidemiologists in Minnesota lends credence to the idea that celestial influences may extend beyond mere cosmic happenstance to shape terrestrial phenomena, much like the gentle gravitational pull of a pun. Our findings echo the speculations of @EpiSunChaser and @SolarEpidemiologist, whose musings on Twitter, though delivered in digestible 280-character bursts, carry with them the weight of cosmic inquiry. The unexpectedly robust statistical relationship we have uncovered, reminiscent of a solar eclipse in its ability to captivate and illuminate, prompts us to consider the myriad factors that may underpin this dazzling association.

Our results not only align with the scholarly groundwork laid by Smith et al. (2018) and Doe (2019), who delved into fields as seemingly incongruous as sunscreen at the North Pole but who, like us, sought to shine a light on unconventional connections. The statistical validation of a significant relationship between solar power and the proliferation of epidemiologists echoes the cosmic dance of photons suggested by Jones (2020) and the potential environmental influences on occupational choices, albeit teasingly ignoring the celestial realm. Perhaps, in the spirit of Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World," we are witnessing not just a scientific discovery but a paradigm shift, akin to venturing into an epidemiological brave new world shaped by the radiance of the Arabian sun.

The scatterplot representation of our data, akin to a celestial map charting the movement of planets, vividly captured the compelling relationship between these seemingly divergent phenomena. The clustering of data points around the upward trend line mirrored the precision of a celestial alignment, sparking not only academic consideration but also a touch of celestial whimsy – a reminder that scientific inquiry need not always adhere strictly to terrestrial conventions.

As we embark on further explorations into the mechanisms underlying this paradoxical correlation, we invite fellow scholars to bask in the radiant implications of our findings, much like donning metaphorical SPF 50 to shield against the sun's speculative rays. What we have unearthed in this investigation, much like the cosmic ballet of planets, may serve not only as a scholarly curiosity but also as an invitation to embrace the unexpected, imperceptible, and perhaps humorous interplay between celestial phenomena and the occupational choices of public health professionals.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Solar power generated in Bahrain and The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
Sunny Side Up: Illuminating the Link between Solar Power in Bahrain and the Surprising Surge of Epidemiologists in Minnesota

[[ABSTRACT]]
The sun, our celestial source of energy, has long been a subject of scientific inquiry and, occasionally, lyrical waxing. In this study, we seek to shed light on the unexpected relationship between solar power generation in Bahrain and the burgeoning number of epidemiologists in Minnesota. Employing data from the Energy Information Administration and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we embarked on an illuminating investigation, aiming to uncover any potential correlations between these seemingly disparate phenomena.

Our findings, while initially seemingly as elusive as finding solar power at night, revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9771284, with a p-value less than 0.01 for the years 2012 to 2021. This discovery not only left us seeing stars but prompted us to delve into potential mechanisms behind this tantalizing connection. Could it be that the radiant energy captured in the Arabian desert somehow fuels the desire for epidemiological inquiry in the frigid tundra of the Land of 10,000 Lakes? Or perhaps there is a cosmic connection between the celestial dance of photons and the pursuit of public health knowledge?

In our paper, we not only present the statistical evidence backing this unusual association, but we also invite readers to join us in speculating on the causative factors. Our findings prompt us to consider the notion that the sun's influence may extend far beyond merely tanning our skins and warming our planet, to also shaping the occupational choices of public health professionals in unexpected ways.

So, as the sun sets on our investigation, we invite readers to ponder this profound interplay between solar power and the proliferation of epidemiologists in the spirit of scholarly curiosity, and perhaps a touch of celestial whimsy.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
Introduction
The sun, that fiery orb of nuclear fusion, has long captivated the imaginations of poets, physicists, and, undoubtedly, beachgoers seeking that perfect tan. In the realm of scientific inquiry, the study of solar power generation has traditionally been confined to discussions of renewable energy, climate change mitigation, and perhaps extracting the occasional groan-worthy solar pun. The association, if at all, between solar energy and the field of epidemiology, has been as obscure as a sunspot during a solar eclipse. However, in a twist as unexpected as a solar flare on a cloudy day, our research has revealed a rather surprising linkage between these two seemingly incongruous domains.
It is in this context that we delve into the peculiar relationship between the deployment of solar power in the Kingdom of Bahrain and the remarkable upsurge of epidemiologists in the state of Minnesota. With the fervor of a sun worshipper on the summer solstice, we embarked on an empirical investigation, aiming to untangle this perplexing connection. The pressing question that drove our inquiry was whether it was a mere coincidence or if there was a substantial correlation between these two disparate phenomena.
Armed with data from the Energy Information Administration and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we set out to analyze and disentangle the statistical relationship between the solar irradiance in the Arabian Peninsula and the rather unexpected occupation-specific employment trends in the upper Midwest of the United States. Our findings, akin to stumbling upon a diamond in the rough of statistical noise, not only unearthed a striking correlation but nudged us into exploring the potential mechanisms underpinning this unexpected association.
As we present the findings of our investigation, we invite our esteemed readers to join us in contemplating the enigmatic allure of the sun's influence on the proliferation of epidemiologists in the Land of 10,000 Lakes. The revelatory implications of our research, while as bright as a noonday sun, also invite a touch of speculative, if not whimsical, consideration into the cosmic interplay between solar energy and the occupational choices of public health professionals.
In the following sections, we shall expound upon the methodology, statistical analysis, and the implications of our findings, all the while inviting readers to bask in the radiance of this unexpected confluence of solar power in Bahrain and the burgeoning community of epidemiologists in Minnesota. So, don your metaphorical sunglasses as we embark on this illuminating journey into the uncanny affiliations between celestial energy and the scholarly pursuits of public health professionals.

[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis of the data revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9771284 between solar power generation in Bahrain and the number of epidemiologists in Minnesota for the period of 2012 to 2021. The r-squared value of 0.9547799 indicates that approximately 95.48% of the variability in the number of epidemiologists can be explained by the variation in solar power generation. The p-value of less than 0.01 further strengthens the evidence of a significant relationship between these two variables, relegating the possibility of this association being a mere cosmic coincidence to the realm of statistical improbability.
The scatterplot representation of the data (Fig. 1) vividly illustrates the robust correlation observed between solar power generation in Bahrain and the proliferation of epidemiologists in Minnesota. The data points are tightly clustered around a clear upward trend line, resembling the proverbial solar system aligning with uncanny precision.
These results not only leave us pleasantly sun-kissed with statistical validation but also beckon further inquiry into the potential causal mechanisms underpinning this unexpected relationship. The findings of our study, akin to stumbling upon a solar eclipse, not only prompt scholarly consideration but also invite a touch of cosmic whimsy in contemplating the profound interplay between celestial energy and the vocational choices of public health professionals.
In conclusion, our findings illuminate the unanticipated yet compelling correlation between solar power generation in Bahrain and the surge of epidemiologists in Minnesota, challenging conventional wisdom and inviting further exploration into the solar system's influence on earthly endeavors. As the sun sets on this investigation, we invite readers to bask in the radiant implications of this unexpected interconnection, even if it means wearing metaphorical SPF 50 to shield against cosmic speculation.
Thank you for lending your scholarly gaze to this luminous inquiry, and may the light of knowledge continue to illuminate our path, much like the rays of the mighty sun.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In the illustrious tradition of scientific inquiry, our investigation has not only demonstrated a robust statistical correlation between solar power generation in Bahrain and the proliferation of epidemiologists in Minnesota, but also kindled a curiosity akin to a solar flare in the scholarly community. The unexpected linkage between these seemingly disparate phenomena serves as a cosmic reminder that the sun's influence may extend far beyond merely warming our planet and prompting sunglass sales, perhaps extending to shaping the vocational inclinations of public health professionals.

As the final ray of this investigation, we must acknowledge that our findings raise more questions than they answer. Could it be that the photons captured in the Arabian desert subtly influence the professional aspirations of those in the frigid tundra of Minnesota? Or perhaps this is merely a result of epidemiologists being moonlighting sunshine enthusiasts. This cosmic interplay, while as enigmatic as the dark side of the moon, certainly warrants further contemplation and investigation.

In the spirit of scholarly mirth and a touch of celestial whimsy, we invite readers to ponder the implications of our findings while donning their metaphorical SPF 50 to shield against overexposure to cosmic speculation. However, as tempting as it may be to continue probing this seemingly solar-powered surge of epidemiologists, we assert, with the confidence of an astronomer identifying a celestial body, that no further research in this area is needed.

In closing, let our exploration of this celestial connection serve as a lighthearted reminder that even in the world of esoteric scientific inquiry, the sun's influence may reach farther than we initially anticipated. So, as we bid adieu to this enlightening investigation, we encourage our readers to keep their minds open to the unexpected, and to always look on the sunny side of statistical anomalies.

No further research is needed in this area.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Sunny Side Up: Illuminating the Link between Solar Power in Bahrain and the Surprising Surge of Epidemiologists in Minnesota. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Solar Studies and Regional Epidemiology

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Sunny Side Up: Illuminating the Link between Solar Power in Bahrain and the Surprising Surge of Epidemiologists in Minnesota. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Solar Energy and Epidemiology Research Institute

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Sunny Side Up: Illuminating the Link between Solar Power in Bahrain and the Surprising Surge of Epidemiologists in Minnesota with an abstract of The sun, our celestial source of energy, has long been a subject of scientific inquiry and, occasionally, lyrical waxing. In this study, we seek to shed light on the unexpected relationship between solar power generation in Bahrain and the burgeoning number of epidemiologists in Minnesota. Employing data from the Energy Information Administration and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we embarked on an illuminating investigation, aiming to uncover any potential correlations between these seemingly disparate phenomena.
Our findings, while initially seemingly as elusive as finding solar power at night, revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9771284, with a p-value less than 0.01 for the years 2012 to 2021. This discovery not only left us seeing stars but prompted us to delve into potential mechanisms behind this tantalizing connection. Could it be that the radiant energy captured in the Arabian desert somehow fuels the desire for epidemiological inquiry in the frigid tundra of the Land of 10,000 Lakes? Or perhaps there is a cosmic connection between the celestial dance of photons and the pursuit of public health knowledge?
In our paper, we not only present the statistical evidence backing this unusual association, but we also invite readers to join us in speculating on the causative factors. Our findings prompt us to consider the notion that the sun's influence may extend far beyond merely tanning our skins and warming our planet, to also shaping the occupational choices of public health professionals in unexpected ways.
So, as the sun sets on our investigation, we invite readers to ponder this profound interplay between solar power and the proliferation of epidemiologists in the spirit of scholarly curiosity, and perhaps a touch of celestial whimsy.

ChatGPT:

solar power, Bahrain, epidemiologists, Minnesota, correlation, energy generation, public health, occupational choices, statistical evidence, causative factors, celestial influence, public health professionals

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Solar power generated in Bahrain
Detailed data title: Total solar power generated in Bahrain in billion kWh
Source: Energy Information Administration
See what else correlates with Solar power generated in Bahrain

The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota
Detailed data title: BLS estimate of epidemiologists in Minnesota
Source: Bureau of Larbor Statistics
See what else correlates with The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota

Correlation r = 0.9771284 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.9547799 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 95.5% of the change in the one variable (i.e., The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Solar power generated in Bahrain) over the 10 years from 2012 through 2021.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 1.2E-6.^Show 0.0000011646461060677023000000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.98 in 0.00012% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 858,630 random variables^Note You don't actually need 858 thousand variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 9 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 9 because we have two variables measured over a period of 10 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.9, 0.99 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Solar power generated in Bahrain (Billion kWh)	0.0008	0.0008	0.00825	0.00825	0.00825	0.00825	0.00825	0.01	0.01	0.0122
The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota (Epidemiologists)	80	80	200	210	210	230	240	240	280	320

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([0.0008,0.0008,0.00825,0.00825,0.00825,0.00825,0.00825,0.01,0.01,0.0122,])
array_2 = np.array([80,80,200,210,210,230,240,240,280,320,])
array_1_name = "Solar power generated in Bahrain"
array_2_name = "The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Solar power generated in Bahrain
Line chart for only The number of epidemiologists in Minnesota
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Sunny Side Up: Illuminating the Link between Solar Power in Bahrain and the Surprising Surge of Epidemiologists in Minnesota

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Correlation ID: 3258 · Black Variable ID: 23491 · Red Variable ID: 9896


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