Spurious correlation #3,199 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is American cheese consumption and the second variable is Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY). The chart goes from 2002 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is American cheese consumption and the second variable is Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY). The chart goes from 2002 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

As American cheese consumption increased, so did the demand for cheesy vacation getaways. This led to more people flocking to book Ryanair flights, ultimately driving up their stock price. It's a gouda thing for both the cheese and airline industries! Cheesy flights are really grate for business!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: [ Inspired by bauhaus ] Create a colorful and lively scene of an American diner filled with happy patrons enjoying classic cheeseburgers topped with slices of American cheese. The diner should exude a vibrant and inviting ambiance. Patrons should be depicted with beaming smiles as they savor their delicious meals, radiating joy and gouda feelings. Outside the diner, showcase a bustling airport runway with a Ryanair plane ready for boarding. Travelers eagerly getting on the plane should exude a cheddar mood, visibly excited for their upcoming adventure. In the background, display the stock price ticker for Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY) rising, symbolizing the positive impact of the cheese-induced happiness on the airline's stock. The image should capture the essence of happiness, excitement, and positivity, while incorporating the iconic style of bauhaus. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: American cheese consumption and Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY). Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Data cyber art Brutalism Glitch art Voxel art inspired by bauhaus
ChatGPT: Inspired by bauhaus

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both American cheese consumption and Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY), in the following situation: As Americans consume more American cheese, they experience a gouda feeling, leading to a cheddar mood. This causes them to feel grate about life, leading to increased travel on Ryanair, which boosts RYAAY stock. It's a dairy good investment!. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: Imagine a vibrant American diner where people are happily indulging in classic cheeseburgers topped with slices of American cheese. As they enjoy their meals, their faces light up with joy, creating a gouda feeling that spreads throughout the diner. Meanwhile, outside the diner, a bustling airport runway can be seen as travelers with cheddar mood eagerly board a Ryanair plane, ready for an exciting adventure. In the background, the stock price ticker for Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY) visibly rises, reflecting the positive impact of the cheese-fueled happiness on the airline's stock.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Inspired by bauhaus ] and depicting this scene: Imagine a vibrant American diner where people are happily indulging in classic cheeseburgers topped with slices of American cheese. As they enjoy their meals, their faces light up with joy, creating a gouda feeling that spreads throughout the diner. Meanwhile, outside the diner, a bustling airport runway can be seen as travelers with cheddar mood eagerly board a Ryanair plane, ready for an exciting adventure. In the background, the stock price ticker for Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY) visibly rises, reflecting the positive impact of the cheese-fueled happiness on the airline's stock. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: [ Inspired by bauhaus ] Create a colorful and lively scene of an American diner filled with happy patrons enjoying classic cheeseburgers topped with slices of American cheese. The diner should exude a vibrant and inviting ambiance. Patrons should be depicted with beaming smiles as they savor their delicious meals, radiating joy and gouda feelings. Outside the diner, showcase a bustling airport runway with a Ryanair plane ready for boarding. Travelers eagerly getting on the plane should exude a cheddar mood, visibly excited for their upcoming adventure. In the background, display the stock price ticker for Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY) rising, symbolizing the positive impact of the cheese-induced happiness on the airline's stock. The image should capture the essence of happiness, excitement, and positivity, while incorporating the iconic style of bauhaus.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in American cheese consumption caused Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY) to increase. Add a funny one-liner at the end.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Gouda Investment: Unraveling the Ties Between American Cheese Consumption and Ryanair Holdings' Stock Price

Journal of Dairy Economics and Financial Analysis

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between American cheese consumption and Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY). Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name a few real TV shows that sound like they might be relevant to the topic that you watched as research.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Gouda Investment: Unraveling the Ties Between American Cheese Consumption and Ryanair Holdings' Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we aimed to slice through the mysteries surrounding the connection between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY). Utilizing data from the USDA and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) spanning from 2002 to 2021, our research team has cheddar-ed through the numbers to present a provolone-worthy analysis. Our findings revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9369482 and a p-value less than 0.01, suggesting a strong association between these two seemingly unrelated variables. The cheese factor in the stock market has indeed melted our expectations, and this paper endeavors to present a gouda-nalysis that melts the hearts of investors and dairy enthusiasts alike.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
Gouda evening, esteemed colleagues and curious critters of academia. Today, we embark on a journey that promises to be a delectably cheesy exploration into the intriguing world of finance and dairy. Yes, you heard it right – we are delving into the rather unexpected and whimsical realm of American cheese consumption and its unlikely dance with the stock price of Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY). Prepare to be dazzled by the sharp cheddar humor and the gouda-licious findings that await you in this paper.
As we know, research often takes us down paths less traveled and demands that we approach our subject with a fresh lens. Our curiosity was piqued by the tantalizing whispers in the corridors of financial markets and the dairy aisle alike, hinting at a mystical connection between two seemingly disparate entities: American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings. With skepticism in one pocket and curiosity in the other, we set out to unravel this enigma. And boy, were we in for a gouda ride!
We must acknowledge the initial skepticism surrounding this peculiar pairing. After all, what could the munching of American cheese possibly have in common with the seemingly unrelated fluctuations of RYAAY stock prices? It's a conundrum that would perplex even the most seasoned analysts and cheese connoisseurs – a truly curious case of "cheddar or not to cheddar?"
In the world of academia, it's essential to embrace the unexpected, the unexplored, and the downright bizarre. As the saying goes, "the proof is in the pudding," though in this case, it might as well be in the cheese wheel. So, armed with statistical tools, market wisdom, and a touch of whimsy, we set out to examine the potential linkage between these unassuming variables.
Before we dive into the depths of our findings, let's take a moment to appreciate the sheer audacity and, dare I say, cheesy charm of this investigation. Who would have thought that the stock market could be influenced by the humble consumption of American cheese? It's a notion that at first seems as improbable as a non-dairy creamer winning a milk-tasting competition. But as Albert Einstein once said, "The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing." And so, with keen curiosity and a hint of mischief, we present our findings to you.
Stay tuned, dear readers, as we break down the unexpected ties between the dairy world and the unpredictable ebbs and flows of the stock market. Let the unveiling of our gouda-worthy discoveries begin!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The exploration of seemingly unrelated phenomena has long been a pursuit of the academic mind. From the groundbreaking work of Smith et al. in "Finance and Food: Unraveling the Culinary Enigma" to the insightful analysis by Doe and Jones in "The Cheesy Side of Capitalism: Exploring Unconventional Market Influences," researchers have sought to uncover the hidden connections that tie together unexpected variables. However, the world of academia can sometimes take a turn for the eccentric, leading us down paths as curious as a lactose-intolerant mouse in a cheese shop.

As we delved into the gouda-laden landscape of American cheese consumption and its uncanny correlation with the stock price of Ryanair Holdings, we encountered a myriad of tangentially related literature. "Milk, Money, and the Market: A Dairy Economist's Perspective" by Emily Bovine sheds light on the historical interplay of dairy products and financial markets, though it fails to specifically address the cheesy nuances we aimed to unravel. On the non-fiction shelf, "The Big Cheese: A Financial Fable" by G.ouda Brie-lliance offers a whimsical take on investment strategies, but pertinence to our investigation remains elusive.

In a departure from the traditional finance and dairy literature, we found ourselves journeying into the realms of fiction for unexpected insights. Titles such as "The Swiss Cheese Economy" by Muenster Goudenstein and "The Gruyère Gambit" by Edam Cheddarworthy, while works of fiction, hinted at the potential for serendipitous discoveries within the realm of cheese and financial wizardry. As we navigated this peculiar literary landscape, it became increasingly evident that the fusion of finance and fromage was a tale waiting to unfold.

Expanding our quest for understanding to even more unconventional sources, we turned to television for potential insights. Shows such as "Cheesy Money Mysteries" and "Brie-Finance: A Dairy's Guide to Prosperity" provided a melange of exaggerated dramatizations and slightly unhinged theories that, while not directly contributing to our academic endeavor, certainly added a certain brie-zarre flavor to our research experience. After all, who can resist the allure of a good financial thriller with a side of cheese?

In our pursuit of discovery, we have encountered an eclectic mix of literature, from the meticulously researched to the delightfully imaginative. Our journey has been filled with unexpected turns, but as they say, "opportunity is like cheese – it's best when it's not just Gouda but Gouda-nough to be true." With this hodgepodge of influences shaping our approach, we present our findings with all the seriousness of a lactose-intolerant cow at a cheese festival.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between American cheese consumption and Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY). Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from USDA and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) . You used data from 2002 to 2021

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Gouda Investment: Unraveling the Ties Between American Cheese Consumption and Ryanair Holdings' Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we aimed to slice through the mysteries surrounding the connection between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY). Utilizing data from the USDA and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) spanning from 2002 to 2021, our research team has cheddar-ed through the numbers to present a provolone-worthy analysis. Our findings revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9369482 and a p-value less than 0.01, suggesting a strong association between these two seemingly unrelated variables. The cheese factor in the stock market has indeed melted our expectations, and this paper endeavors to present a gouda-nalysis that melts the hearts of investors and dairy enthusiasts alike.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
Gouda evening, esteemed colleagues and curious critters of academia. Today, we embark on a journey that promises to be a delectably cheesy exploration into the intriguing world of finance and dairy. Yes, you heard it right – we are delving into the rather unexpected and whimsical realm of American cheese consumption and its unlikely dance with the stock price of Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY). Prepare to be dazzled by the sharp cheddar humor and the gouda-licious findings that await you in this paper.
As we know, research often takes us down paths less traveled and demands that we approach our subject with a fresh lens. Our curiosity was piqued by the tantalizing whispers in the corridors of financial markets and the dairy aisle alike, hinting at a mystical connection between two seemingly disparate entities: American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings. With skepticism in one pocket and curiosity in the other, we set out to unravel this enigma. And boy, were we in for a gouda ride!
We must acknowledge the initial skepticism surrounding this peculiar pairing. After all, what could the munching of American cheese possibly have in common with the seemingly unrelated fluctuations of RYAAY stock prices? It's a conundrum that would perplex even the most seasoned analysts and cheese connoisseurs – a truly curious case of "cheddar or not to cheddar?"
In the world of academia, it's essential to embrace the unexpected, the unexplored, and the downright bizarre. As the saying goes, "the proof is in the pudding," though in this case, it might as well be in the cheese wheel. So, armed with statistical tools, market wisdom, and a touch of whimsy, we set out to examine the potential linkage between these unassuming variables.
Before we dive into the depths of our findings, let's take a moment to appreciate the sheer audacity and, dare I say, cheesy charm of this investigation. Who would have thought that the stock market could be influenced by the humble consumption of American cheese? It's a notion that at first seems as improbable as a non-dairy creamer winning a milk-tasting competition. But as Albert Einstein once said, "The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing." And so, with keen curiosity and a hint of mischief, we present our findings to you.
Stay tuned, dear readers, as we break down the unexpected ties between the dairy world and the unpredictable ebbs and flows of the stock market. Let the unveiling of our gouda-worthy discoveries begin!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

In order to savor the full flavor of this research journey, our methodology was as intriguing as the connection we sought to uncover. Channeling our inner mad scientists, we devised a plan that combined traditional statistical analysis with a sprinkle of whimsy and a dash of dairy delight.

First and foremost, our intrepid research team scoured the digital pastures of the internet, braving the treacherous terrain of USDA databases and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) archives. Armed with spreadsheets and a craving for knowledge, we embarked on a quest to gather data from 2002 to 2021, ensuring a substantial time frame to capture the subtle nuances of cheese consumption and stock price movements.

With a mountain of data at our fingertips, we set out to mold our statistical models, carefully matching the cheese consumption figures with the daily fluctuations in Ryanair Holdings' (RYAAY) stock price. As the saying goes, "the proof of the pudding is in the eating," or in this case, in the rigorous application of statistical methods.

Our first slice of methodology involved calculating the average weekly American cheese consumption, embracing both the joy of cheese lovers and the skepticism of the lactose intolerant. This dairy data served as the perfect pairing to the daily stock prices of Ryanair Holdings, allowing us to craft a smorgasbord of statistical analyses to uncover any potential correlations.

Next, we flexed our analytical muscles and applied the Pearson correlation coefficient to quantify the degree of association between American cheese consumption and RYAAY stock prices. This step was crucial in determining whether there was a meaningful relationship or if we were merely grasping at (cheese) straws.

Not content with stopping there, we delved deeper into the abyss of statistical significance, subjecting our findings to the almighty p-value test. We sought to answer the age-old question: does the consumption of American cheese hold enough weight in the stock market to be considered more than just a dairy whimsy? Armed with our trusty calculators and a fervent belief in the power of puns, we unearthed the numerical evidence that would either validate or quash our cheese-laden hypothesis.

Finally, to ensure the robustness of our findings, we indulged in a multivariate regression analysis, incorporating additional market variables like trading volume and market indices. This step was our piece de resistance, a grand finale to our cheese-infused odyssey, allowing us to sprinkle a variety of market factors into the delicious mix of American cheese and stock prices.

In the end, our methodology was a true testament to the blend of whimsy and rigorous scientific inquiry. We embarked on this journey with a spirit of adventure, a hunger for knowledge, and a penchant for puns. With our methods seasoned just right, we invite you to partake in the savory feast of our findings.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between American cheese consumption and Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY). Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from USDA and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) .

For the time period 2002 to 2021, you found a correlation 0.9369482, r-squared of 0.8778720, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Gouda Investment: Unraveling the Ties Between American Cheese Consumption and Ryanair Holdings' Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we aimed to slice through the mysteries surrounding the connection between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY). Utilizing data from the USDA and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) spanning from 2002 to 2021, our research team has cheddar-ed through the numbers to present a provolone-worthy analysis. Our findings revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9369482 and a p-value less than 0.01, suggesting a strong association between these two seemingly unrelated variables. The cheese factor in the stock market has indeed melted our expectations, and this paper endeavors to present a gouda-nalysis that melts the hearts of investors and dairy enthusiasts alike.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
Gouda evening, esteemed colleagues and curious critters of academia. Today, we embark on a journey that promises to be a delectably cheesy exploration into the intriguing world of finance and dairy. Yes, you heard it right – we are delving into the rather unexpected and whimsical realm of American cheese consumption and its unlikely dance with the stock price of Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY). Prepare to be dazzled by the sharp cheddar humor and the gouda-licious findings that await you in this paper.
As we know, research often takes us down paths less traveled and demands that we approach our subject with a fresh lens. Our curiosity was piqued by the tantalizing whispers in the corridors of financial markets and the dairy aisle alike, hinting at a mystical connection between two seemingly disparate entities: American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings. With skepticism in one pocket and curiosity in the other, we set out to unravel this enigma. And boy, were we in for a gouda ride!
We must acknowledge the initial skepticism surrounding this peculiar pairing. After all, what could the munching of American cheese possibly have in common with the seemingly unrelated fluctuations of RYAAY stock prices? It's a conundrum that would perplex even the most seasoned analysts and cheese connoisseurs – a truly curious case of "cheddar or not to cheddar?"
In the world of academia, it's essential to embrace the unexpected, the unexplored, and the downright bizarre. As the saying goes, "the proof is in the pudding," though in this case, it might as well be in the cheese wheel. So, armed with statistical tools, market wisdom, and a touch of whimsy, we set out to examine the potential linkage between these unassuming variables.
Before we dive into the depths of our findings, let's take a moment to appreciate the sheer audacity and, dare I say, cheesy charm of this investigation. Who would have thought that the stock market could be influenced by the humble consumption of American cheese? It's a notion that at first seems as improbable as a non-dairy creamer winning a milk-tasting competition. But as Albert Einstein once said, "The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing." And so, with keen curiosity and a hint of mischief, we present our findings to you.
Stay tuned, dear readers, as we break down the unexpected ties between the dairy world and the unpredictable ebbs and flows of the stock market. Let the unveiling of our gouda-worthy discoveries begin!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

Dearly beloved researchers and aficionados of delightful dalliances in the world of data, it is with gouda pleasure that we present the results of our investigation into the correlation between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY). Our findings, much like a perfectly aged cheddar, have matured into a palatable spectacle that could titillate even the most discerning palates.

In the illustrious time span from 2002 to 2021, we unfurled a correlation coefficient of 0.9369482 between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings. To put it simply, the connection between the two can only be described as grate! This statistically significant correlation was further bolstered by an r-squared value of 0.8778720, indicating that a substantial 87.79% of the variability in RYAAY stock prices can be explained by variations in American cheese consumption. In other words, the cheesier the American cheese consumption, the more likely it is to have a direct effect on the stock prices of Ryanair Holdings. The significance level of p < 0.01 adds an extra punch to the validity of this relationship, providing strong evidence to support our findings.

To bring this unmistakable correlation to life, we have encapsulated the essence of our discovery in a wondrous scatterplot (Fig. 1). A picture is worth a thousand words, and this figure does not disappoint – it eloquently portrays the robust relationship between American cheese consumption and RYAAY stock prices, leaving no shred of doubt about the solidity of our findings.

Our research has not only shredded through the enigmatic layers of financial and culinary intrigue but has also quenched the thirst for an understanding of the uncanny connection between these two disparate realms. The pungent aroma of knowledge wafts through the air, leaving a lingering taste of revelation that is, dare I say, gouda to the last bite.

In conclusion, our findings lay bare the captivating association between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings, offering an intriguing dichotomy that blends finance and dairy into a harmonious duet. This gouda-licious discovery opens the door to a world of possibilities, illustrating that the stock market can indeed be swayed by the siren song of American cheese. With that said, we encourage readers to savor the flavors of our findings and embrace the unexpected twists that this tantalizing correlation presents.

Our esteemed audience, the stage is set, the curtain drawn, and the spotlight trained on this gouda-nt endeavor. As we draw the curtain on this captivating act of revelation, we invite you to indulge in the intellectually enriching journey that lies ahead, where the realms of finance and fromage merge in a spectacular tango of correlation and curiosity.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between American cheese consumption and Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY). Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
Gouda Investment: Unraveling the Ties Between American Cheese Consumption and Ryanair Holdings' Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we aimed to slice through the mysteries surrounding the connection between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY). Utilizing data from the USDA and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) spanning from 2002 to 2021, our research team has cheddar-ed through the numbers to present a provolone-worthy analysis. Our findings revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9369482 and a p-value less than 0.01, suggesting a strong association between these two seemingly unrelated variables. The cheese factor in the stock market has indeed melted our expectations, and this paper endeavors to present a gouda-nalysis that melts the hearts of investors and dairy enthusiasts alike.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The exploration of seemingly unrelated phenomena has long been a pursuit of the academic mind. From the groundbreaking work of Smith et al. in "Finance and Food: Unraveling the Culinary Enigma" to the insightful analysis by Doe and Jones in "The Cheesy Side of Capitalism: Exploring Unconventional Market Influences," researchers have sought to uncover the hidden connections that tie together unexpected variables. However, the world of academia can sometimes take a turn for the eccentric, leading us down paths as curious as a lactose-intolerant mouse in a cheese shop.
As we delved into the gouda-laden landscape of American cheese consumption and its uncanny correlation with the stock price of Ryanair Holdings, we encountered a myriad of tangentially related literature. "Milk, Money, and the Market: A Dairy Economist's Perspective" by Emily Bovine sheds light on the historical interplay of dairy products and financial markets, though it fails to specifically address the cheesy nuances we aimed to unravel. On the non-fiction shelf, "The Big Cheese: A Financial Fable" by G.ouda Brie-lliance offers a whimsical take on investment strategies, but pertinence to our investigation remains elusive.
In a departure from the traditional finance and dairy literature, we found ourselves journeying into the realms of fiction for unexpected insights. Titles such as "The Swiss Cheese Economy" by Muenster Goudenstein and "The Gruyère Gambit" by Edam Cheddarworthy, while works of fiction, hinted at the potential for serendipitous discoveries within the realm of cheese and financial wizardry. As we navigated this peculiar literary landscape, it became increasingly evident that the fusion of finance and fromage was a tale waiting to unfold.
Expanding our quest for understanding to even more unconventional sources, we turned to television for potential insights. Shows such as "Cheesy Money Mysteries" and "Brie-Finance: A Dairy's Guide to Prosperity" provided a melange of exaggerated dramatizations and slightly unhinged theories that, while not directly contributing to our academic endeavor, certainly added a certain brie-zarre flavor to our research experience. After all, who can resist the allure of a good financial thriller with a side of cheese?
In our pursuit of discovery, we have encountered an eclectic mix of literature, from the meticulously researched to the delightfully imaginative. Our journey has been filled with unexpected turns, but as they say, "opportunity is like cheese – it's best when it's not just Gouda but Gouda-nough to be true." With this hodgepodge of influences shaping our approach, we present our findings with all the seriousness of a lactose-intolerant cow at a cheese festival.

[[RESULTS]]
Dearly beloved researchers and aficionados of delightful dalliances in the world of data, it is with gouda pleasure that we present the results of our investigation into the correlation between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY). Our findings, much like a perfectly aged cheddar, have matured into a palatable spectacle that could titillate even the most discerning palates.
In the illustrious time span from 2002 to 2021, we unfurled a correlation coefficient of 0.9369482 between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings. To put it simply, the connection between the two can only be described as grate! This statistically significant correlation was further bolstered by an r-squared value of 0.8778720, indicating that a substantial 87.79% of the variability in RYAAY stock prices can be explained by variations in American cheese consumption. In other words, the cheesier the American cheese consumption, the more likely it is to have a direct effect on the stock prices of Ryanair Holdings. The significance level of p < 0.01 adds an extra punch to the validity of this relationship, providing strong evidence to support our findings.
To bring this unmistakable correlation to life, we have encapsulated the essence of our discovery in a wondrous scatterplot (Fig. 1). A picture is worth a thousand words, and this figure does not disappoint – it eloquently portrays the robust relationship between American cheese consumption and RYAAY stock prices, leaving no shred of doubt about the solidity of our findings.
Our research has not only shredded through the enigmatic layers of financial and culinary intrigue but has also quenched the thirst for an understanding of the uncanny connection between these two disparate realms. The pungent aroma of knowledge wafts through the air, leaving a lingering taste of revelation that is, dare I say, gouda to the last bite.
In conclusion, our findings lay bare the captivating association between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings, offering an intriguing dichotomy that blends finance and dairy into a harmonious duet. This gouda-licious discovery opens the door to a world of possibilities, illustrating that the stock market can indeed be swayed by the siren song of American cheese. With that said, we encourage readers to savor the flavors of our findings and embrace the unexpected twists that this tantalizing correlation presents.
Our esteemed audience, the stage is set, the curtain drawn, and the spotlight trained on this gouda-nt endeavor. As we draw the curtain on this captivating act of revelation, we invite you to indulge in the intellectually enriching journey that lies ahead, where the realms of finance and fromage merge in a spectacular tango of correlation and curiosity.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

Intriguingly, our findings intertwine with prior research in unexpected ways, echoing the sentiments of Smith et al. and Doe and Jones. While these studies may initially appear as rare as an elusive, age-old cheese, they inadvertently set the stage for our gouda discovery. As if plucked from the shelves of a dairy economist's library, our statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.9369482 aligns with the suggestions put forth by these pioneering researchers, validating the unconventional but undeniable link between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings. Just as these esteemed scholars sought to unravel culinary enigmas and non-traditional market influences, we too have emerged with a gouda-nalysis that slices through skepticism and leaves a rich, creamy understanding in its wake.

Our results, like the arrival of a fresh wheel of cheese, provide a sharp confirmation of the existing literature's speculations. The strong correlation we uncovered complements the flavourful insights teased by Bovine's historical exploration of dairy products and financial markets and G.ouda Brie-lliance's whimsical investment strategies. Our study paves the whey for further consideration of the interplay between seemingly disparate elements, proving that the fusion of finance and fromage is not just a figment of fiction or the antics of a television melodrama, but a tangible component of market dynamics.

As we reflect on the literary and theoretical landscape we traversed before embracing the scientific rigour of our research design, it becomes clear that our findings, like a masterfully crafted cheese platter, embody a union of the unconventional and the empirical. Our work serves as Camembert of truth, bringing together the delightful whimsy of unconventional influences with the rigor of statistical analysis, leaving a palatable impression on the minds of researchers and investors alike. In the spirit of Muenster Goudenstein and Edam Cheddarworthy, we have unraveled the gouda-nt mysteries and unveiled a market influence as rich and alluring as a triple-cream brie.

In summary, our gouda-licious findings not only cement the clandestine bond between American cheese consumption and Ryanair Holdings' stock price but also enrich the academic community with a charming tale of incongruous yet compelling correlation. In the hallowed halls of market analysis, our investigation stands as a testament to the limitless, cheesy possibilities that await those who dare to peek beyond the conventional. Let our discovery age like a fine cheddar, leaving an indelible mark on the palates of researchers and investors as they savor the unconventional but undeniably significant interplay between American cheese consumption and stock prices.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between American cheese consumption and Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY). Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
Gouda Investment: Unraveling the Ties Between American Cheese Consumption and Ryanair Holdings' Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we aimed to slice through the mysteries surrounding the connection between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY). Utilizing data from the USDA and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) spanning from 2002 to 2021, our research team has cheddar-ed through the numbers to present a provolone-worthy analysis. Our findings revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9369482 and a p-value less than 0.01, suggesting a strong association between these two seemingly unrelated variables. The cheese factor in the stock market has indeed melted our expectations, and this paper endeavors to present a gouda-nalysis that melts the hearts of investors and dairy enthusiasts alike.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
Gouda evening, esteemed colleagues and curious critters of academia. Today, we embark on a journey that promises to be a delectably cheesy exploration into the intriguing world of finance and dairy. Yes, you heard it right – we are delving into the rather unexpected and whimsical realm of American cheese consumption and its unlikely dance with the stock price of Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY). Prepare to be dazzled by the sharp cheddar humor and the gouda-licious findings that await you in this paper.
As we know, research often takes us down paths less traveled and demands that we approach our subject with a fresh lens. Our curiosity was piqued by the tantalizing whispers in the corridors of financial markets and the dairy aisle alike, hinting at a mystical connection between two seemingly disparate entities: American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings. With skepticism in one pocket and curiosity in the other, we set out to unravel this enigma. And boy, were we in for a gouda ride!
We must acknowledge the initial skepticism surrounding this peculiar pairing. After all, what could the munching of American cheese possibly have in common with the seemingly unrelated fluctuations of RYAAY stock prices? It's a conundrum that would perplex even the most seasoned analysts and cheese connoisseurs – a truly curious case of "cheddar or not to cheddar?"
In the world of academia, it's essential to embrace the unexpected, the unexplored, and the downright bizarre. As the saying goes, "the proof is in the pudding," though in this case, it might as well be in the cheese wheel. So, armed with statistical tools, market wisdom, and a touch of whimsy, we set out to examine the potential linkage between these unassuming variables.
Before we dive into the depths of our findings, let's take a moment to appreciate the sheer audacity and, dare I say, cheesy charm of this investigation. Who would have thought that the stock market could be influenced by the humble consumption of American cheese? It's a notion that at first seems as improbable as a non-dairy creamer winning a milk-tasting competition. But as Albert Einstein once said, "The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing." And so, with keen curiosity and a hint of mischief, we present our findings to you.
Stay tuned, dear readers, as we break down the unexpected ties between the dairy world and the unpredictable ebbs and flows of the stock market. Let the unveiling of our gouda-worthy discoveries begin!

[[RESULTS]]
Dearly beloved researchers and aficionados of delightful dalliances in the world of data, it is with gouda pleasure that we present the results of our investigation into the correlation between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY). Our findings, much like a perfectly aged cheddar, have matured into a palatable spectacle that could titillate even the most discerning palates.
In the illustrious time span from 2002 to 2021, we unfurled a correlation coefficient of 0.9369482 between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings. To put it simply, the connection between the two can only be described as grate! This statistically significant correlation was further bolstered by an r-squared value of 0.8778720, indicating that a substantial 87.79% of the variability in RYAAY stock prices can be explained by variations in American cheese consumption. In other words, the cheesier the American cheese consumption, the more likely it is to have a direct effect on the stock prices of Ryanair Holdings. The significance level of p < 0.01 adds an extra punch to the validity of this relationship, providing strong evidence to support our findings.
To bring this unmistakable correlation to life, we have encapsulated the essence of our discovery in a wondrous scatterplot (Fig. 1). A picture is worth a thousand words, and this figure does not disappoint – it eloquently portrays the robust relationship between American cheese consumption and RYAAY stock prices, leaving no shred of doubt about the solidity of our findings.
Our research has not only shredded through the enigmatic layers of financial and culinary intrigue but has also quenched the thirst for an understanding of the uncanny connection between these two disparate realms. The pungent aroma of knowledge wafts through the air, leaving a lingering taste of revelation that is, dare I say, gouda to the last bite.
In conclusion, our findings lay bare the captivating association between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings, offering an intriguing dichotomy that blends finance and dairy into a harmonious duet. This gouda-licious discovery opens the door to a world of possibilities, illustrating that the stock market can indeed be swayed by the siren song of American cheese. With that said, we encourage readers to savor the flavors of our findings and embrace the unexpected twists that this tantalizing correlation presents.
Our esteemed audience, the stage is set, the curtain drawn, and the spotlight trained on this gouda-nt endeavor. As we draw the curtain on this captivating act of revelation, we invite you to indulge in the intellectually enriching journey that lies ahead, where the realms of finance and fromage merge in a spectacular tango of correlation and curiosity.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In the immortal words of Julia Child, "A party without cake is just a meeting," and in the same vein, a research paper without a gouda conclusion is just a pile of statistics. As we wrap up this exhilarating journey through the land of American cheese and stock prices, we must acknowledge the undeniable allure of this unexpected correlation. Our findings have unveiled a tantalizing relationship that can only be described as the ultimate blend of finance and fromage – a true "gouda" investment opportunity, if you will.

With a correlation coefficient that could make even the finest Swiss cheese envious, our research has brought forth evidence that the ebb and flow of RYAAY stock prices can indeed waltz to the rhythm of American cheese consumption. It seems that the old adage "buy low, sell high" could be appended with "grate generously."

However, as we bask in the cheese-filled glory of our findings, we must also recognize the limits of our study. Just as a mouse cannot resist a slice of cheese, the temptations of correlation do not equate to causation. Our data, though robust, cannot conclusively explain the mechanisms behind this intriguing relationship.

So, as we bid adieu to this gouda adventure, let us savor the delightful flavors of our findings, but also approach them with a sprinkle of caution. Let this study serve as a delicious appetizer, but not the full course, in the banquet of research on unlikely market indicators.

In the hallowed halls of academia, it's important to know when to savor the gouda-ness of the findings and when to venture forth into new, undiscovered territories. And so, with a flourish of our metaphorical cheese knife, we proclaim that the mysteries of American cheese consumption and stock prices have been gouda-noughly explored, and no more research is needed in this cheesetastic domain. It's time to say "cheese" and move on to the next curious culinary conquest!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Gouda Investment: Unraveling the Ties Between American Cheese Consumption and Ryanair Holdings' Stock Price. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

Journal of Dairy Economics and Financial Analysis

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Gouda Investment: Unraveling the Ties Between American Cheese Consumption and Ryanair Holdings' Stock Price. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Institute for Dairy Economics and Airline Investment Relations

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Gouda Investment: Unraveling the Ties Between American Cheese Consumption and Ryanair Holdings' Stock Price with an abstract of In this study, we aimed to slice through the mysteries surrounding the connection between American cheese consumption and the stock price of Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY). Utilizing data from the USDA and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) spanning from 2002 to 2021, our research team has cheddar-ed through the numbers to present a provolone-worthy analysis. Our findings revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9369482 and a p-value less than 0.01, suggesting a strong association between these two seemingly unrelated variables. The cheese factor in the stock market has indeed melted our expectations, and this paper endeavors to present a gouda-nalysis that melts the hearts of investors and dairy enthusiasts alike.

ChatGPT:

American cheese consumption, Ryanair Holdings stock price, correlation analysis, USDA data, LSEG Analytics, Refinitiv, stock market impact, dairy industry, investment analysis

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

American cheese consumption
Detailed data title: Per capita consumption of American cheese in the US
Source: USDA
See what else correlates with American cheese consumption

Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY)
Detailed data title: Opening price of Ryanair Holdings (RYAAY) on the first trading day of the year
Source: LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv)
Additional Info: ^{See full details} Via Microsoft Excel Stockhistory function

See what else correlates with Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY)

Correlation r = 0.9369482 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.8778720 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 87.8% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY)) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., American cheese consumption) over the 20 years from 2002 through 2021.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 1.2E-9.^Show 0.0000000011882896330719369000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.94 in 1.2E-7% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 841,545,674 random variables^Note You don't actually need 841 million variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 19 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 19 because we have two variables measured over a period of 20 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.84, 0.98 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
American cheese consumption (Pounds per person)	12.8314	12.5619	12.8612	12.649	13.0656	12.7929	13.1306	13.3553	13.3048	13.0392	13.2569	13.3573	13.6656	14.0444	14.3621	15.0901	15.4027	15.5389	15.5	16.1
Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY) (Stock price)	15.6	19.63	25.29	20.34	28.1	40.86	39.4	29.47	27.88	30.67	28.15	34.71	46.5	70.22	84.5	81.69	106.01	69.72	88.35	110.62

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
Y-axis doesn't start at zero: I truncated the Y-axes of the graph above. I also used a line graph, which makes the visual connection stand out more than it deserves. ^Note Nothing against line graphs. They are great at telling a story when you have linear data! But visually it is deceptive because the only data is at the points on the graph, not the lines on the graph. In between each point, the data could have been doing anything. Like going for a random walk by itself!
Mathematically what I showed is true, but it is intentionally misleading. Below is the same chart but with both Y-axes starting at zero.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([12.8314,12.5619,12.8612,12.649,13.0656,12.7929,13.1306,13.3553,13.3048,13.0392,13.2569,13.3573,13.6656,14.0444,14.3621,15.0901,15.4027,15.5389,15.5,16.1,])
array_2 = np.array([15.6,19.63,25.29,20.34,28.1,40.86,39.4,29.47,27.88,30.67,28.15,34.71,46.5,70.22,84.5,81.69,106.01,69.72,88.35,110.62,])
array_1_name = "American cheese consumption"
array_2_name = "Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY)"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only American cheese consumption
Line chart for only Ryanair Holdings' stock price (RYAAY)
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Gouda Investment: Unraveling the Ties Between American Cheese Consumption and Ryanair Holdings' Stock Price

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Correlation ID: 3199 · Black Variable ID: 553 · Red Variable ID: 1896


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