Spurious correlation #2,513 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Kallie and the second variable is Points allowed by the Denver Broncos. The chart goes from 1975 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Kallie and the second variable is Points allowed by the Denver Broncos. The chart goes from 1975 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

The parents naming their child Kallie were unknowingly a part of a secret fan club for the opposing teams, and every time little Kallie's name was announced, it brought a wave of inexplicable bad luck to the Denver Broncos' defense. As more and more babies were given the name Kallie, the fan base inadvertently formed a supernatural alliance that weakened the Broncos' defensive prowess. It turns out, Kallie was the unexpected MVP of the rival teams, proving that sometimes, the power of a name can truly have a tangible impact on the outcome of a game.

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Prompt: Generate an image inspired by a TIME magazine cover, portraying a highly energetic stadium packed with enthusiastic fans. The center of attention is a prominent banner displaying the name "Kallie" in bold letters. The Denver Broncos are depicted huddled on the field, fiercely defending against their opponents' relentless offensive plays. The struggle to prevent the opposing team from scoring is palpable, and the scoreboard prominently reveals an escalating number of points allowed by the Broncos. There's a tangible air of frustration and disbelief as the correlation between the popularity of the name "Kallie" and the Broncos' defensive challenges becomes increasingly apparent. The scene bursts with intensity and action, capturing the emotional rollercoaster of the game. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Popularity of the first name Kallie and Points allowed by the Denver Broncos. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Realistic Cyber folk Glitch art Celtic art A TIME magazine cover image
ChatGPT: A TIME magazine cover image

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Popularity of the first name Kallie and Points allowed by the Denver Broncos, in the following situation: Sure thing! It seems the more people named Kallie there are, the harder it is for the Denver Broncos to "Kallie" their opponents' scoring efforts. Maybe all those Kallies are secretly cheering for the other teams, or perhaps they just bring an aura of bad luck to the Broncos' defense. It's like the Mile High City is experiencing a "Kallie" of defensive prowess. And as the number of Kallies continues to rise, so does the number of points allowed by the Broncos. It's a real "Kallie-fornia" dreamin' situation for the opposing teams, and a "Kallie-amity" for Denver fans. Whatever the reason, it's clear that the correlation between the name Kallie's popularity and the Broncos' defensive struggles is no "Kallie" coincidence!. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In a stadium filled with cheering fans, a banner proudly displays the name "Kallie" in large, bold letters. As the Denver Broncos huddle on the field, attempting to defend against their opponent's offensive plays, they struggle to stop the opposing team from scoring. The scoreboard steadily ticks upwards, showing an increasing number of points allowed by the Broncos. The scene is filled with a sense of frustration and disbelief as the correlation between the popularity of the name Kallie and the Broncos' defensive challenges becomes increasingly apparent.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A TIME magazine cover image ] and depicting this scene: In a stadium filled with cheering fans, a banner proudly displays the name "Kallie" in large, bold letters. As the Denver Broncos huddle on the field, attempting to defend against their opponent's offensive plays, they struggle to stop the opposing team from scoring. The scoreboard steadily ticks upwards, showing an increasing number of points allowed by the Broncos. The scene is filled with a sense of frustration and disbelief as the correlation between the popularity of the name Kallie and the Broncos' defensive challenges becomes increasingly apparent. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Prompt: Generate an image inspired by a TIME magazine cover, portraying a highly energetic stadium packed with enthusiastic fans. The center of attention is a prominent banner displaying the name "Kallie" in bold letters. The Denver Broncos are depicted huddled on the field, fiercely defending against their opponents' relentless offensive plays. The struggle to prevent the opposing team from scoring is palpable, and the scoreboard prominently reveals an escalating number of points allowed by the Broncos. There's a tangible air of frustration and disbelief as the correlation between the popularity of the name "Kallie" and the Broncos' defensive challenges becomes increasingly apparent. The scene bursts with intensity and action, capturing the emotional rollercoaster of the game.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in Popularity of the first name Kallie caused Points allowed by the Denver Broncos to increase. Make it feel plausible.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Kallie's Tally: Points Allowed by the Denver Bronco's Rally

The Journal of Sports Analytics and Strategy

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Kallie and Points allowed by the Denver Broncos. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name a few real TV shows that sound like they might be relevant to the topic that you watched as research.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Kallie's Tally: Points Allowed by the Denver Bronco's Rally

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study examines the curious correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the points allowed by the Denver Broncos in American football games. Utilizing data from the US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com spanning the years 1975 to 2022, we sought to shed light on this peculiar relationship. Our findings reveal a statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.5925529 and p < 0.01, suggesting a strong association between the two variables. Whether this association is mere coincidence or indicates a hidden force at play, the Kallie-Broncos connection is a whimsical and thought-provoking phenomenon deserving further inquiry.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The realm of sports analytics often delves into complex statistical models and intricate game strategies. However, amidst the sea of data and analysis, there occasionally emerges a perplexing and seemingly inexplicable phenomenon. In this study, we turn our attention to the uncharted territory of the correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the points allowed by the Denver Broncos in American football games. While it may seem like an unlikely pairing, our investigation aims to unravel the enigmatic relationship between this charming moniker and the defensive prowess of the Broncos.
As researchers, we often encounter unexpected correlations that raise eyebrows and ignite curiosity. The notion that a highly specific given name could have any influence on the performance of a professional football team is undoubtedly one that invites skepticism. Nevertheless, in the pursuit of scientific inquiry, we are compelled to explore even the most unconventional connections, for it is often in these peculiarities that true insights are found.
In the ensuing sections of this paper, we will present our meticulous analysis of data obtained from the US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com. By employing rigorous statistical methods and hypothesis testing, we have endeavored to scrutinize the correlation between the ebb and flow of Kallie's popularity and the defensive achievements, or shortcomings, of the Denver Broncos over the past four decades. Our findings, as encapsulated in the abstract, have uncovered a striking correlation coefficient and statistical significance that cannot be easily dismissed. The implications of this surprising correlation are both intriguing and bemusing, and they prompt us to consider the question: Can a name truly wield influence over the outcomes of athletic contests, or are we merely witnessing a curious confluence of happenstance and statistical noise?
With a blend of academic rigor and a dash of humor, we invite readers to embark on this improbable yet entertaining journey into the realm of Kallie's Tally and the Denver Broncos' defensive prowess. As we unravel this whimsical enigma, we hope to shed light on the delightful unpredictability that often lies at the intersection of sports and societal phenomena.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The literature on the relationship between individual names and athletic performance is limited, though the authors find intriguing connections. In "Smith et al.," the researchers examine the impact of first names on sports outcomes, finding statistically significant associations between certain names and athletic achievements. Similarly, in "Doe and Jones," the authors delve into the societal implications of names and their potential influence on competitive endeavors, revealing thought-provoking insights into the subconscious effects of nomenclature.

Beyond academic studies, numerous non-fiction works shed light on the intersection of names and societal phenomena. "Freakonomics" by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner explores unconventional correlations in various aspects of life, providing a lens through which to view the potential link between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the performance of the Denver Broncos. Additionally, "Blink" by Malcolm Gladwell delves into the realm of rapid cognition and snap judgments, offering perspectives that may inform the investigation into the peculiar connection under scrutiny.

Fictional literature also presents a medley of narratives that touch upon serendipitous or inexplicable relationships. Works such as "The Name of the Wind" by Patrick Rothfuss and "The Cuckoo's Calling" by Robert Galbraith (aka J.K. Rowling) may not directly address the Kallie-Broncos correlation, yet they evoke an aura of mystery and intrigue that resonates with the unexpected nature of this enigma.

Furthermore, popular television series, such as "Stranger Things" and "The X-Files," explore the themes of the uncanny and the unexplained, offering anecdotal parallels to the peculiar connection between the prevalence of the name "Kallie" and the points conceded by the Denver Broncos. While the relevance of these narratives to the empirical study at hand may be tenuous, they exemplify the enduring fascination with the inexplicable and the unusual.

The intersection of academic inquiry and whimsical curiosity is a hallmark of interdisciplinary research, as evidenced by the non-traditional investigation of the Kallie-Broncos correlation. As we navigate the labyrinthine expanse of the literature, the authors call upon readers to embrace the peculiar, for it is often within the unconventional that the most captivating discoveries await.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Kallie and Points allowed by the Denver Broncos. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com . You used data from 1975 to 2022

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Kallie's Tally: Points Allowed by the Denver Bronco's Rally

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study examines the curious correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the points allowed by the Denver Broncos in American football games. Utilizing data from the US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com spanning the years 1975 to 2022, we sought to shed light on this peculiar relationship. Our findings reveal a statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.5925529 and p < 0.01, suggesting a strong association between the two variables. Whether this association is mere coincidence or indicates a hidden force at play, the Kallie-Broncos connection is a whimsical and thought-provoking phenomenon deserving further inquiry.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
The realm of sports analytics often delves into complex statistical models and intricate game strategies. However, amidst the sea of data and analysis, there occasionally emerges a perplexing and seemingly inexplicable phenomenon. In this study, we turn our attention to the uncharted territory of the correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the points allowed by the Denver Broncos in American football games. While it may seem like an unlikely pairing, our investigation aims to unravel the enigmatic relationship between this charming moniker and the defensive prowess of the Broncos.
As researchers, we often encounter unexpected correlations that raise eyebrows and ignite curiosity. The notion that a highly specific given name could have any influence on the performance of a professional football team is undoubtedly one that invites skepticism. Nevertheless, in the pursuit of scientific inquiry, we are compelled to explore even the most unconventional connections, for it is often in these peculiarities that true insights are found.
In the ensuing sections of this paper, we will present our meticulous analysis of data obtained from the US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com. By employing rigorous statistical methods and hypothesis testing, we have endeavored to scrutinize the correlation between the ebb and flow of Kallie's popularity and the defensive achievements, or shortcomings, of the Denver Broncos over the past four decades. Our findings, as encapsulated in the abstract, have uncovered a striking correlation coefficient and statistical significance that cannot be easily dismissed. The implications of this surprising correlation are both intriguing and bemusing, and they prompt us to consider the question: Can a name truly wield influence over the outcomes of athletic contests, or are we merely witnessing a curious confluence of happenstance and statistical noise?
With a blend of academic rigor and a dash of humor, we invite readers to embark on this improbable yet entertaining journey into the realm of Kallie's Tally and the Denver Broncos' defensive prowess. As we unravel this whimsical enigma, we hope to shed light on the delightful unpredictability that often lies at the intersection of sports and societal phenomena.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

To investigate the curious correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the points allowed by the Denver Broncos, a multidisciplinary research approach was employed. Data collection spanned the years 1975 to 2022, incorporating information from the US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com. Initially, a comprehensive review of the US Social Security Administration's historical data on baby names was conducted, revealing the ebb and flow of Kallie's popularity across the decades. This information was juxtaposed with the Denver Broncos' defensive performance metrics, extracted from the extensive database of Pro-Football-Reference.com.

In order to establish a robust foundation for statistical analysis, advanced data mining techniques were utilized to extract and harmonize the pertinent variables from disparate sources. Following this, meticulous data cleansing and validation procedures were implemented to obviate any inaccuracies or inconsistencies that could potentially confound the subsequent analyses. This rigorous process ensured the integrity and reliability of the dataset, laying the groundwork for rigorous statistical analysis.

Employing sophisticated statistical software, the collected data underwent extensive exploratory analysis, wherein descriptive statistics and time series visualizations were employed to illustrate the temporal dynamics of Kallie's popularity alongside the fluctuations in the Denver Broncos' performance. Subsequently, classical and contemporary time series analysis methods, such as autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), were applied to elucidate the temporal patterns and potential lag effects within the dataset.

Furthermore, a series of hypothesis tests, including correlation analysis and regression modeling, were conducted to quantify the strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables. Notably, the statistical significance of the findings was assessed using a hypothetically convoluted visualization involving a magnifying glass and a magic eight ball, and the interpretation of the results was accompanied by an elaborate interpretive dance routine to accentuate the gravity of the correlation coefficient.

Finally, in acknowledgment of the whimsical nature of the Kallie-Broncos connection, a lighthearted touch was infused into the otherwise rigorous process, with the research team exchanging puns and football-themed quips during analysis sessions. The retelling of Broncos' defensive exploits was punctuated with good-natured jests, fostering an environment of camaraderie and amusement within the research team.

Through the amalgamation of meticulous data collection, advanced statistical analyses, and a sprinkling of levity, this study endeavors to offer an illuminating exploration of the delightful enigma that is Kallie's Tally and the Denver Broncos' defensive prowess.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Kallie and Points allowed by the Denver Broncos. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com .

For the time period 1975 to 2022, you found a correlation 0.5925529, r-squared of 0.3511190, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Kallie's Tally: Points Allowed by the Denver Bronco's Rally

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study examines the curious correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the points allowed by the Denver Broncos in American football games. Utilizing data from the US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com spanning the years 1975 to 2022, we sought to shed light on this peculiar relationship. Our findings reveal a statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.5925529 and p < 0.01, suggesting a strong association between the two variables. Whether this association is mere coincidence or indicates a hidden force at play, the Kallie-Broncos connection is a whimsical and thought-provoking phenomenon deserving further inquiry.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
The realm of sports analytics often delves into complex statistical models and intricate game strategies. However, amidst the sea of data and analysis, there occasionally emerges a perplexing and seemingly inexplicable phenomenon. In this study, we turn our attention to the uncharted territory of the correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the points allowed by the Denver Broncos in American football games. While it may seem like an unlikely pairing, our investigation aims to unravel the enigmatic relationship between this charming moniker and the defensive prowess of the Broncos.
As researchers, we often encounter unexpected correlations that raise eyebrows and ignite curiosity. The notion that a highly specific given name could have any influence on the performance of a professional football team is undoubtedly one that invites skepticism. Nevertheless, in the pursuit of scientific inquiry, we are compelled to explore even the most unconventional connections, for it is often in these peculiarities that true insights are found.
In the ensuing sections of this paper, we will present our meticulous analysis of data obtained from the US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com. By employing rigorous statistical methods and hypothesis testing, we have endeavored to scrutinize the correlation between the ebb and flow of Kallie's popularity and the defensive achievements, or shortcomings, of the Denver Broncos over the past four decades. Our findings, as encapsulated in the abstract, have uncovered a striking correlation coefficient and statistical significance that cannot be easily dismissed. The implications of this surprising correlation are both intriguing and bemusing, and they prompt us to consider the question: Can a name truly wield influence over the outcomes of athletic contests, or are we merely witnessing a curious confluence of happenstance and statistical noise?
With a blend of academic rigor and a dash of humor, we invite readers to embark on this improbable yet entertaining journey into the realm of Kallie's Tally and the Denver Broncos' defensive prowess. As we unravel this whimsical enigma, we hope to shed light on the delightful unpredictability that often lies at the intersection of sports and societal phenomena.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The analysis of the data amassed from the US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com for the years 1975 to 2022 yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.5925529, an r-squared value of 0.3511190, and a p-value smaller than 0.01. This statistical assessment suggests a robust and compelling connection between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the number of points conceded by the Denver Broncos. As the plot (Fig. 1) illustrates, there is a clear and undeniable trend revealing the eerily synchronous fluctuations in Kallie's prominence and the Broncos' defensive performance.

The finding of such a significant correlation prompts both amusement and contemplation. Could it be that the mere resonance of "Kallie" in the collective consciousness somehow influences the defensive fervor, or lack thereof, exhibited by the football team hailing from the Mile High City? One cannot help but indulge in lighthearted speculation upon encountering such a whimsical partnership of seemingly unrelated variables.

Alas, this study merely scratches the surface of this delightfully quirky correlation. The implications of this Kallie-Broncos connection beckon further exploration and invite researchers to ponder the whimsical interplay of human phenomena and athletic outcomes. While it may be tempting to dismiss this correlation as mere happenstance, the statistical rigor employed in this analysis compels a second look and encourages a more nuanced consideration of the forces at play.

In conclusion, the results of this study offer a captivating glimpse into the unexpected and the peculiar. The Kallie-Broncos connection, although seemingly frivolous at first glance, opens the door to a realm of inquiry that melds statistical scrutiny with lighthearted curiosity. This correlation challenges us to embrace the delightful unpredictability that enlivens the intersection of nomenclature and athletic prowess. The implications of this correlation, whether purely coincidental or reflective of a hidden influence, create an entertaining and intellectually stimulating terrain for future investigation.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Kallie and Points allowed by the Denver Broncos. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
Kallie's Tally: Points Allowed by the Denver Bronco's Rally

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study examines the curious correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the points allowed by the Denver Broncos in American football games. Utilizing data from the US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com spanning the years 1975 to 2022, we sought to shed light on this peculiar relationship. Our findings reveal a statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.5925529 and p < 0.01, suggesting a strong association between the two variables. Whether this association is mere coincidence or indicates a hidden force at play, the Kallie-Broncos connection is a whimsical and thought-provoking phenomenon deserving further inquiry.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The literature on the relationship between individual names and athletic performance is limited, though the authors find intriguing connections. In "Smith et al.," the researchers examine the impact of first names on sports outcomes, finding statistically significant associations between certain names and athletic achievements. Similarly, in "Doe and Jones," the authors delve into the societal implications of names and their potential influence on competitive endeavors, revealing thought-provoking insights into the subconscious effects of nomenclature.
Beyond academic studies, numerous non-fiction works shed light on the intersection of names and societal phenomena. "Freakonomics" by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner explores unconventional correlations in various aspects of life, providing a lens through which to view the potential link between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the performance of the Denver Broncos. Additionally, "Blink" by Malcolm Gladwell delves into the realm of rapid cognition and snap judgments, offering perspectives that may inform the investigation into the peculiar connection under scrutiny.
Fictional literature also presents a medley of narratives that touch upon serendipitous or inexplicable relationships. Works such as "The Name of the Wind" by Patrick Rothfuss and "The Cuckoo's Calling" by Robert Galbraith (aka J.K. Rowling) may not directly address the Kallie-Broncos correlation, yet they evoke an aura of mystery and intrigue that resonates with the unexpected nature of this enigma.
Furthermore, popular television series, such as "Stranger Things" and "The X-Files," explore the themes of the uncanny and the unexplained, offering anecdotal parallels to the peculiar connection between the prevalence of the name "Kallie" and the points conceded by the Denver Broncos. While the relevance of these narratives to the empirical study at hand may be tenuous, they exemplify the enduring fascination with the inexplicable and the unusual.
The intersection of academic inquiry and whimsical curiosity is a hallmark of interdisciplinary research, as evidenced by the non-traditional investigation of the Kallie-Broncos correlation. As we navigate the labyrinthine expanse of the literature, the authors call upon readers to embrace the peculiar, for it is often within the unconventional that the most captivating discoveries await.

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis of the data amassed from the US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com for the years 1975 to 2022 yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.5925529, an r-squared value of 0.3511190, and a p-value smaller than 0.01. This statistical assessment suggests a robust and compelling connection between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the number of points conceded by the Denver Broncos. As the plot (Fig. 1) illustrates, there is a clear and undeniable trend revealing the eerily synchronous fluctuations in Kallie's prominence and the Broncos' defensive performance.
The finding of such a significant correlation prompts both amusement and contemplation. Could it be that the mere resonance of "Kallie" in the collective consciousness somehow influences the defensive fervor, or lack thereof, exhibited by the football team hailing from the Mile High City? One cannot help but indulge in lighthearted speculation upon encountering such a whimsical partnership of seemingly unrelated variables.
Alas, this study merely scratches the surface of this delightfully quirky correlation. The implications of this Kallie-Broncos connection beckon further exploration and invite researchers to ponder the whimsical interplay of human phenomena and athletic outcomes. While it may be tempting to dismiss this correlation as mere happenstance, the statistical rigor employed in this analysis compels a second look and encourages a more nuanced consideration of the forces at play.
In conclusion, the results of this study offer a captivating glimpse into the unexpected and the peculiar. The Kallie-Broncos connection, although seemingly frivolous at first glance, opens the door to a realm of inquiry that melds statistical scrutiny with lighthearted curiosity. This correlation challenges us to embrace the delightful unpredictability that enlivens the intersection of nomenclature and athletic prowess. The implications of this correlation, whether purely coincidental or reflective of a hidden influence, create an entertaining and intellectually stimulating terrain for future investigation.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The results of our study offer an intriguing insight into the whimsical world of statistical correlations. The statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.5925529 and p < 0.01 between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the points allowed by the Denver Broncos is a striking revelation, albeit a lighthearted one. This unexpected connection between the eponymous moniker and an American football team's defensive performance beckons further inquiry and invites a playful consideration of the whimsical interplay of human phenomena and athletic outcomes.

Our findings echo the prior research that hints at the potential influence of names on various aspects of life. The works of Smith et al. and Doe and Jones lay the groundwork for the examination of the impact of first names on sports outcomes, albeit in a more conventional manner. While the topic of nomenclature's influence on athletic achievements may seem whimsical to some, our results bolster the argument for a deeper exploration of the subtle, inexplicable forces at play.

Additionally, the non-fiction work "Freakonomics" by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner provided a lens through which to view unconventional correlations in various aspects of life, including the potential link between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the performance of the Denver Broncos. This seemingly offbeat investigation into the realm of serendipitous connections has yielded a robust statistical relationship, bolstering the unorthodox yet thought-provoking exploration proposed by the authors.

Our findings align with the spirit of interdisciplinary research, where the unexpected often leads to captivating discoveries. The Kallie-Broncos connection challenges us to embrace the peculiar, for it is often within the unexplored and unconventional that the most remarkable revelations await. While it may be tempting to dismiss this correlation as mere happenstance, the statistical rigor employed in this analysis compels a more nuanced consideration of the forces at play, urging researchers to contemplate the interplay of seemingly unrelated variables with an open mind.

In conclusion, our investigation into the Kallie-Broncos correlation offers a captivating glimpse into the unexpected and the thought-provoking. Whether this connection is purely coincidental or reflects a hidden influence, it opens the door to a delightful terrain for future investigation, melding statistical scrutiny with lighthearted curiosity. The implications of this correlation, while undoubtedly unconventional, challenge us to embrace the delightful unpredictability that enlivens the intersection of nomenclature and athletic prowess.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Kallie and Points allowed by the Denver Broncos. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
Kallie's Tally: Points Allowed by the Denver Bronco's Rally

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study examines the curious correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the points allowed by the Denver Broncos in American football games. Utilizing data from the US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com spanning the years 1975 to 2022, we sought to shed light on this peculiar relationship. Our findings reveal a statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.5925529 and p < 0.01, suggesting a strong association between the two variables. Whether this association is mere coincidence or indicates a hidden force at play, the Kallie-Broncos connection is a whimsical and thought-provoking phenomenon deserving further inquiry.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
The realm of sports analytics often delves into complex statistical models and intricate game strategies. However, amidst the sea of data and analysis, there occasionally emerges a perplexing and seemingly inexplicable phenomenon. In this study, we turn our attention to the uncharted territory of the correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the points allowed by the Denver Broncos in American football games. While it may seem like an unlikely pairing, our investigation aims to unravel the enigmatic relationship between this charming moniker and the defensive prowess of the Broncos.
As researchers, we often encounter unexpected correlations that raise eyebrows and ignite curiosity. The notion that a highly specific given name could have any influence on the performance of a professional football team is undoubtedly one that invites skepticism. Nevertheless, in the pursuit of scientific inquiry, we are compelled to explore even the most unconventional connections, for it is often in these peculiarities that true insights are found.
In the ensuing sections of this paper, we will present our meticulous analysis of data obtained from the US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com. By employing rigorous statistical methods and hypothesis testing, we have endeavored to scrutinize the correlation between the ebb and flow of Kallie's popularity and the defensive achievements, or shortcomings, of the Denver Broncos over the past four decades. Our findings, as encapsulated in the abstract, have uncovered a striking correlation coefficient and statistical significance that cannot be easily dismissed. The implications of this surprising correlation are both intriguing and bemusing, and they prompt us to consider the question: Can a name truly wield influence over the outcomes of athletic contests, or are we merely witnessing a curious confluence of happenstance and statistical noise?
With a blend of academic rigor and a dash of humor, we invite readers to embark on this improbable yet entertaining journey into the realm of Kallie's Tally and the Denver Broncos' defensive prowess. As we unravel this whimsical enigma, we hope to shed light on the delightful unpredictability that often lies at the intersection of sports and societal phenomena.

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis of the data amassed from the US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com for the years 1975 to 2022 yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.5925529, an r-squared value of 0.3511190, and a p-value smaller than 0.01. This statistical assessment suggests a robust and compelling connection between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the number of points conceded by the Denver Broncos. As the plot (Fig. 1) illustrates, there is a clear and undeniable trend revealing the eerily synchronous fluctuations in Kallie's prominence and the Broncos' defensive performance.
The finding of such a significant correlation prompts both amusement and contemplation. Could it be that the mere resonance of "Kallie" in the collective consciousness somehow influences the defensive fervor, or lack thereof, exhibited by the football team hailing from the Mile High City? One cannot help but indulge in lighthearted speculation upon encountering such a whimsical partnership of seemingly unrelated variables.
Alas, this study merely scratches the surface of this delightfully quirky correlation. The implications of this Kallie-Broncos connection beckon further exploration and invite researchers to ponder the whimsical interplay of human phenomena and athletic outcomes. While it may be tempting to dismiss this correlation as mere happenstance, the statistical rigor employed in this analysis compels a second look and encourages a more nuanced consideration of the forces at play.
In conclusion, the results of this study offer a captivating glimpse into the unexpected and the peculiar. The Kallie-Broncos connection, although seemingly frivolous at first glance, opens the door to a realm of inquiry that melds statistical scrutiny with lighthearted curiosity. This correlation challenges us to embrace the delightful unpredictability that enlivens the intersection of nomenclature and athletic prowess. The implications of this correlation, whether purely coincidental or reflective of a hidden influence, create an entertaining and intellectually stimulating terrain for future investigation.

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Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In exploring the peculiar correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the points allowed by the Denver Broncos, we have traversed the amusing intersection of nomenclature and athletic performance. The statistically significant relationship unearthed in our study has left even the most seasoned researchers scratching their heads in bemusement. It is a testament to the capricious nature of statistical analysis that we find ourselves pondering the potential connection between a diminutive moniker and the gridiron fortunes of a professional football team.

While the notion of Kallie exerting an unseen influence over the Broncos' defensive prowess may elicit chuckles and raised eyebrows, the robustness of the statistical findings demands a measured contemplation of this whimsical correlation. The cyclic rise and fall of Kallie's popularity and the ebbs and flows of the Broncos' defensive performance beckon not only further inquiry but also a jovial appreciation for the delightful unpredictability that we encounter in our quest for knowledge.

As we turn the final page on this investigation, we are compelled to acknowledge that the Kallie-Broncos connection is a delightful conundrum that has enlivened our scholarly pursuits. However, we assert that no more research is needed in this area. Let this endeavor stand as an individualistic demonstration of the mesmerizing caprice of statistical analysis and the charming idiosyncrasies that occasionally grace our academic inquiries.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Kallie's Tally: Points Allowed by the Denver Bronco's Rally. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Sports Analytics and Strategy

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Kallie's Tally: Points Allowed by the Denver Bronco's Rally. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Society for Advanced Statistical Analysis in Sports (SASAS)

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Kallie's Tally: Points Allowed by the Denver Bronco's Rally with an abstract of This study examines the curious correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kallie" and the points allowed by the Denver Broncos in American football games. Utilizing data from the US Social Security Administration and Pro-Football-Reference.com spanning the years 1975 to 2022, we sought to shed light on this peculiar relationship. Our findings reveal a statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.5925529 and p < 0.01, suggesting a strong association between the two variables. Whether this association is mere coincidence or indicates a hidden force at play, the Kallie-Broncos connection is a whimsical and thought-provoking phenomenon deserving further inquiry.

ChatGPT:

"Kallie name popularity", "Denver Broncos points allowed correlation", "US Social Security Administration data", "Pro-Football-Reference.com statistics", "Kallie-Broncos association", "correlation coefficient football games", "hidden forces in sports", "Denver Broncos performance analysis"

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Popularity of the first name Kallie
Detailed data title: Babies of all sexes born in the US named Kallie
Source: US Social Security Administration
See what else correlates with Popularity of the first name Kallie

Points allowed by the Denver Broncos
Detailed data title: Total points the Denver Broncos allowed their opponents to score during the year
Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com
See what else correlates with Points allowed by the Denver Broncos

Correlation r = 0.5925529 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.3511190 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 35.1% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Points allowed by the Denver Broncos) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Popularity of the first name Kallie) over the 48 years from 1975 through 2022.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 9.1E-6.^Show 0.0000091172908288616760000000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.59 in 0.00091% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 109,682 random variables^Note You don't actually need 109 thousand variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 47 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 47 because we have two variables measured over a period of 48 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.37, 0.75 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1975	1976	1977	1978	1979	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Popularity of the first name Kallie (Babies born)	22	27	25	28	45	33	40	67	88	82	96	138	127	128	224	201	209	235	196	187	250	220	273	305	332	296	268	254	263	256	285	326	419	430	385	424	408	427	370	443	409	333	324	289	355	355	356	299
Points allowed by the Denver Broncos (Broncos points)	307	206	148	198	262	323	289	226	327	241	329	327	288	352	226	374	235	329	284	396	345	275	287	309	318	369	339	344	301	304	258	305	409	448	324	471	390	289	399	354	296	297	382	349	316	446	322	359

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([22,27,25,28,45,33,40,67,88,82,96,138,127,128,224,201,209,235,196,187,250,220,273,305,332,296,268,254,263,256,285,326,419,430,385,424,408,427,370,443,409,333,324,289,355,355,356,299,])
array_2 = np.array([307,206,148,198,262,323,289,226,327,241,329,327,288,352,226,374,235,329,284,396,345,275,287,309,318,369,339,344,301,304,258,305,409,448,324,471,390,289,399,354,296,297,382,349,316,446,322,359,])
array_1_name = "Popularity of the first name Kallie"
array_2_name = "Points allowed by the Denver Broncos"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Popularity of the first name Kallie
Line chart for only Points allowed by the Denver Broncos
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Kallie's Tally: Points Allowed by the Denver Bronco's Rally

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Correlation ID: 2513 · Black Variable ID: 3559 · Red Variable ID: 19717


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