Spurious correlation #2,216 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Butter consumption and the second variable is Google searches for 'ice bath'. The chart goes from 2004 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Butter consumption and the second variable is Google searches for 'ice bath'. The chart goes from 2004 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

The extra butter consumption led to a rise in spontaneous kitchen dance parties, resulting in an urgent need for post-butter dance cooldowns. These dance enthusiasts were literally buttering themselves up to take the plunge into icy relaxation, making ice baths the coolest new way to shake, rattle, and roll. After all, it's a slippery slope from butter to boogie to below freezing bliss! So they say, if you can't stand the heat, grab the butter and disco on down to an ice bath near you. Just remember, it's all fun and games until someone shouts, "We're out of butter!" Keep calm and butter on!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate a black-and-white newspaper illustration showing a person seated at a vintage kitchen table. They are elegantly spreading a thick layer of creamy butter on a slice of toast with a whimsical expression on their face. Simultaneously, the person is depicted using a classic laptop to type "ice bath benefits" into the Google search bar. Highlight the contrast between the cozy, old-fashioned kitchen setting and the modern technology being used. The illustration should capture the essence of a peaceful, reflective morning routine with a hint of curiosity and exploration. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath'. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Symbolism Woodblock painting Psychedelic Psychedelic A black-and-white newspaper illustration
ChatGPT: A black-and-white newspaper illustration

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath' together. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: A person seated at a kitchen table, spreading a thick layer of creamy butter on a slice of toast, while simultaneously typing "ice bath benefits" into the Google search bar on their laptop.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A black-and-white newspaper illustration ] and depicting this scene: A person seated at a kitchen table, spreading a thick layer of creamy butter on a slice of toast, while simultaneously typing "ice bath benefits" into the Google search bar on their laptop. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate a black-and-white newspaper illustration showing a person seated at a vintage kitchen table. They are elegantly spreading a thick layer of creamy butter on a slice of toast with a whimsical expression on their face. Simultaneously, the person is depicted using a classic laptop to type "ice bath benefits" into the Google search bar. Highlight the contrast between the cozy, old-fashioned kitchen setting and the modern technology being used. The illustration should capture the essence of a peaceful, reflective morning routine with a hint of curiosity and exploration.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in Butter consumption caused ice bath (Google searches for 'ice bath') to increase.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Melting Point: Analyzing the Relationship Between Butter Consumption and Google Searches for 'Ice Bath'

The Journal of Culinary Quirks and Internet Interactions

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath'. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name some movies that you watched that are tangentially related to the topic.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Melting Point: Analyzing the Relationship Between Butter Consumption and Google Searches for 'Ice Bath'

[[ABSTRACT]]
As the age-old debate of "butter or margarine" rages on, our study delves into the curious connection between butter consumption and Google searches for the peculiar topic of 'ice bath'. Drawing on data from the USDA and Google Trends, we uncovered a staggering correlation between the two seemingly unrelated phenomena. Our findings reveal a correlation coefficient of 0.9697094, with a statistically significant p-value (p < 0.01) for the years 2004 to 2021.

This research presents a buttery twist to the world of dietary and internet search behavior analysis. The implications are chilling, suggesting a potential connection between indulging in buttery delights and seeking relief in the form of an ice bath. Whether it's the aftermath of a baking extravaganza or a peculiar dietary trend, the bond between butter and 'ice bath' searches is stranger than fiction. Our findings shed light on the quirky intricacies of human behavior and culinary curiosities, leaving us with plenty of food for thought and perhaps a craving for butter-drenched ice cream with a side of Google searches.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
Introduction
In the realm of scientific inquiry, there are often unexpected phenomena that leave researchers churning with curiosity. Our investigation into the correlation between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath' is a prime example of such a serendipitous discovery. As we spread our net across the vast ocean of data, we found ourselves immersed in the buttery world of dietary habits and the chilling world of internet search behavior.
The age-old debate about whether butter is truly better than its margarine counterpart has been the subject of heated discussions, but our focus veers away from the classic "butter or margarine" dilemma and skates towards the frosty world of 'ice bath' searches. The juxtaposition of these two seemingly unrelated subjects might lead one to think we've concocted a half-baked research question, but as our findings chill reveal, the connection is far from a mere layer of margarine-thin correlation.
The statistical relationship we uncovered between butter consumption and 'ice bath' searches left us churned up in excitement. Drawing on data from the USDA and Google Trends, we found a correlation coefficient of 0.9697094, which is undoubtedly a gouda reflection of the strength of this peculiar association. With a p-value of less than 0.01, we can confidently say that this is not just a buttered-up hypothesis, but a statistically significant observation.
The implications of our findings are quite the mouthful, suggesting a potential link between indulging in buttery delights and seeking the alternative form of cooling off with an ice bath. The idea of individuals dabbling in the decadence of butter-laden treats, only to later turn to the chilling embrace of an ice bath, may seem like a stretch. However, the statistical evidence we present in this paper will leave you feeling as if you've stumbled upon a rare, yet strangely savory, culinary revelation.
This research undoubtedly presents a buttery twist to the domain of dietary and internet search behavior analysis. The implications are indeed chilling, prompting us to ponder whether it's the aftermath of a baking extravaganza that leads individuals to seek solace in the icy depths of an ice bath, or if there's a new dietary trend that's keeping us n-ice and cold. The bond between butter and 'ice bath' searches is perplexing, yet undeniably intriguing, like stumbling upon a hidden reserve of gourmet butter in the depths of a refrigerator.
By delving into the quirky intricacies of human behavior and culinary curiosities, our findings serve up a buffet of food for thought, perhaps leaving you with a sudden craving for butter-drenched ice cream and a side dish of Google searches. Whether you're a fervent follower of fad diets or a connoisseur of the cold, this paper aims to ice-olate the peculiar relationship between butter consumption and 'ice bath' searches and hopefully whip up some laughter and intrigue along the way.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The relationship between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath' is a topic of burgeoning interest, coupling the domains of culinary consumption and unexpected Internet queries. It is evident that the connection between these two seemingly disparate concepts has captured the attention of researchers from various disciplines, and the literature on this interdisciplinary linkage is as tantalizing as a freshly baked croissant.

In an illuminating study by Smith et al., the authors find a surprising positive correlation between regional butter consumption and the frequency of Google searches for 'ice bath'. This correlation held true even after controlling for variables such as temperature, humidity, and previous searches for potential hypothermia symptoms. The authors posit that the allure of a luscious buttery delight might lead individuals to seek the contrasting relief of an ice bath, creating a cycle of sensory pleasure and physical rejuvenation.

Doe and Jones, in a comprehensive analysis of dietary trends and diverse Internet searches, further attest to the intriguing nexus between butter consumption and 'ice bath' queries. Their findings suggest that as butter consumption rises in specific locales, so too does the frequency of 'ice bath' searches, indicating a synchronous dance between gustatory indulgence and the appeal of a frigid submersion. The authors propose that this phenomenon could be rooted in the sensory juxtaposition of warmth and coolness, providing an elemental experience that transcends the boundaries of mere gustatory pleasure.

Turning to related literature, "The Big Fat Surprise: Why Butter, Meat, and Cheese Belong in a Healthy Diet" by Teicholz offers a compelling exploration of the historical and nutritional significance of butter in human dietary habits. While the book may not directly address the connection with 'ice bath' searches, it lays a solid foundation for understanding the pervasive role of butter in shaping culinary preferences and, inadvertently, Internet search behavior.

On a lighthearted note, "Butter: A Rich History" by Khosrova presents a delightful narrative on the cultural and gastronomic evolution of butter, peppered with anecdotes that could inspire a craving for both butter and an ice bath. While not a scholarly work, the author's passionate storytelling provides a whimsical backdrop for the curious relationship between butter consumption and the allure of a chilling soak.

In the fictional realm, the iconic novel "Chocolat" by Harris and the film adaptation directed by Hallström delve into the enchanting world of indulgent treats and their tantalizing effects on human desires. While the content revolves around chocolate, the whimsical exploration of culinary pleasures may resonate with the enigmatic allure of butter and 'ice bath' searches, offering a narrative parallel to the unexpected connections that captivate human curiosity.

In a tangentially related cinematic experience, the movie "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty," directed by Stiller, offers a whimsical portrayal of adventurous pursuits and the quest for meaning in unexpected places. While the film does not overtly address butter consumption or 'ice bath' searches, its theme of embracing unconventional pursuits may parallel the unexpected journey of unraveling the curious connection between these two disparate phenomena.

With this diverse array of literature and media, the stage is set for a flavorful and immersive exploration of the captivating bond between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath'. As we embark on this expedition, let us savor the insightful findings and the quirky humor that arise from unraveling this curious culinary-Internet tapestry.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath'. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from USDA and Google Trends . You used data from 2004 to 2021

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Melting Point: Analyzing the Relationship Between Butter Consumption and Google Searches for 'Ice Bath'

[[ABSTRACT]]
As the age-old debate of "butter or margarine" rages on, our study delves into the curious connection between butter consumption and Google searches for the peculiar topic of 'ice bath'. Drawing on data from the USDA and Google Trends, we uncovered a staggering correlation between the two seemingly unrelated phenomena. Our findings reveal a correlation coefficient of 0.9697094, with a statistically significant p-value (p < 0.01) for the years 2004 to 2021.

This research presents a buttery twist to the world of dietary and internet search behavior analysis. The implications are chilling, suggesting a potential connection between indulging in buttery delights and seeking relief in the form of an ice bath. Whether it's the aftermath of a baking extravaganza or a peculiar dietary trend, the bond between butter and 'ice bath' searches is stranger than fiction. Our findings shed light on the quirky intricacies of human behavior and culinary curiosities, leaving us with plenty of food for thought and perhaps a craving for butter-drenched ice cream with a side of Google searches.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
Introduction
In the realm of scientific inquiry, there are often unexpected phenomena that leave researchers churning with curiosity. Our investigation into the correlation between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath' is a prime example of such a serendipitous discovery. As we spread our net across the vast ocean of data, we found ourselves immersed in the buttery world of dietary habits and the chilling world of internet search behavior.
The age-old debate about whether butter is truly better than its margarine counterpart has been the subject of heated discussions, but our focus veers away from the classic "butter or margarine" dilemma and skates towards the frosty world of 'ice bath' searches. The juxtaposition of these two seemingly unrelated subjects might lead one to think we've concocted a half-baked research question, but as our findings chill reveal, the connection is far from a mere layer of margarine-thin correlation.
The statistical relationship we uncovered between butter consumption and 'ice bath' searches left us churned up in excitement. Drawing on data from the USDA and Google Trends, we found a correlation coefficient of 0.9697094, which is undoubtedly a gouda reflection of the strength of this peculiar association. With a p-value of less than 0.01, we can confidently say that this is not just a buttered-up hypothesis, but a statistically significant observation.
The implications of our findings are quite the mouthful, suggesting a potential link between indulging in buttery delights and seeking the alternative form of cooling off with an ice bath. The idea of individuals dabbling in the decadence of butter-laden treats, only to later turn to the chilling embrace of an ice bath, may seem like a stretch. However, the statistical evidence we present in this paper will leave you feeling as if you've stumbled upon a rare, yet strangely savory, culinary revelation.
This research undoubtedly presents a buttery twist to the domain of dietary and internet search behavior analysis. The implications are indeed chilling, prompting us to ponder whether it's the aftermath of a baking extravaganza that leads individuals to seek solace in the icy depths of an ice bath, or if there's a new dietary trend that's keeping us n-ice and cold. The bond between butter and 'ice bath' searches is perplexing, yet undeniably intriguing, like stumbling upon a hidden reserve of gourmet butter in the depths of a refrigerator.
By delving into the quirky intricacies of human behavior and culinary curiosities, our findings serve up a buffet of food for thought, perhaps leaving you with a sudden craving for butter-drenched ice cream and a side dish of Google searches. Whether you're a fervent follower of fad diets or a connoisseur of the cold, this paper aims to ice-olate the peculiar relationship between butter consumption and 'ice bath' searches and hopefully whip up some laughter and intrigue along the way.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

In order to unearth the enigmatic connection between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath', our research team embarked on a journey that was part scientific inquiry and part culinary exploration – a truly melting pot of investigative methods, if you will. We gathered data from the USDA and Google Trends, taking into account the years 2004 to 2021 to ensure a comprehensive analysis that didn't leave any buttery crumbs behind.

To kick things off, we buttered up our statistical analysis by diving into the USDA's butter consumption data. We carefully spread our examination across the various forms of butter consumption, encompassing butter sticks, tubs, and even the occasional flavored spreads. Our research team was determined not to let any morsel of buttery data slip through our fingers, leaving no stone unturned in our pursuit of uncovering the correlation with 'ice bath' searches.

Meanwhile, our foray into the frosty world of 'ice bath' searches led us to the chilly domain of Google Trends. Here, we conducted a deep dive into the search frequency and popularity of this peculiar topic, ensuring that our analysis was as cool and comprehensive as an iceberg floating in a sea of internet data. We carefully charted the ebb and flow of interest in 'ice bath' searches, meticulously recording the peaks and valleys of online queries related to this invigorating form of cold therapy.

Having amassed our deluge of data, we employed a variety of statistical methods to whisk and mix the numbers into a palatable analysis. We utilized correlation coefficients and regression analyses to ferret out the relationship between butter consumption and 'ice bath' searches, all the while keeping an eagle eye out for any statistical anomalies that might have been lurking in the data, waiting to surprise us like an unexpected ingredient in a recipe.

Our approach to data analysis was as methodical as it was unorthodox, blending the rigors of statistical methods with a pinch of culinary inspiration to create a research concoction that was both scientifically sound and delightfully flavorful. With each statistical test and analysis, we sought to capture the essence of the buttery and chilling phenomena we were investigating, extracting insights that were as satisfying as a perfectly executed recipe.

In the end, our methodology boiled down to a balanced blend of statistical rigor, culinary curiosity, and a healthy dose of good humor. Through this unusual marriage of methods, we embarked on a culinary odyssey that led us to the unexpected nexus of butter consumption and 'ice bath' searches, offering a delightful feast of findings that are sure to leave readers with a full belly of laughter and intrigue.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath'. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from USDA and Google Trends .

For the time period 2004 to 2021, you found a correlation 0.9697094, r-squared of 0.9403363, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Melting Point: Analyzing the Relationship Between Butter Consumption and Google Searches for 'Ice Bath'

[[ABSTRACT]]
As the age-old debate of "butter or margarine" rages on, our study delves into the curious connection between butter consumption and Google searches for the peculiar topic of 'ice bath'. Drawing on data from the USDA and Google Trends, we uncovered a staggering correlation between the two seemingly unrelated phenomena. Our findings reveal a correlation coefficient of 0.9697094, with a statistically significant p-value (p < 0.01) for the years 2004 to 2021.

This research presents a buttery twist to the world of dietary and internet search behavior analysis. The implications are chilling, suggesting a potential connection between indulging in buttery delights and seeking relief in the form of an ice bath. Whether it's the aftermath of a baking extravaganza or a peculiar dietary trend, the bond between butter and 'ice bath' searches is stranger than fiction. Our findings shed light on the quirky intricacies of human behavior and culinary curiosities, leaving us with plenty of food for thought and perhaps a craving for butter-drenched ice cream with a side of Google searches.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
Introduction
In the realm of scientific inquiry, there are often unexpected phenomena that leave researchers churning with curiosity. Our investigation into the correlation between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath' is a prime example of such a serendipitous discovery. As we spread our net across the vast ocean of data, we found ourselves immersed in the buttery world of dietary habits and the chilling world of internet search behavior.
The age-old debate about whether butter is truly better than its margarine counterpart has been the subject of heated discussions, but our focus veers away from the classic "butter or margarine" dilemma and skates towards the frosty world of 'ice bath' searches. The juxtaposition of these two seemingly unrelated subjects might lead one to think we've concocted a half-baked research question, but as our findings chill reveal, the connection is far from a mere layer of margarine-thin correlation.
The statistical relationship we uncovered between butter consumption and 'ice bath' searches left us churned up in excitement. Drawing on data from the USDA and Google Trends, we found a correlation coefficient of 0.9697094, which is undoubtedly a gouda reflection of the strength of this peculiar association. With a p-value of less than 0.01, we can confidently say that this is not just a buttered-up hypothesis, but a statistically significant observation.
The implications of our findings are quite the mouthful, suggesting a potential link between indulging in buttery delights and seeking the alternative form of cooling off with an ice bath. The idea of individuals dabbling in the decadence of butter-laden treats, only to later turn to the chilling embrace of an ice bath, may seem like a stretch. However, the statistical evidence we present in this paper will leave you feeling as if you've stumbled upon a rare, yet strangely savory, culinary revelation.
This research undoubtedly presents a buttery twist to the domain of dietary and internet search behavior analysis. The implications are indeed chilling, prompting us to ponder whether it's the aftermath of a baking extravaganza that leads individuals to seek solace in the icy depths of an ice bath, or if there's a new dietary trend that's keeping us n-ice and cold. The bond between butter and 'ice bath' searches is perplexing, yet undeniably intriguing, like stumbling upon a hidden reserve of gourmet butter in the depths of a refrigerator.
By delving into the quirky intricacies of human behavior and culinary curiosities, our findings serve up a buffet of food for thought, perhaps leaving you with a sudden craving for butter-drenched ice cream and a side dish of Google searches. Whether you're a fervent follower of fad diets or a connoisseur of the cold, this paper aims to ice-olate the peculiar relationship between butter consumption and 'ice bath' searches and hopefully whip up some laughter and intrigue along the way.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The analysis of our data revealed a strong correlation between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath' over the period of 2004 to 2021. The correlation coefficient of 0.9697094 suggests a robust association between these two variables, indicating that as butter consumption rises or falls, so do the Google searches for a refreshing dip in an ice bath. It's as if people are buttering themselves up in preparation for diving into the cool tranquility of an ice bath.

The r-squared value of 0.9403363 elucidates that a substantial 94% of the variation in 'ice bath' searches can be explained by changes in butter consumption, which is higher than the probability of finding a matching pair of socks in a dark room on the first attempt. This level of explanatory power is truly remarkable, akin to unraveling a complex culinary mystery that leaves us both satiated and pleasantly perplexed.

Additionally, with a p-value of less than 0.01, we can confidently reject the null hypothesis and assert that the correlation observed is not merely a fluke, but a statistically significant relationship. This finding is as rare and precious as stumbling upon a perfectly preserved stick of butter in the back of the fridge, hidden behind a forgotten carton of milk.

Moreover, our visual representation in Figure 1 (not included here) showcases a compelling scatterplot that vividly illustrates the tightly knit relationship between butter consumption and 'ice bath' searches. The data points form a pattern that is as visually striking as a beautifully arranged display of artisanal butters in a gourmet market, captivating the eyes and piquing the curiosity of even the most discerning observer.

In sum, our results provide compelling evidence of the unexpected link between the indulgence in buttery delights and the quest for a refreshing soak in an ice bath. It seems that as butter waxes and wanes in popularity, so does the desire to seek solace in the bracing embrace of an ice bath. This correlation raises questions that are as tantalizing as a perfectly baked croissant - does butter consumption lead to the need for cooling off, or do individuals partake in a luxurious buttery treat after emerging from the frigid waters of an ice bath? The mysteries and peculiarities uncovered in this study leave us both bemused and oddly satisfied, like the discovery of an ice cream shop tucked away in a secluded alley on a sweltering summer day.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath'. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
Melting Point: Analyzing the Relationship Between Butter Consumption and Google Searches for 'Ice Bath'

[[ABSTRACT]]
As the age-old debate of "butter or margarine" rages on, our study delves into the curious connection between butter consumption and Google searches for the peculiar topic of 'ice bath'. Drawing on data from the USDA and Google Trends, we uncovered a staggering correlation between the two seemingly unrelated phenomena. Our findings reveal a correlation coefficient of 0.9697094, with a statistically significant p-value (p < 0.01) for the years 2004 to 2021.

This research presents a buttery twist to the world of dietary and internet search behavior analysis. The implications are chilling, suggesting a potential connection between indulging in buttery delights and seeking relief in the form of an ice bath. Whether it's the aftermath of a baking extravaganza or a peculiar dietary trend, the bond between butter and 'ice bath' searches is stranger than fiction. Our findings shed light on the quirky intricacies of human behavior and culinary curiosities, leaving us with plenty of food for thought and perhaps a craving for butter-drenched ice cream with a side of Google searches.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The relationship between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath' is a topic of burgeoning interest, coupling the domains of culinary consumption and unexpected Internet queries. It is evident that the connection between these two seemingly disparate concepts has captured the attention of researchers from various disciplines, and the literature on this interdisciplinary linkage is as tantalizing as a freshly baked croissant.
In an illuminating study by Smith et al., the authors find a surprising positive correlation between regional butter consumption and the frequency of Google searches for 'ice bath'. This correlation held true even after controlling for variables such as temperature, humidity, and previous searches for potential hypothermia symptoms. The authors posit that the allure of a luscious buttery delight might lead individuals to seek the contrasting relief of an ice bath, creating a cycle of sensory pleasure and physical rejuvenation.
Doe and Jones, in a comprehensive analysis of dietary trends and diverse Internet searches, further attest to the intriguing nexus between butter consumption and 'ice bath' queries. Their findings suggest that as butter consumption rises in specific locales, so too does the frequency of 'ice bath' searches, indicating a synchronous dance between gustatory indulgence and the appeal of a frigid submersion. The authors propose that this phenomenon could be rooted in the sensory juxtaposition of warmth and coolness, providing an elemental experience that transcends the boundaries of mere gustatory pleasure.
Turning to related literature, "The Big Fat Surprise: Why Butter, Meat, and Cheese Belong in a Healthy Diet" by Teicholz offers a compelling exploration of the historical and nutritional significance of butter in human dietary habits. While the book may not directly address the connection with 'ice bath' searches, it lays a solid foundation for understanding the pervasive role of butter in shaping culinary preferences and, inadvertently, Internet search behavior.
On a lighthearted note, "Butter: A Rich History" by Khosrova presents a delightful narrative on the cultural and gastronomic evolution of butter, peppered with anecdotes that could inspire a craving for both butter and an ice bath. While not a scholarly work, the author's passionate storytelling provides a whimsical backdrop for the curious relationship between butter consumption and the allure of a chilling soak.
In the fictional realm, the iconic novel "Chocolat" by Harris and the film adaptation directed by Hallström delve into the enchanting world of indulgent treats and their tantalizing effects on human desires. While the content revolves around chocolate, the whimsical exploration of culinary pleasures may resonate with the enigmatic allure of butter and 'ice bath' searches, offering a narrative parallel to the unexpected connections that captivate human curiosity.
In a tangentially related cinematic experience, the movie "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty," directed by Stiller, offers a whimsical portrayal of adventurous pursuits and the quest for meaning in unexpected places. While the film does not overtly address butter consumption or 'ice bath' searches, its theme of embracing unconventional pursuits may parallel the unexpected journey of unraveling the curious connection between these two disparate phenomena.
With this diverse array of literature and media, the stage is set for a flavorful and immersive exploration of the captivating bond between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath'. As we embark on this expedition, let us savor the insightful findings and the quirky humor that arise from unraveling this curious culinary-Internet tapestry.

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis of our data revealed a strong correlation between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath' over the period of 2004 to 2021. The correlation coefficient of 0.9697094 suggests a robust association between these two variables, indicating that as butter consumption rises or falls, so do the Google searches for a refreshing dip in an ice bath. It's as if people are buttering themselves up in preparation for diving into the cool tranquility of an ice bath.
The r-squared value of 0.9403363 elucidates that a substantial 94% of the variation in 'ice bath' searches can be explained by changes in butter consumption, which is higher than the probability of finding a matching pair of socks in a dark room on the first attempt. This level of explanatory power is truly remarkable, akin to unraveling a complex culinary mystery that leaves us both satiated and pleasantly perplexed.
Additionally, with a p-value of less than 0.01, we can confidently reject the null hypothesis and assert that the correlation observed is not merely a fluke, but a statistically significant relationship. This finding is as rare and precious as stumbling upon a perfectly preserved stick of butter in the back of the fridge, hidden behind a forgotten carton of milk.
Moreover, our visual representation in Figure 1 (not included here) showcases a compelling scatterplot that vividly illustrates the tightly knit relationship between butter consumption and 'ice bath' searches. The data points form a pattern that is as visually striking as a beautifully arranged display of artisanal butters in a gourmet market, captivating the eyes and piquing the curiosity of even the most discerning observer.
In sum, our results provide compelling evidence of the unexpected link between the indulgence in buttery delights and the quest for a refreshing soak in an ice bath. It seems that as butter waxes and wanes in popularity, so does the desire to seek solace in the bracing embrace of an ice bath. This correlation raises questions that are as tantalizing as a perfectly baked croissant - does butter consumption lead to the need for cooling off, or do individuals partake in a luxurious buttery treat after emerging from the frigid waters of an ice bath? The mysteries and peculiarities uncovered in this study leave us both bemused and oddly satisfied, like the discovery of an ice cream shop tucked away in a secluded alley on a sweltering summer day.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The findings of our study lend credence to the notion that there is indeed a strong and quirky relationship between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath'. The substantial correlation coefficient and the statistically significant p-value substantiate the previously explored literature, affirming the intriguing connection between these seemingly unrelated variables. It appears that individuals are not just savoring their buttery delights, but also turning to the invigorating thought of an ice bath, creating a curious dance between indulgence and refreshment.

Expanding on the lighthearted literature review, we posit that the sensory juxtaposition of warm, buttery flavors and the chilling allure of an ice bath may indeed trigger a cycle of gustatory pleasure and physical rejuvenation. The regional variations in butter consumption and 'ice bath' searches also warrant further investigation, resembling a delectable mystery waiting to be unraveled – a true culinary enigma, if you will.

Our results provide a refreshingly cool insight into the intricate flips and flops of human behavior, shedding light on the quirky inclinations that prompt individuals to navigate from the indulgence of buttery concoctions to the quest for a chilling retreat. It's as if individuals are buttering themselves up for an icy adventure, creating a tale as amusing and surprising as unexpected statistical outliers.

While the causal pathway remains a riddle as perplexing as a well-hidden stash of chocolate in a pantry, the findings of our study beckon further research into the underlying mechanisms of this peculiar relationship. As we delve deeper into the frosty depths of this curious culinary-Internet nexus, we are reminded that science, like a good dessert, is best enjoyed with a generous sprinkling of humor and an adventurous spirit.

In conclusion, the association between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath' is a testament to the enigmatic and whimsical nature of human behavior, underscoring the unexpected twists and turns that flavor our everyday experiences. This correlation presents a worthy puzzle for future inquiry, beckoning researchers to uncover the frosty secrets that lie beneath the buttery surface, with the promise of an intellectual feast that is as fulfilling as a delectable, albeit unexpected, dessert combination.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath'. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
Melting Point: Analyzing the Relationship Between Butter Consumption and Google Searches for 'Ice Bath'

[[ABSTRACT]]
As the age-old debate of "butter or margarine" rages on, our study delves into the curious connection between butter consumption and Google searches for the peculiar topic of 'ice bath'. Drawing on data from the USDA and Google Trends, we uncovered a staggering correlation between the two seemingly unrelated phenomena. Our findings reveal a correlation coefficient of 0.9697094, with a statistically significant p-value (p < 0.01) for the years 2004 to 2021.

This research presents a buttery twist to the world of dietary and internet search behavior analysis. The implications are chilling, suggesting a potential connection between indulging in buttery delights and seeking relief in the form of an ice bath. Whether it's the aftermath of a baking extravaganza or a peculiar dietary trend, the bond between butter and 'ice bath' searches is stranger than fiction. Our findings shed light on the quirky intricacies of human behavior and culinary curiosities, leaving us with plenty of food for thought and perhaps a craving for butter-drenched ice cream with a side of Google searches.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
Introduction
In the realm of scientific inquiry, there are often unexpected phenomena that leave researchers churning with curiosity. Our investigation into the correlation between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath' is a prime example of such a serendipitous discovery. As we spread our net across the vast ocean of data, we found ourselves immersed in the buttery world of dietary habits and the chilling world of internet search behavior.
The age-old debate about whether butter is truly better than its margarine counterpart has been the subject of heated discussions, but our focus veers away from the classic "butter or margarine" dilemma and skates towards the frosty world of 'ice bath' searches. The juxtaposition of these two seemingly unrelated subjects might lead one to think we've concocted a half-baked research question, but as our findings chill reveal, the connection is far from a mere layer of margarine-thin correlation.
The statistical relationship we uncovered between butter consumption and 'ice bath' searches left us churned up in excitement. Drawing on data from the USDA and Google Trends, we found a correlation coefficient of 0.9697094, which is undoubtedly a gouda reflection of the strength of this peculiar association. With a p-value of less than 0.01, we can confidently say that this is not just a buttered-up hypothesis, but a statistically significant observation.
The implications of our findings are quite the mouthful, suggesting a potential link between indulging in buttery delights and seeking the alternative form of cooling off with an ice bath. The idea of individuals dabbling in the decadence of butter-laden treats, only to later turn to the chilling embrace of an ice bath, may seem like a stretch. However, the statistical evidence we present in this paper will leave you feeling as if you've stumbled upon a rare, yet strangely savory, culinary revelation.
This research undoubtedly presents a buttery twist to the domain of dietary and internet search behavior analysis. The implications are indeed chilling, prompting us to ponder whether it's the aftermath of a baking extravaganza that leads individuals to seek solace in the icy depths of an ice bath, or if there's a new dietary trend that's keeping us n-ice and cold. The bond between butter and 'ice bath' searches is perplexing, yet undeniably intriguing, like stumbling upon a hidden reserve of gourmet butter in the depths of a refrigerator.
By delving into the quirky intricacies of human behavior and culinary curiosities, our findings serve up a buffet of food for thought, perhaps leaving you with a sudden craving for butter-drenched ice cream and a side dish of Google searches. Whether you're a fervent follower of fad diets or a connoisseur of the cold, this paper aims to ice-olate the peculiar relationship between butter consumption and 'ice bath' searches and hopefully whip up some laughter and intrigue along the way.

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis of our data revealed a strong correlation between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath' over the period of 2004 to 2021. The correlation coefficient of 0.9697094 suggests a robust association between these two variables, indicating that as butter consumption rises or falls, so do the Google searches for a refreshing dip in an ice bath. It's as if people are buttering themselves up in preparation for diving into the cool tranquility of an ice bath.
The r-squared value of 0.9403363 elucidates that a substantial 94% of the variation in 'ice bath' searches can be explained by changes in butter consumption, which is higher than the probability of finding a matching pair of socks in a dark room on the first attempt. This level of explanatory power is truly remarkable, akin to unraveling a complex culinary mystery that leaves us both satiated and pleasantly perplexed.
Additionally, with a p-value of less than 0.01, we can confidently reject the null hypothesis and assert that the correlation observed is not merely a fluke, but a statistically significant relationship. This finding is as rare and precious as stumbling upon a perfectly preserved stick of butter in the back of the fridge, hidden behind a forgotten carton of milk.
Moreover, our visual representation in Figure 1 (not included here) showcases a compelling scatterplot that vividly illustrates the tightly knit relationship between butter consumption and 'ice bath' searches. The data points form a pattern that is as visually striking as a beautifully arranged display of artisanal butters in a gourmet market, captivating the eyes and piquing the curiosity of even the most discerning observer.
In sum, our results provide compelling evidence of the unexpected link between the indulgence in buttery delights and the quest for a refreshing soak in an ice bath. It seems that as butter waxes and wanes in popularity, so does the desire to seek solace in the bracing embrace of an ice bath. This correlation raises questions that are as tantalizing as a perfectly baked croissant - does butter consumption lead to the need for cooling off, or do individuals partake in a luxurious buttery treat after emerging from the frigid waters of an ice bath? The mysteries and peculiarities uncovered in this study leave us both bemused and oddly satisfied, like the discovery of an ice cream shop tucked away in a secluded alley on a sweltering summer day.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our study has churned out some truly fascinating findings regarding the enigmatic relationship between butter consumption and Google searches for 'ice bath'. Our research has melted away any doubts about the robustness of this correlation, leaving us with a conundrum that's as perplexing as trying to figure out why we always find a pen in the last place we look.

The stunning correlation coefficient of 0.9697094 speaks volumes about the close association between indulging in buttery delights and seeking solace in the cooling confines of an ice bath. It's as if people are buttering themselves up in preparation for a plunge into the bracing waters, a culinary quirk that's as intriguing as accidentally finding a french fry at the bottom of a fast-food bag.

The r-squared value of 0.9403363 illuminates the remarkable explanatory power of butter consumption in deciphering the fluctuations in 'ice bath' searches. This level of predictability is as astonishing as finding a complete set of matching cutlery in a kitchen drawer - a rare occurrence indeed.

With a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, we can confidently declare that this relationship is not just a fluke, but a bona fide scientific revelation. It is as significant as stumbling upon a perfect avocado at the grocery store - a rarity that inspires both glee and a slight sense of disbelief.

Our results suggest that the ebb and flow of butter consumption may indeed play a role in prompting individuals to seek respite in the invigorating embrace of an ice bath. This peculiar correlation serves as a reminder that in the vast tapestry of human behavior, there are threads of curiosity and quirkiness that are as captivating as finding a surprise ingredient in a recipe.

In light of these compelling findings, it seems that no more research is needed in this area. The relationship between butter consumption and searches for 'ice bath' is as clear as a freshly wiped whiteboard - a captivating mystery that has been unraveled, leaving us with a newfound appreciation for the whims of statistical correlations and the unexpected delights of culinary curiosities. It's as if we've uncovered a tasty secret recipe, one that leaves us with a lingering craving for a buttery treat and a refreshing dip in an ice bath.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Melting Point: Analyzing the Relationship Between Butter Consumption and Google Searches for 'Ice Bath'. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Culinary Quirks and Internet Interactions

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Melting Point: Analyzing the Relationship Between Butter Consumption and Google Searches for 'Ice Bath'. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Institute for Dairy Consumption Studies

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Melting Point: Analyzing the Relationship Between Butter Consumption and Google Searches for 'Ice Bath' with an abstract of As the age-old debate of "butter or margarine" rages on, our study delves into the curious connection between butter consumption and Google searches for the peculiar topic of 'ice bath'. Drawing on data from the USDA and Google Trends, we uncovered a staggering correlation between the two seemingly unrelated phenomena. Our findings reveal a correlation coefficient of 0.9697094, with a statistically significant p-value (p < 0.01) for the years 2004 to 2021.
This research presents a buttery twist to the world of dietary and internet search behavior analysis. The implications are chilling, suggesting a potential connection between indulging in buttery delights and seeking relief in the form of an ice bath. Whether it's the aftermath of a baking extravaganza or a peculiar dietary trend, the bond between butter and 'ice bath' searches is stranger than fiction. Our findings shed light on the quirky intricacies of human behavior and culinary curiosities, leaving us with plenty of food for thought and perhaps a craving for butter-drenched ice cream with a side of Google searches.

ChatGPT:

butter consumption, Google searches, ice bath, correlation, dietary behavior, internet search behavior analysis, USDA data, Google Trends, food consumption trends, culinary curiosities

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Butter consumption
Detailed data title: Per capita consumption of Butter in the US
Source: USDA
See what else correlates with Butter consumption

Google searches for 'ice bath'
Detailed data title: Relative volume of Google searches for 'ice bath' (Worldwide, without quotes)
Source: Google Trends
Additional Info: ^{See full details} Relative search volume (not absolute numbers)

See what else correlates with Google searches for 'ice bath'

Correlation r = 0.9697094 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.9403363 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 94% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Google searches for 'ice bath') is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Butter consumption) over the 18 years from 2004 through 2021.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 3.2E-11.^Show 0.0000000000324056808435234160
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.97 in 3.2E-9% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 30,858,786,915 random variables^Note You don't actually need 30 billion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 17 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 17 because we have two variables measured over a period of 18 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.92, 0.99 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Butter consumption (Pounds per person)	4.5	4.5	4.7	4.7	5	5	4.9	5.4	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.6	5.7	5.7	6	6.2	6.3	6.5
Google searches for 'ice bath' (Rel. search volume)	8.91667	8.75	8.08333	9	9.66667	9.83333	12.25	13.6667	17.1667	17.5	19	19.9167	20.3333	20.9167	21.8333	23.5	23.75	27.0833

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
Y-axis doesn't start at zero: I truncated the Y-axes of the graph above. I also used a line graph, which makes the visual connection stand out more than it deserves. ^Note Nothing against line graphs. They are great at telling a story when you have linear data! But visually it is deceptive because the only data is at the points on the graph, not the lines on the graph. In between each point, the data could have been doing anything. Like going for a random walk by itself!
Mathematically what I showed is true, but it is intentionally misleading. Below is the same chart but with both Y-axes starting at zero.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([4.5,4.5,4.7,4.7,5,5,4.9,5.4,5.5,5.5,5.5,5.6,5.7,5.7,6,6.2,6.3,6.5,])
array_2 = np.array([8.91667,8.75,8.08333,9,9.66667,9.83333,12.25,13.6667,17.1667,17.5,19,19.9167,20.3333,20.9167,21.8333,23.5,23.75,27.0833,])
array_1_name = "Butter consumption"
array_2_name = "Google searches for 'ice bath'"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Butter consumption
Line chart for only Google searches for 'ice bath'
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Melting Point: Analyzing the Relationship Between Butter Consumption and Google Searches for 'Ice Bath'

View another random correlation

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Correlation ID: 2216 · Black Variable ID: 557 · Red Variable ID: 1408


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