Spurious correlation #2,055 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Tia and the second variable is Air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio. The chart goes from 1990 to 2017, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Tia and the second variable is Air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio. The chart goes from 1990 to 2017, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

As the name Tia fell out of favor, fewer people were inspired to spell out their name in the sky with polluting airplane emissions, leading to a decrease in air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio. It seems that Tia just couldn't keep the skies clean!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: [Whimsical illustration] In a charming, vintage-inspired style, visualize a scene in Washington Court House, Ohio. A bustling playground is filled with children playing, their joyful laughter and playful activities creating an atmosphere of pure merriment. A group of friends gathers, beckoning to Tia to join in their lively game. Paint the hazy, smog-filled air with a touch of fantasy, subtly indicating the unhealthy air quality. Emphasize the whimsy and light-heartedness in the scene through the use of bright, cheerful colors and playful details. Captivate the viewer's imagination with the innocent and carefree spirit of childhood, amid the backdrop of a town touched by the surreal hint of pollution. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Popularity of the first name Tia and Unhealthy air quality in Washington Court House, Ohio. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: An image that looks like it is a scene from a Pixar movie Hyper-realistic Whimsical illustration Minimalism Whimsical illustration
ChatGPT: Whimsical illustration

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Popularity of the first name Tia and Unhealthy air quality in Washington Court House, Ohio together. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In Washington Court House, Ohio, a playground is filled with children playing, and among them, a group of friends calls out to Tia to join them. The air is hazy and a faint smog hangs over the playground, indicating unhealthy air quality.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Whimsical illustration ] and depicting this scene: In Washington Court House, Ohio, a playground is filled with children playing, and among them, a group of friends calls out to Tia to join them. The air is hazy and a faint smog hangs over the playground, indicating unhealthy air quality. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: [Whimsical illustration] In a charming, vintage-inspired style, visualize a scene in Washington Court House, Ohio. A bustling playground is filled with children playing, their joyful laughter and playful activities creating an atmosphere of pure merriment. A group of friends gathers, beckoning to Tia to join in their lively game. Paint the hazy, smog-filled air with a touch of fantasy, subtly indicating the unhealthy air quality. Emphasize the whimsy and light-heartedness in the scene through the use of bright, cheerful colors and playful details. Captivate the viewer's imagination with the innocent and carefree spirit of childhood, amid the backdrop of a town touched by the surreal hint of pollution.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how a decrease in Popularity of the first name Tia caused Air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio to decrease.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

The Tia-nfluence of Air Pollution: A Breath of Fresh Air in Washington Court House, Ohio

Journal of Environmental Epidemiology and Pollution Research

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Tia and Air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then you might move on to cartoons and children's shows that you watched for research.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"The Tia-nfluence of Air Pollution: A Breath of Fresh Air in Washington Court House, Ohio"

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this paper, we delve into the fascinating intersection of social nomenclature and environmental quality by exploring the relationship between the popularity of the first name "Tia" and air pollution levels in Washington Court House, Ohio. Through a rigorous analysis of data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we aimed to shed light on this quirky correlation. Our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8344871 and a p-value less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1990 to 2017.

With our noses firmly to the grindstone -- and occasionally pinching them due to the pungent aroma of statistical analysis -- we uncovered a surprising link. It seems that as the frequency of the name "Tia" increased in the local population, there was a corresponding decrease in air pollution levels. "Tia-riffic!" as they say. It's almost as if the very presence of this name naturally purifies the air. One might jest that "Tia" is not just a name, but a breath of fresh air for the environment.

Our research raises intriguing questions about the potential influence of individual names on their surroundings. Could there be an underlying mechanism at play, or is this just a whimsical coincidence? While we may not have all the answers, the undeniable connection between "Tia" and air quality in Washington Court House certainly warrants further investigation. As we continue to unravel this puzzling relationship, we mustn't forget to appreciate the unexpected insights that can emerge from the most unlikely of pairings. After all, sometimes the most enlightening discoveries can be found in the unlikeliest of places - or names.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
Introduction
The study of environmental influences on human behavior and well-being has long captivated researchers, but who knew that a person's name could potentially impact the air they breathe? Well, hold onto your laboratory goggles, because we are about to dive into the curious realm of the "Tia-nfluence" – where the popularity of the first name "Tia" dances with air pollution levels in the charming town of Washington Court House, Ohio.
Now, let’s clear the air – not with any fancy ionizers, mind you, but with hard scientific evidence. The correlation we observed between the frequency of the name "Tia" and air pollution levels was stronger than a double shot of espresso. It had us exclaiming, "Holy smokes, this correlation is statistically significant!" If you don't find that pun breath-taking, you might want to have your humor receptors checked.
As researchers, we were struck by the robustness of the relationship we uncovered. It was as if Tia herself was waving a magic wand, chanting, "Abracadabra, air pollutants vanish!" Of course, we're all about keeping a clear mind in our research, so we approached these findings with the skepticism of a scientist faced with a p-henomenal result - get it, like p-value, but with an avian twist?
Our study sought to bridge the gap between the whimsical and the empirical, unveiling a surprising connection that might just blow your mind – hopefully not with an air quality index reading in the quadruple digits! This research isn't just a breath of fresh air; it's a gust of unexpected insight that buoyed our spirits amidst the tedium of number-crunching.
So, buckle up, because we're about to embark on a journey that explores the unlikely bond between human nomenclature and the very air we breathe. It's a tale of statistical intrigue, a whiff of humor, and of course, the inimitable influence of “Tia” on the atmosphere. Now, take a deep breath and prepare to be Tia-zled!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

Prior studies have laid the groundwork for our investigation into the Tia-nfluence of air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio. Smith and Jones (2015) explored the societal impact of personal nomenclature, paving the way for our offbeat exploration of the connections between name popularity and environmental phenomena. Meanwhile, Doe et al. (2018) highlighted the complex interplay between individual identities and their surroundings, setting the stage for our whimsical yet rigorously empirical inquiry.

But enough with the dry academic prose – let's breathe some life into this literature review. It's time to reveal our sources and take the plunge into this questionable yet undeniably amusing research area. So grab your nose plugs, because things are about to get punny!

In "Nomenclature and Society," Smith and Jones (2015) delve into the societal significance of personal names, a topic that has seldom been sniffed at in the literature. Their serious scholarship laid the groundwork for our investigation, though I doubt they ever imagined their work would inspire a study on air pollution and baby names!

Doe et al. (2018), in their comprehensive analysis "The Name Game: Unraveling the Impact of Identity on Environment," shed light on the intricate relationship between individual identities and their environmental context. Little did they know that their in-depth exploration would somehow lead to a study on the correlation between Tias and air quality!

Turning to non-fiction books that are relevant to the quirkiness of our research, "Freakonomics" by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner offers insight into unexpected correlations, much like our own exploration of Tias and air pollution. And who could forget the classic "The Tipping Point" by Malcolm Gladwell, as we ponder whether the rising popularity of the name "Tia" is indeed the tipping point for better air quality?

Now, we take a sharp turn into the world of fiction, where names can hold otherworldly power. In J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series, the power of a name is no joke – just ask He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named. Could it be that "Tia" holds a similar spellbinding influence over the air in Washington Court House? It's as likely as a muggle mastering a wand.

And who can overlook the profound lessons hidden within the animated world? In the realm of "SpongeBob SquarePants," the influence of names is evident – just look at the impact of a simple "Squidward" on the atmosphere of the Krusty Krab. Could the presence of "Tia" be the Bikini Bottom secret ingredient to cleaner air?

With these diverse sources in mind, let's dive even deeper into the Tia-nfluence of air pollution, where the unexpected becomes the norm and statistical analysis takes on a whimsical flair. Whether our findings hold the promise of a fresh breeze of discovery or simply lead us down a comedic cul-de-sac, one thing is for certain – this research is a breath of fresh air in more ways than one.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Tia and Air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and Environmental Protection Agency . You used data from 1990 to 2017

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"The Tia-nfluence of Air Pollution: A Breath of Fresh Air in Washington Court House, Ohio"

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this paper, we delve into the fascinating intersection of social nomenclature and environmental quality by exploring the relationship between the popularity of the first name "Tia" and air pollution levels in Washington Court House, Ohio. Through a rigorous analysis of data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we aimed to shed light on this quirky correlation. Our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8344871 and a p-value less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1990 to 2017.

With our noses firmly to the grindstone -- and occasionally pinching them due to the pungent aroma of statistical analysis -- we uncovered a surprising link. It seems that as the frequency of the name "Tia" increased in the local population, there was a corresponding decrease in air pollution levels. "Tia-riffic!" as they say. It's almost as if the very presence of this name naturally purifies the air. One might jest that "Tia" is not just a name, but a breath of fresh air for the environment.

Our research raises intriguing questions about the potential influence of individual names on their surroundings. Could there be an underlying mechanism at play, or is this just a whimsical coincidence? While we may not have all the answers, the undeniable connection between "Tia" and air quality in Washington Court House certainly warrants further investigation. As we continue to unravel this puzzling relationship, we mustn't forget to appreciate the unexpected insights that can emerge from the most unlikely of pairings. After all, sometimes the most enlightening discoveries can be found in the unlikeliest of places - or names.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
Introduction
The study of environmental influences on human behavior and well-being has long captivated researchers, but who knew that a person's name could potentially impact the air they breathe? Well, hold onto your laboratory goggles, because we are about to dive into the curious realm of the "Tia-nfluence" – where the popularity of the first name "Tia" dances with air pollution levels in the charming town of Washington Court House, Ohio.
Now, let’s clear the air – not with any fancy ionizers, mind you, but with hard scientific evidence. The correlation we observed between the frequency of the name "Tia" and air pollution levels was stronger than a double shot of espresso. It had us exclaiming, "Holy smokes, this correlation is statistically significant!" If you don't find that pun breath-taking, you might want to have your humor receptors checked.
As researchers, we were struck by the robustness of the relationship we uncovered. It was as if Tia herself was waving a magic wand, chanting, "Abracadabra, air pollutants vanish!" Of course, we're all about keeping a clear mind in our research, so we approached these findings with the skepticism of a scientist faced with a p-henomenal result - get it, like p-value, but with an avian twist?
Our study sought to bridge the gap between the whimsical and the empirical, unveiling a surprising connection that might just blow your mind – hopefully not with an air quality index reading in the quadruple digits! This research isn't just a breath of fresh air; it's a gust of unexpected insight that buoyed our spirits amidst the tedium of number-crunching.
So, buckle up, because we're about to embark on a journey that explores the unlikely bond between human nomenclature and the very air we breathe. It's a tale of statistical intrigue, a whiff of humor, and of course, the inimitable influence of “Tia” on the atmosphere. Now, take a deep breath and prepare to be Tia-zled!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

Data Collection
To untangle the intricate web of the "Tia-nfluence" on air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio, we first embarked on a quest for data. Our intrepid team scoured the depths of the internet, dodging cat videos and memes, to retrieve relevant information from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency. We were especially careful not to get lost in the labyrinth of conspiracy theories and alternative facts – after all, we take our data collection as seriously as a cat scrutinizing a mysteriously empty food bowl.

The US Social Security Administration graciously provided us with records of the frequency of the first name "Tia" in the local population over the years, while the Environmental Protection Agency furnished us with detailed air pollution measurements spanning from 1990 to 2017. It was a veritable treasure trove of numbers and names, akin to finding the elusive pot of gold at the end of the statistical rainbow.

Statistical Analysis
Now, brace yourselves for the rigorous statistical analysis that would make even the most intrepid adventurers think twice before venturing into the realm of p-values and correlation coefficients. We applied sophisticated statistical techniques with the precision of a Swiss watchmaker, and the patience of a sloth awaiting its meal—slow and steady wins the scientific race, after all.

By employing robust methods, including regression analysis and time series modeling, we teased out the subtle nuances of the relationship between the frequency of the name "Tia" and air pollution levels. Our statistical models were as airtight as a sealed laboratory flask, ensuring that our findings were not just a fluke. We also conducted sensitivity analyses to ensure that our results were as sturdy as a titanium-reinforced bunker.

Causal Inference
Ah, the age-old scientific conundrum of correlation versus causation – we faced this intellectual puzzle head-on like intrepid detectives searching for the culprit. While our findings revealed a strong correlation between the popularity of the name "Tia" and lower air pollution levels, we treated claims of causation with the wariness of a cat eyeing a suspiciously wiggling toy mouse. After all, asserting causation is a serious scientific undertaking, not to be taken lightly, much like trying to convince a statistician that a "t-test" is a type of athletic competition.

To bolster our case for potential causation, we delved into existing literature on the impact of social influences on environmental behaviors. It was an intellectual odyssey through research papers and scholarly articles, and we were as thorough in our investigation as a lint roller in a fur coat factory.

Ethical Considerations
In our quest for scientific truth, we also upheld the ethical standards of research with the utmost gravity. We handled the data with the care and precision of a neurosurgeon performing delicate surgery—after all, data privacy is nothing to scoff at. Additionally, we ensured that our analysis remained free from bias, approaching our task with the impartiality of a judge presiding over a particularly bizarre court case.

Limitations
As in all endeavors, our research was not without its limitations. We acknowledge that our study was confined to a specific geographical area and a particular timeframe, much like an actor preparing for a role within the confines of a stage. While our findings shed light on the fascinating link between the popularity of the name "Tia" and air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio, we recognize the need for further studies to explore the generalizability of our results.

In conclusion, our methodological approach balanced scientific rigor and a touch of whimsy, much like a perfectly executed magic trick. While we pored over numbers and statistical analyses, we never lost sight of the bigger picture – the peculiar and captivating connection between a name and the air we breathe. Keep your lab coats at the ready, because the results of our investigation are about to blow through with a gust of surprising insight!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Tia and Air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
"The Tia-nfluence of Air Pollution: A Breath of Fresh Air in Washington Court House, Ohio"

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this paper, we delve into the fascinating intersection of social nomenclature and environmental quality by exploring the relationship between the popularity of the first name "Tia" and air pollution levels in Washington Court House, Ohio. Through a rigorous analysis of data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we aimed to shed light on this quirky correlation. Our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8344871 and a p-value less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1990 to 2017.

With our noses firmly to the grindstone -- and occasionally pinching them due to the pungent aroma of statistical analysis -- we uncovered a surprising link. It seems that as the frequency of the name "Tia" increased in the local population, there was a corresponding decrease in air pollution levels. "Tia-riffic!" as they say. It's almost as if the very presence of this name naturally purifies the air. One might jest that "Tia" is not just a name, but a breath of fresh air for the environment.

Our research raises intriguing questions about the potential influence of individual names on their surroundings. Could there be an underlying mechanism at play, or is this just a whimsical coincidence? While we may not have all the answers, the undeniable connection between "Tia" and air quality in Washington Court House certainly warrants further investigation. As we continue to unravel this puzzling relationship, we mustn't forget to appreciate the unexpected insights that can emerge from the most unlikely of pairings. After all, sometimes the most enlightening discoveries can be found in the unlikeliest of places - or names.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
Prior studies have laid the groundwork for our investigation into the Tia-nfluence of air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio. Smith and Jones (2015) explored the societal impact of personal nomenclature, paving the way for our offbeat exploration of the connections between name popularity and environmental phenomena. Meanwhile, Doe et al. (2018) highlighted the complex interplay between individual identities and their surroundings, setting the stage for our whimsical yet rigorously empirical inquiry.
But enough with the dry academic prose – let's breathe some life into this literature review. It's time to reveal our sources and take the plunge into this questionable yet undeniably amusing research area. So grab your nose plugs, because things are about to get punny!
In "Nomenclature and Society," Smith and Jones (2015) delve into the societal significance of personal names, a topic that has seldom been sniffed at in the literature. Their serious scholarship laid the groundwork for our investigation, though I doubt they ever imagined their work would inspire a study on air pollution and baby names!
Doe et al. (2018), in their comprehensive analysis "The Name Game: Unraveling the Impact of Identity on Environment," shed light on the intricate relationship between individual identities and their environmental context. Little did they know that their in-depth exploration would somehow lead to a study on the correlation between Tias and air quality!
Turning to non-fiction books that are relevant to the quirkiness of our research, "Freakonomics" by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner offers insight into unexpected correlations, much like our own exploration of Tias and air pollution. And who could forget the classic "The Tipping Point" by Malcolm Gladwell, as we ponder whether the rising popularity of the name "Tia" is indeed the tipping point for better air quality?
Now, we take a sharp turn into the world of fiction, where names can hold otherworldly power. In J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series, the power of a name is no joke – just ask He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named. Could it be that "Tia" holds a similar spellbinding influence over the air in Washington Court House? It's as likely as a muggle mastering a wand.
And who can overlook the profound lessons hidden within the animated world? In the realm of "SpongeBob SquarePants," the influence of names is evident – just look at the impact of a simple "Squidward" on the atmosphere of the Krusty Krab. Could the presence of "Tia" be the Bikini Bottom secret ingredient to cleaner air?
With these diverse sources in mind, let's dive even deeper into the Tia-nfluence of air pollution, where the unexpected becomes the norm and statistical analysis takes on a whimsical flair. Whether our findings hold the promise of a fresh breeze of discovery or simply lead us down a comedic cul-de-sac, one thing is for certain – this research is a breath of fresh air in more ways than one.

[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis revealed a notably strong positive correlation between the prevalence of the first name "Tia" and air pollution levels in Washington Court House, Ohio, for the period from 1990 to 2017. The correlation coefficient of 0.8344871 indicated a robust relationship between these variables. This finding left us more breathless than a racehorse in a derby!
The coefficient of determination (r-squared) of 0.6963687 suggested that approximately 70% of the variability in air pollution levels could be explained by the frequency of the name "Tia." You could say that this correlation wasn't just a fluke, it was as solid as a rock - or should we say, as solid as data points on a scatterplot?
We also observed a p-value of less than 0.01, further reinforcing the strength and significance of the relationship. A p-value that low is rarer than a unicorn in a research lab - it's the stuff statistical dreams are made of!
Fig. 1 depicts the scatterplot illustrating the conspicuous relationship between the frequency of the name "Tia" and air pollution levels in Washington Court House. It was a sight to behold, akin to finding a four-leaf clover in a field of data points. As they say, a picture is worth a thousand words, and this one spoke volumes about the intriguing connection we uncovered.
Overall, our results support the existence of a compelling association between the prevalence of the name "Tia" and air pollution levels in Washington Court House, Ohio. These findings invite further investigation into the intriguing interplay of individual names and environmental factors. And as we continue our scientific exploration, let's not forget to appreciate the unexpected surprises that come with delving into the wonderful world of data analysis. After all, sometimes the most enlightening discoveries can be found in the unlikeliest of places - or the most unexpected of names.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The results of our investigation underscore the captivating relationship between the prevalence of the first name "Tia" and air pollution levels in Washington Court House, Ohio. These findings align with prior research that has hinted at the potential influence of individual names on their surroundings. It's as if the mere mention of "Tia" leads to a breath of fresh air in more ways than one – talk about a name that holds some serious atmospheric power!

Our work builds upon the scholarly foundations laid by Smith and Jones (2015) and Doe et al. (2018), who initially delved into the societal impact of personal nomenclature and the intricate relationship between individual identities and their environmental context. While their studies may have initially seemed whimsical, our robust findings affirm the unexpected yet compelling correlations they began to uncover. Sometimes, the most unconventional paths lead to the most startling discoveries, much like stumbling upon a unicorn in a statistics textbook.

The conspicuous correlation coefficient of 0.8344871 shines a light on the Tia-nfluence of air pollution, highlighting a strong and significant relationship between these seemingly unrelated variables. It's almost as if the very presence of the name "Tia" acts as an air purifier, clearing the atmospheric path for a breath of fresh statistical air. This finding evokes the spirit of levity that lurks in the often dour world of data analysis – after all, who knew that a name could be such a powerful force for cleaner air?

Our study is not without its limitations, as the peculiar nature of our inquiry opens the door to questions about underlying mechanisms and external influences that may confound the observed association. Nonetheless, our results are as robust as an algebraic proof, with a p-value of less than 0.01 providing rock-solid evidence of the significance of the relationship. Such a low p-value is as rare as a sighting of Bigfoot in a probability distribution – you just don't expect to find it, but when you do, it's a statistical marvel!

As we look to the future, our research prompts further exploration into the potential impacts of other names on environmental phenomena. Could "Tia" be just the tip of the iceberg, or rather the tip of the environmental improvement iceberg? This remains to be seen, but our findings have certainly opened a new avenue for whimsical yet rigorous inquiry in the field of social and environmental dynamics.

In the end, while we may not have unravelled all the mysteries underlying the Tia-nfluence of air pollution, our work stands as a quirky beacon of insight, reminding us that the most unexpected of correlations can yield the most delightfully surprising results. After all, in the wild world of statistical discovery, sometimes it's the most elbow-poking, dad-joke-inducing inquiries that lead to the most eye-opening revelations.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Tia and Air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
"The Tia-nfluence of Air Pollution: A Breath of Fresh Air in Washington Court House, Ohio"

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this paper, we delve into the fascinating intersection of social nomenclature and environmental quality by exploring the relationship between the popularity of the first name "Tia" and air pollution levels in Washington Court House, Ohio. Through a rigorous analysis of data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we aimed to shed light on this quirky correlation. Our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8344871 and a p-value less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1990 to 2017.

With our noses firmly to the grindstone -- and occasionally pinching them due to the pungent aroma of statistical analysis -- we uncovered a surprising link. It seems that as the frequency of the name "Tia" increased in the local population, there was a corresponding decrease in air pollution levels. "Tia-riffic!" as they say. It's almost as if the very presence of this name naturally purifies the air. One might jest that "Tia" is not just a name, but a breath of fresh air for the environment.

Our research raises intriguing questions about the potential influence of individual names on their surroundings. Could there be an underlying mechanism at play, or is this just a whimsical coincidence? While we may not have all the answers, the undeniable connection between "Tia" and air quality in Washington Court House certainly warrants further investigation. As we continue to unravel this puzzling relationship, we mustn't forget to appreciate the unexpected insights that can emerge from the most unlikely of pairings. After all, sometimes the most enlightening discoveries can be found in the unlikeliest of places - or names.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
Introduction
The study of environmental influences on human behavior and well-being has long captivated researchers, but who knew that a person's name could potentially impact the air they breathe? Well, hold onto your laboratory goggles, because we are about to dive into the curious realm of the "Tia-nfluence" – where the popularity of the first name "Tia" dances with air pollution levels in the charming town of Washington Court House, Ohio.
Now, let’s clear the air – not with any fancy ionizers, mind you, but with hard scientific evidence. The correlation we observed between the frequency of the name "Tia" and air pollution levels was stronger than a double shot of espresso. It had us exclaiming, "Holy smokes, this correlation is statistically significant!" If you don't find that pun breath-taking, you might want to have your humor receptors checked.
As researchers, we were struck by the robustness of the relationship we uncovered. It was as if Tia herself was waving a magic wand, chanting, "Abracadabra, air pollutants vanish!" Of course, we're all about keeping a clear mind in our research, so we approached these findings with the skepticism of a scientist faced with a p-henomenal result - get it, like p-value, but with an avian twist?
Our study sought to bridge the gap between the whimsical and the empirical, unveiling a surprising connection that might just blow your mind – hopefully not with an air quality index reading in the quadruple digits! This research isn't just a breath of fresh air; it's a gust of unexpected insight that buoyed our spirits amidst the tedium of number-crunching.
So, buckle up, because we're about to embark on a journey that explores the unlikely bond between human nomenclature and the very air we breathe. It's a tale of statistical intrigue, a whiff of humor, and of course, the inimitable influence of “Tia” on the atmosphere. Now, take a deep breath and prepare to be Tia-zled!

[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis revealed a notably strong positive correlation between the prevalence of the first name "Tia" and air pollution levels in Washington Court House, Ohio, for the period from 1990 to 2017. The correlation coefficient of 0.8344871 indicated a robust relationship between these variables. This finding left us more breathless than a racehorse in a derby!
The coefficient of determination (r-squared) of 0.6963687 suggested that approximately 70% of the variability in air pollution levels could be explained by the frequency of the name "Tia." You could say that this correlation wasn't just a fluke, it was as solid as a rock - or should we say, as solid as data points on a scatterplot?
We also observed a p-value of less than 0.01, further reinforcing the strength and significance of the relationship. A p-value that low is rarer than a unicorn in a research lab - it's the stuff statistical dreams are made of!
Fig. 1 depicts the scatterplot illustrating the conspicuous relationship between the frequency of the name "Tia" and air pollution levels in Washington Court House. It was a sight to behold, akin to finding a four-leaf clover in a field of data points. As they say, a picture is worth a thousand words, and this one spoke volumes about the intriguing connection we uncovered.
Overall, our results support the existence of a compelling association between the prevalence of the name "Tia" and air pollution levels in Washington Court House, Ohio. These findings invite further investigation into the intriguing interplay of individual names and environmental factors. And as we continue our scientific exploration, let's not forget to appreciate the unexpected surprises that come with delving into the wonderful world of data analysis. After all, sometimes the most enlightening discoveries can be found in the unlikeliest of places - or the most unexpected of names.

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Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our research has unveiled a truly breathtaking correlation between the frequency of the name "Tia" and air pollution levels in Washington Court House, Ohio. It seems that Tia may not only be a popular name, but also a purveyor of pristine air quality - a regular "air-o-plane," if you will. Our findings suggest that the very presence of "Tia" might be akin to a natural air filter, cleaning up the atmosphere with every breath. Perhaps we should start referring to clean air as "Tia-r."

Our statistical analysis has shown a robust correlation coefficient and a p-value that's as elusive as a well-conducted double-blind clinical trial in the realm of social science research. As they say, when it comes to p-values, anything less than 0.01 is as rare as a hen's teeth - or a good knock-knock joke at a scientific conference.

The strength of the relationship between the prevalence of the name "Tia" and air pollution levels is as clear as the air on a crisp winter's day, or as clear as the need for more whimsical research to add some levity to the field. We must acknowledge that our study has scratched but only the surface of this quirky phenomenon, just like a cat playing with a statistical hypothesis.

With these findings in hand, we confidently assert that no more research is needed in this area. After all, we've likely mined all the Tia-riffic insights from this curious connection - it's time to give the other names and pollutants their moment in the research limelight.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited The Tia-nfluence of Air Pollution: A Breath of Fresh Air in Washington Court House, Ohio. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

Journal of Environmental Epidemiology and Pollution Research

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited The Tia-nfluence of Air Pollution: A Breath of Fresh Air in Washington Court House, Ohio. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Institute for Clean Air Research and Environmental Health

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled The Tia-nfluence of Air Pollution: A Breath of Fresh Air in Washington Court House, Ohio with an abstract of In this paper, we delve into the fascinating intersection of social nomenclature and environmental quality by exploring the relationship between the popularity of the first name "Tia" and air pollution levels in Washington Court House, Ohio. Through a rigorous analysis of data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we aimed to shed light on this quirky correlation. Our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8344871 and a p-value less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1990 to 2017.
With our noses firmly to the grindstone we uncovered a surprising link. It seems that as the frequency of the name "Tia" increased in the local population, there was a corresponding decrease in air pollution levels. "Tia-riffic!" as they say. It's almost as if the very presence of this name naturally purifies the air. One might jest that "Tia" is not just a name, but a breath of fresh air for the environment.
Our research raises intriguing questions about the potential influence of individual names on their surroundings. Could there be an underlying mechanism at play, or is this just a whimsical coincidence? While we may not have all the answers, the undeniable connection between "Tia" and air quality in Washington Court House certainly warrants further investigation. As we continue to unravel this puzzling relationship, we mustn't forget to appreciate the unexpected insights that can emerge from the most unlikely of pairings. After all, sometimes the most enlightening discoveries can be found in the unlikeliest of places - or names.

ChatGPT:

"Tia" name popularity, air pollution levels, Washington Court House, Ohio, social nomenclature, environmental quality, correlation coefficient, US Social Security Administration data, Environmental Protection Agency data, air quality, individual names influence, whimsical coincidences

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Popularity of the first name Tia
Detailed data title: Babies of all sexes born in the US named Tia
Source: US Social Security Administration
See what else correlates with Popularity of the first name Tia

Air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio
Detailed data title: Percentage of days with air quality at 'unhealthy for sensitive groups' or worse in Washington Court House, OH
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio

Correlation r = 0.8344871 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.6963687 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 69.6% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Popularity of the first name Tia) over the 28 years from 1990 through 2017.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 3.4E-8.^Show 0.0000000341058158383435060000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.83 in 3.4E-6% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 29,320,513 random variables^Note You don't actually need 29 million variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 27 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 27 because we have two variables measured over a period of 28 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.67, 0.92 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Popularity of the first name Tia (Babies born)	907	1074	964	958	922	1015	1066	984	957	867	701	674	667	612	576	521	484	395	318	281	257	288	265	244	196	214	168	187
Air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio (Bad air quality days)	0.120787	0.137536	0.0420168	0.0856354	0.0980392	0.131579	0.181818	0.0747922	0.160665	0.179104	0.0586592	0.0495868	0.103933	0.0316092	0.0229226	0.0793201	0.0168539	0.0609418	0.00576369	0	0.0142045	0.0264706	0.0285714	0.0060241	0.00578035	0.00917431	0.00283286	0.00280112

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([907,1074,964,958,922,1015,1066,984,957,867,701,674,667,612,576,521,484,395,318,281,257,288,265,244,196,214,168,187,])
array_2 = np.array([0.120787,0.137536,0.0420168,0.0856354,0.0980392,0.131579,0.181818,0.0747922,0.160665,0.179104,0.0586592,0.0495868,0.103933,0.0316092,0.0229226,0.0793201,0.0168539,0.0609418,0.00576369,0,0.0142045,0.0264706,0.0285714,0.0060241,0.00578035,0.00917431,0.00283286,0.00280112,])
array_1_name = "Popularity of the first name Tia"
array_2_name = "Air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Popularity of the first name Tia
Line chart for only Air pollution in Washington Court House, Ohio
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: The Tia-nfluence of Air Pollution: A Breath of Fresh Air in Washington Court House, Ohio

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Correlation ID: 2055 · Black Variable ID: 2510 · Red Variable ID: 22276


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