Spurious correlation #2,028 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is The number of Breweries in the United States and the second variable is Renewable energy production in South Africa. The chart goes from 1990 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is The number of Breweries in the United States and the second variable is Renewable energy production in South Africa. The chart goes from 1990 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

As the number of breweries in the United States increased, there was a proportional rise in the production of beer. This led to a spike in the demand for barley, prompting farmers in South Africa to seek more sustainable farming practices. In order to meet this demand, they shifted towards using renewable energy sources to power their barley production, inadvertently contributing to the overall increase in renewable energy production in South Africa. What a brew-tifully unexpected connection!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate an image capturing the contrast between a bustling city in the United States and a serene countryside in South Africa. In the city, vibrant breweries with colorful signs and inviting outdoor seating areas stand proudly, while in the countryside, rows of wind turbines and solar panels generate clean, renewable energy under the bright sun. Ensure the cityscape is vivid and bustling, with prominent brewery signs, while the countryside scene showcases the renewable energy infrastructure against a serene backdrop. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: The number of Breweries in the United States and Renewable energy production in South Africa. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Cubism A TIME magazine cover image Voxel art Celtic art Oragami
ChatGPT: A TIME magazine cover image

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both The number of Breweries in the United States and Renewable energy production in South Africa together. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In a bustling city in the United States, a row of vibrant breweries stands proudly with their colorful signs and inviting outdoor seating areas. Meanwhile, in a serene countryside in South Africa, rows of wind turbines and solar panels generate clean, renewable energy under the bright sun.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A TIME magazine cover image ] and depicting this scene: In a bustling city in the United States, a row of vibrant breweries stands proudly with their colorful signs and inviting outdoor seating areas. Meanwhile, in a serene countryside in South Africa, rows of wind turbines and solar panels generate clean, renewable energy under the bright sun. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate an image capturing the contrast between a bustling city in the United States and a serene countryside in South Africa. In the city, vibrant breweries with colorful signs and inviting outdoor seating areas stand proudly, while in the countryside, rows of wind turbines and solar panels generate clean, renewable energy under the bright sun. Ensure the cityscape is vivid and bustling, with prominent brewery signs, while the countryside scene showcases the renewable energy infrastructure against a serene backdrop.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in The number of Breweries in the United States caused Renewable energy production in South Africa to increase. Make it feel plausible.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Beer Breweries and Biofuel Balance: A Boozy Blend or Brazen Bust?

The Fermentation Frontier

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of Breweries in the United States and Renewable energy production in South Africa. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then cite some social media posts you read that seem to be related.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Beer Breweries and Biofuel Balance: A Boozy Blend or Brazen Bust?

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this scholarly exploration, we delved into the intriguing relationship between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the renewable energy production in South Africa. We aimed to ferment a deeper understanding of how the craft beer craze across the pond might be intertwined with the development of sustainable energy practices in a distant corner of the world.

Employing data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we embarked on this frothy journey to uncover any potential correlation between the growth of breweries in the US and the renewable energy production in South Africa. Much to our surprise, our analysis yielded a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9648707 and a p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1990 to 2021. Indeed, it seems that the upsurge of craft breweries and the surge in renewable energy share more than just a penchant for sustainability - they could be brewing up something truly significant.

But before we draw hasty conclusions, we must acknowledge the froth and foam of skepticism that may bubble up regarding this seemingly improbable connection. Could it be a mere coincidence, or is there a fizzling force at play that ties together beer consumption and biodiesel production? Our findings invite further exploration, probing the depths of this beery-bioenergy nexus and raising a glass to the possibility of an unexpected symbiotic relationship.

As we lift our mugs to toast to these unanticipated findings, we anticipate that this study will spark lively debates among experts in both the brewing and renewable energy communities, inspiring further research and perhaps even unearthing unexpected beer-biofuel synergies around the globe. Cheers to the spirited pursuit of knowledge!

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The world of academia often leads us to explore unexpected connections and unravel the intricate web of relationships that exist between seemingly disparate phenomena. In this spirit, we embarked on a frothy exploration that aimed to link the growth of breweries in the United States to the renewable energy production in South Africa. This peculiar pairing led us on a journey that could be described as a mix of hops and kilowatts, a blend of barley and bioenergy, and certainly an endeavor teeming with unexpected fizz and suds.
Our curiosity was piqued by the simultaneous rise of craft breweries in the US and the evolution of renewable energy production in South Africa. As scholars, we could not resist the temptation to investigate whether there was more than a casual correlation between these two seemingly unrelated trends. Was there perhaps a deeper, more nuanced relationship brewing beneath the surface, one that eluded conventional wisdom and statistical predictability?
Armed with data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we set out to quench our thirst for knowledge by crunching numbers, sifting through statistics, and musing over malt potential. Little did we expect to stumble upon a correlation coefficient of 0.9648707 and a p-value of less than 0.01, indicative of a remarkably strong association between the burgeoning breweries in the US and the renewable energy production in South Africa. It was at this juncture that we found ourselves at a crossroads, pondering whether to raise our glasses in celebration or to tap the keg of skepticism.
The juxtaposition of beer and biofuel may initially seem as incongruous as a beer stein at a biochemistry conference, yet our findings implore us to consider the possibility of an undercurrent of interconnectedness. Is it mere happenstance, or could there be a more deliberate interplay at work, weaving together the world of brewing and the realm of renewable energy in a harmony that transcends geographical boundaries?
As we prepare to unveil our findings, we urge our esteemed colleagues to join us in this unconventional odyssey. Let us raise a toast to the unexpected, and endeavor to unearth the nuances of this symbiotic relationship between beer breweries and sustainable energy production. For in the convergence of such seemingly incongruous domains, we may find not only answers but a newfound appreciation for the whimsical and wonderful tapestry of scholarly exploration. Cheers to the spirited pursuit of knowledge, and to the unanticipated connections that lie just beneath the frothy surface!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

Smith et al. (2015) conducted a comprehensive study on the proliferation of breweries in the United States and its potential impact on renewable energy production globally. Their findings provided initial insights into the intricate dynamics at play, yet their analysis left many questions fermenting in the scholarly cauldron. Doe and Jones (2018) built upon this foundation, delving deeper into the nuances of sustainable energy practices in South Africa, offering a glimpse into the complexities of biofuel production amidst a backdrop of burgeoning beer culture in the US.

As we venture deeper into the scholarly brew, it is crucial to acknowledge the well-established works that lay the groundwork for our unconventional exploration. Moving beyond the realms of academic journals, we find that non-fiction literature offers intriguing perspectives on the interplay between sustainable energy and sociocultural trends. "Sustainable Suds: A Global Tour of Eco-Friendly Brews" by EcoBrew Enthusiast (2019) provides a frothy overview of environmentally conscious brewing practices around the world, hinting at the potential ramifications on global energy ecosystems.

In the realm of fiction, the novel "Brewing Up a Renewable Revolution" by A. Hophead (2020) weaves a whimsical tale of a world where biofuel and beer are inexorably linked, blurring the boundaries between renewable energy ambitions and the art of craft brewing. While purely imaginative, such literary works carry a semblance of relevance to our offbeat inquiry and reflect the cultural fascination with the amalgamation of beer and bioenergy.

Further expanding the palette of perspectives, the ramblings of social media offer casual yet intriguing insights into the public discourse surrounding our curious concoction of themes. A Twitter thread by @HoppyNergyFanatic (2021) delves into the uncharted territory of beer-inspired renewable energy initiatives, teasing out the collective imagination and curiosity that thrives amidst the digital cacophony.

As we immerse ourselves in this lighthearted yet substantial inquiry, it becomes increasingly evident that the phenomenon of beers and biodiesels colliding on the scholarly stage is not just a fleeting frolic but a reflective lens through which we can glean unexpected parallels between seemingly unrelated domains. With each citation and quirky observation, we add another layer to the frothy tapestry of knowledge, decorating it with the hops of humor and the malt of mirth. Let us proceed with our uniquely fermenting examination, navigating the ebullient streams of literature and discourse with the unabashed enthusiasm of scholarly tipplers seeking to quench their thirst for unconventional understanding. Cheers to the whimsical and wonderful world of academic inquiry!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of Breweries in the United States and Renewable energy production in South Africa. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Brewers Association and Energy Information Administration . You used data from 1990 to 2021

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Beer Breweries and Biofuel Balance: A Boozy Blend or Brazen Bust?

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this scholarly exploration, we delved into the intriguing relationship between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the renewable energy production in South Africa. We aimed to ferment a deeper understanding of how the craft beer craze across the pond might be intertwined with the development of sustainable energy practices in a distant corner of the world.

Employing data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we embarked on this frothy journey to uncover any potential correlation between the growth of breweries in the US and the renewable energy production in South Africa. Much to our surprise, our analysis yielded a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9648707 and a p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1990 to 2021. Indeed, it seems that the upsurge of craft breweries and the surge in renewable energy share more than just a penchant for sustainability - they could be brewing up something truly significant.

But before we draw hasty conclusions, we must acknowledge the froth and foam of skepticism that may bubble up regarding this seemingly improbable connection. Could it be a mere coincidence, or is there a fizzling force at play that ties together beer consumption and biodiesel production? Our findings invite further exploration, probing the depths of this beery-bioenergy nexus and raising a glass to the possibility of an unexpected symbiotic relationship.

As we lift our mugs to toast to these unanticipated findings, we anticipate that this study will spark lively debates among experts in both the brewing and renewable energy communities, inspiring further research and perhaps even unearthing unexpected beer-biofuel synergies around the globe. Cheers to the spirited pursuit of knowledge!

[[INTRODUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The world of academia often leads us to explore unexpected connections and unravel the intricate web of relationships that exist between seemingly disparate phenomena. In this spirit, we embarked on a frothy exploration that aimed to link the growth of breweries in the United States to the renewable energy production in South Africa. This peculiar pairing led us on a journey that could be described as a mix of hops and kilowatts, a blend of barley and bioenergy, and certainly an endeavor teeming with unexpected fizz and suds.
Our curiosity was piqued by the simultaneous rise of craft breweries in the US and the evolution of renewable energy production in South Africa. As scholars, we could not resist the temptation to investigate whether there was more than a casual correlation between these two seemingly unrelated trends. Was there perhaps a deeper, more nuanced relationship brewing beneath the surface, one that eluded conventional wisdom and statistical predictability?
Armed with data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we set out to quench our thirst for knowledge by crunching numbers, sifting through statistics, and musing over malt potential. Little did we expect to stumble upon a correlation coefficient of 0.9648707 and a p-value of less than 0.01, indicative of a remarkably strong association between the burgeoning breweries in the US and the renewable energy production in South Africa. It was at this juncture that we found ourselves at a crossroads, pondering whether to raise our glasses in celebration or to tap the keg of skepticism.
The juxtaposition of beer and biofuel may initially seem as incongruous as a beer stein at a biochemistry conference, yet our findings implore us to consider the possibility of an undercurrent of interconnectedness. Is it mere happenstance, or could there be a more deliberate interplay at work, weaving together the world of brewing and the realm of renewable energy in a harmony that transcends geographical boundaries?
As we prepare to unveil our findings, we urge our esteemed colleagues to join us in this unconventional odyssey. Let us raise a toast to the unexpected, and endeavor to unearth the nuances of this symbiotic relationship between beer breweries and sustainable energy production. For in the convergence of such seemingly incongruous domains, we may find not only answers but a newfound appreciation for the whimsical and wonderful tapestry of scholarly exploration. Cheers to the spirited pursuit of knowledge, and to the unanticipated connections that lie just beneath the frothy surface!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

To craft this audacious investigation into the entwined worlds of brews and bioenergy, we employed a multifaceted approach that combined the precision of a master brewer with the electrifying zeal of a renewable energy enthusiast. Our data sources were diverse, much like the flavors of a well-stocked beer fridge, drawing extensively from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration. By tapping into the fermenting vat of information spanning from 1990 to 2021, we sought to distill any potential relationship between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the renewable energy production in South Africa.

A cornerstone of our methodology was the utilization of a hybrid quantitative-qualitative framework, not entirely dissimilar to a dark and stormy stout with a refreshing twist of lime. We meticulously collected data on the number of breweries in the US and the renewable energy production in South Africa, employing statistical analyses to measure the potential association between these seemingly unrelated domains. We approached this analysis with a blend of scholarly gravitas and an appreciation for the unpredictable effervescence that can emerge when distinct disciplines converge.

To navigate the stormy seas of statistical analysis, we opted for a robust approach that can be likened to the careful selection of ingredients in a prized beer recipe. First, we calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient to discern the strength and direction of any potential relationship between brewery growth and renewable energy production. This step was followed by a dabble in the arcane arts of regression analysis, probing the predictive power of breweries on renewable energy production with a methodological finesse worthy of a seasoned brewmaster.

Not content to merely sip at the shallow end of statistical analysis, we also delved into the frothy depths of hypothesis testing, conducting t-tests to evaluate the significance of any observed correlations and pitting our findings against the specter of chance. In doing so, we hoped to distill any meaningful nuggets of knowledge from the foamy sea of data, savoring the tantalizing possibility of uncovering a genuine link between the fizzy world of beer and the electrifying realm of renewable energy.

In tandem with these quantitative analyses, we indulged in a qualitative exploration that sought to extract the aroma and essence of the relationship between breweries and bioenergy production. This involved perusing industry reports, scrutinizing historical trends, and engaging in copious amounts of contemplation over pints of craft brew – all in the pursuit of understanding the alchemical interplay between hops and photovoltaics.

With these multifaceted methods at our disposal, we sought to ferment a rigorous yet whimsical examination of the interconnectedness between the rise of breweries in the US and the renewable energy production in South Africa. Through this unconventional methodology, we aimed to unravel the frothy intrigue that lies at the frothy intersection of beer and bioenergy, hoping to uncover not only empirical insights but also a newfound appreciation for the unexpected correlations that bubble beneath the surface of scholarly inquiry. Onward, then, to the heady mix of data and discovery, as we embrace the unanticipated and strive to capture the ineffable magic of this peculiar pairing.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of Breweries in the United States and Renewable energy production in South Africa. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Brewers Association and Energy Information Administration .

For the time period 1990 to 2021, you found a correlation 0.9648707, r-squared of 0.9309755, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Beer Breweries and Biofuel Balance: A Boozy Blend or Brazen Bust?

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this scholarly exploration, we delved into the intriguing relationship between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the renewable energy production in South Africa. We aimed to ferment a deeper understanding of how the craft beer craze across the pond might be intertwined with the development of sustainable energy practices in a distant corner of the world.

Employing data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we embarked on this frothy journey to uncover any potential correlation between the growth of breweries in the US and the renewable energy production in South Africa. Much to our surprise, our analysis yielded a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9648707 and a p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1990 to 2021. Indeed, it seems that the upsurge of craft breweries and the surge in renewable energy share more than just a penchant for sustainability - they could be brewing up something truly significant.

But before we draw hasty conclusions, we must acknowledge the froth and foam of skepticism that may bubble up regarding this seemingly improbable connection. Could it be a mere coincidence, or is there a fizzling force at play that ties together beer consumption and biodiesel production? Our findings invite further exploration, probing the depths of this beery-bioenergy nexus and raising a glass to the possibility of an unexpected symbiotic relationship.

As we lift our mugs to toast to these unanticipated findings, we anticipate that this study will spark lively debates among experts in both the brewing and renewable energy communities, inspiring further research and perhaps even unearthing unexpected beer-biofuel synergies around the globe. Cheers to the spirited pursuit of knowledge!

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
INTRODUCTION
The world of academia often leads us to explore unexpected connections and unravel the intricate web of relationships that exist between seemingly disparate phenomena. In this spirit, we embarked on a frothy exploration that aimed to link the growth of breweries in the United States to the renewable energy production in South Africa. This peculiar pairing led us on a journey that could be described as a mix of hops and kilowatts, a blend of barley and bioenergy, and certainly an endeavor teeming with unexpected fizz and suds.
Our curiosity was piqued by the simultaneous rise of craft breweries in the US and the evolution of renewable energy production in South Africa. As scholars, we could not resist the temptation to investigate whether there was more than a casual correlation between these two seemingly unrelated trends. Was there perhaps a deeper, more nuanced relationship brewing beneath the surface, one that eluded conventional wisdom and statistical predictability?
Armed with data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we set out to quench our thirst for knowledge by crunching numbers, sifting through statistics, and musing over malt potential. Little did we expect to stumble upon a correlation coefficient of 0.9648707 and a p-value of less than 0.01, indicative of a remarkably strong association between the burgeoning breweries in the US and the renewable energy production in South Africa. It was at this juncture that we found ourselves at a crossroads, pondering whether to raise our glasses in celebration or to tap the keg of skepticism.
The juxtaposition of beer and biofuel may initially seem as incongruous as a beer stein at a biochemistry conference, yet our findings implore us to consider the possibility of an undercurrent of interconnectedness. Is it mere happenstance, or could there be a more deliberate interplay at work, weaving together the world of brewing and the realm of renewable energy in a harmony that transcends geographical boundaries?
As we prepare to unveil our findings, we urge our esteemed colleagues to join us in this unconventional odyssey. Let us raise a toast to the unexpected, and endeavor to unearth the nuances of this symbiotic relationship between beer breweries and sustainable energy production. For in the convergence of such seemingly incongruous domains, we may find not only answers but a newfound appreciation for the whimsical and wonderful tapestry of scholarly exploration. Cheers to the spirited pursuit of knowledge, and to the unanticipated connections that lie just beneath the frothy surface!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The statistical analysis of the data obtained from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration revealed a surprisingly robust relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and the renewable energy production in South Africa for the period 1990 to 2021. The correlation coefficient of 0.9648707 indicated a remarkably strong positive correlation between these seemingly unrelated variables. In simpler terms, as the number of breweries in the US increased, the production of renewable energy in South Africa also showed a striking upward trend.

The strength of this relationship was further supported by the r-squared value of 0.9309755, suggesting that approximately 93% of the variability in renewable energy production in South Africa could be explained by the growth of breweries in the United States. This is truly remarkable, considering that one might expect these two phenomena to be about as connected as a pint of stout and a solar panel - that is to say, not at all.

The p-value of less than 0.01 further corroborated the significance of this correlation, indicating that the likelihood of such a strong association occurring by mere chance was exceedingly low. It seems that the rise of craft breweries and the surge in renewable energy production share more than just a casual connection; they might just be swirling together in a heady concoction of sudsy sustainability and jolts of joules.

However, it is essential to approach these findings with a grain of malt – or rather, a grain of salt – as correlation does not necessarily imply causation. While it might be tempting to envision a scenario where the clinking of glasses in American breweries spurs an uptick in renewable energy efforts in South Africa, we must exercise caution in attributing causality to this relationship. After all, just because both beer and biodiesel can be made from organic matter does not mean that one automatically leads to the other – though the thought of a beer-powered energy grid does have a certain whimsical appeal.

**Figure 1**: The figure below illustrates the remarkable correlation between the number of breweries in the United States and the renewable energy production in South Africa. While we cannot pour a beer for every data point, the strong positive relationship is clear, much like the effervescence in a freshly poured pint of ale.

In conclusion, these findings invite further exploration into the unexpected interconnectedness of beer breweries and sustainable energy production. They also serve as a potent reminder that in the realm of scholarly inquiry, the most surprising discoveries often rest just beneath the frothy surface. Let us raise a glass to the unexpected and embark on a spirited pursuit of knowledge, as we continue to unravel the mysteries of this peculiar and possibly potent brew-fueled energy nexus. Cheers to beer, biofuel, and the serendipitous links that beckon us to probe further into the depths of scholarly exploration.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of Breweries in the United States and Renewable energy production in South Africa. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
Beer Breweries and Biofuel Balance: A Boozy Blend or Brazen Bust?

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this scholarly exploration, we delved into the intriguing relationship between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the renewable energy production in South Africa. We aimed to ferment a deeper understanding of how the craft beer craze across the pond might be intertwined with the development of sustainable energy practices in a distant corner of the world.

Employing data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we embarked on this frothy journey to uncover any potential correlation between the growth of breweries in the US and the renewable energy production in South Africa. Much to our surprise, our analysis yielded a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9648707 and a p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1990 to 2021. Indeed, it seems that the upsurge of craft breweries and the surge in renewable energy share more than just a penchant for sustainability - they could be brewing up something truly significant.

But before we draw hasty conclusions, we must acknowledge the froth and foam of skepticism that may bubble up regarding this seemingly improbable connection. Could it be a mere coincidence, or is there a fizzling force at play that ties together beer consumption and biodiesel production? Our findings invite further exploration, probing the depths of this beery-bioenergy nexus and raising a glass to the possibility of an unexpected symbiotic relationship.

As we lift our mugs to toast to these unanticipated findings, we anticipate that this study will spark lively debates among experts in both the brewing and renewable energy communities, inspiring further research and perhaps even unearthing unexpected beer-biofuel synergies around the globe. Cheers to the spirited pursuit of knowledge!

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
Smith et al. (2015) conducted a comprehensive study on the proliferation of breweries in the United States and its potential impact on renewable energy production globally. Their findings provided initial insights into the intricate dynamics at play, yet their analysis left many questions fermenting in the scholarly cauldron. Doe and Jones (2018) built upon this foundation, delving deeper into the nuances of sustainable energy practices in South Africa, offering a glimpse into the complexities of biofuel production amidst a backdrop of burgeoning beer culture in the US.
As we venture deeper into the scholarly brew, it is crucial to acknowledge the well-established works that lay the groundwork for our unconventional exploration. Moving beyond the realms of academic journals, we find that non-fiction literature offers intriguing perspectives on the interplay between sustainable energy and sociocultural trends. "Sustainable Suds: A Global Tour of Eco-Friendly Brews" by EcoBrew Enthusiast (2019) provides a frothy overview of environmentally conscious brewing practices around the world, hinting at the potential ramifications on global energy ecosystems.
In the realm of fiction, the novel "Brewing Up a Renewable Revolution" by A. Hophead (2020) weaves a whimsical tale of a world where biofuel and beer are inexorably linked, blurring the boundaries between renewable energy ambitions and the art of craft brewing. While purely imaginative, such literary works carry a semblance of relevance to our offbeat inquiry and reflect the cultural fascination with the amalgamation of beer and bioenergy.
Further expanding the palette of perspectives, the ramblings of social media offer casual yet intriguing insights into the public discourse surrounding our curious concoction of themes. A Twitter thread by @HoppyNergyFanatic (2021) delves into the uncharted territory of beer-inspired renewable energy initiatives, teasing out the collective imagination and curiosity that thrives amidst the digital cacophony.
As we immerse ourselves in this lighthearted yet substantial inquiry, it becomes increasingly evident that the phenomenon of beers and biodiesels colliding on the scholarly stage is not just a fleeting frolic but a reflective lens through which we can glean unexpected parallels between seemingly unrelated domains. With each citation and quirky observation, we add another layer to the frothy tapestry of knowledge, decorating it with the hops of humor and the malt of mirth. Let us proceed with our uniquely fermenting examination, navigating the ebullient streams of literature and discourse with the unabashed enthusiasm of scholarly tipplers seeking to quench their thirst for unconventional understanding. Cheers to the whimsical and wonderful world of academic inquiry!

[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis of the data obtained from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration revealed a surprisingly robust relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and the renewable energy production in South Africa for the period 1990 to 2021. The correlation coefficient of 0.9648707 indicated a remarkably strong positive correlation between these seemingly unrelated variables. In simpler terms, as the number of breweries in the US increased, the production of renewable energy in South Africa also showed a striking upward trend.
The strength of this relationship was further supported by the r-squared value of 0.9309755, suggesting that approximately 93% of the variability in renewable energy production in South Africa could be explained by the growth of breweries in the United States. This is truly remarkable, considering that one might expect these two phenomena to be about as connected as a pint of stout and a solar panel - that is to say, not at all.
The p-value of less than 0.01 further corroborated the significance of this correlation, indicating that the likelihood of such a strong association occurring by mere chance was exceedingly low. It seems that the rise of craft breweries and the surge in renewable energy production share more than just a casual connection; they might just be swirling together in a heady concoction of sudsy sustainability and jolts of joules.
However, it is essential to approach these findings with a grain of malt – or rather, a grain of salt – as correlation does not necessarily imply causation. While it might be tempting to envision a scenario where the clinking of glasses in American breweries spurs an uptick in renewable energy efforts in South Africa, we must exercise caution in attributing causality to this relationship. After all, just because both beer and biodiesel can be made from organic matter does not mean that one automatically leads to the other – though the thought of a beer-powered energy grid does have a certain whimsical appeal.
: The figure below illustrates the remarkable correlation between the number of breweries in the United States and the renewable energy production in South Africa. While we cannot pour a beer for every data point, the strong positive relationship is clear, much like the effervescence in a freshly poured pint of ale.
In conclusion, these findings invite further exploration into the unexpected interconnectedness of beer breweries and sustainable energy production. They also serve as a potent reminder that in the realm of scholarly inquiry, the most surprising discoveries often rest just beneath the frothy surface. Let us raise a glass to the unexpected and embark on a spirited pursuit of knowledge, as we continue to unravel the mysteries of this peculiar and possibly potent brew-fueled energy nexus. Cheers to beer, biofuel, and the serendipitous links that beckon us to probe further into the depths of scholarly exploration.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The results of our analysis provide compelling support for the speculative brewtastic musings that have frothed through past literature. Smith et al. (2015) and Doe and Jones (2018) hinted at the potential link between the growth of breweries in the US and the renewable energy production in South Africa, but our findings have poured a substantial pint of evidence into this spirited debate. It seems that the budding beer culture across the pond may indeed be fermenting a hearty helping of biofuel enthusiasm in distant lands.

As we frolic through the realms of scholarly satire, it is crucial to address the bitter aftertaste of skepticism that may linger amidst these seemingly jovial findings. While our analysis has uncorked a rather surprising correlation between American alehouses and African energy aspirations, we must acknowledge that correlation, much like a hearty ale, does not necessarily imply causation. Just because the number of breweries in the US and the renewable energy production in South Africa seem to be as interconnected as hops and malt, we must resist the temptation to leap to the conclusion that beer brews renewable energy.

Nevertheless, the statistical rigor of our analysis, as symbolized by the robust correlation coefficient and the diminutive p-value, speaks to the seriousness with which we approach this unlikely relationship. It is as if the froth on a pint of craft IPA, buoyant and irresistible, has emerged as an unexpected symbol of interconnectedness between two disparate realms - beer and bioenergy. Much like the buoyancy that propels a beer to life, the buoyancy of this correlation propels us to consider the possibility that global trends in brewing may be influencing the trajectory of sustainable energy endeavors.

It is tempting to envision a world where each sip of a hoppy concoction in an American brewery sends ripples of renewable energy enthusiasm across the expanse of the Atlantic. But before we tip these musings into the frothy chalice of certainty, further research must be undertaken. The potential implications of this seemingly improbable connection are both sobering and invigorating, inspiring us to delve deeper into the beery-bioenergy nexus and ferment a richer understanding of this unlikely relationship.

Here, in the foamy embrace of unconventional inquiry, we find ourselves caught between a whirlpool of scholarly skepticism and a riptide of improbable possibility. As we navigate these briny depths, let us not forget the playful spirit that underpins this unorthodox investigation. After all, what could be more whimsical than the possibility that a brewery in Milwaukee might, in some unknown and unseen way, be driving the turbines of sustainable energy in South Africa? As we embark on this lighthearted but substantial quest for knowledge, let us remember to raise our glasses not only to the unexpected findings but also to the unanticipated mirth and merriment that often accompany the pursuit of scholarly enlightenment. Here's to the spirited pursuit of knowledge – and to the unexpected twists and turns that make it all the more delectably intriguing. Cheers to the whimsical and wonderful world of academic inquiry!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of Breweries in the United States and Renewable energy production in South Africa. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
Beer Breweries and Biofuel Balance: A Boozy Blend or Brazen Bust?

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this scholarly exploration, we delved into the intriguing relationship between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the renewable energy production in South Africa. We aimed to ferment a deeper understanding of how the craft beer craze across the pond might be intertwined with the development of sustainable energy practices in a distant corner of the world.

Employing data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we embarked on this frothy journey to uncover any potential correlation between the growth of breweries in the US and the renewable energy production in South Africa. Much to our surprise, our analysis yielded a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9648707 and a p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1990 to 2021. Indeed, it seems that the upsurge of craft breweries and the surge in renewable energy share more than just a penchant for sustainability - they could be brewing up something truly significant.

But before we draw hasty conclusions, we must acknowledge the froth and foam of skepticism that may bubble up regarding this seemingly improbable connection. Could it be a mere coincidence, or is there a fizzling force at play that ties together beer consumption and biodiesel production? Our findings invite further exploration, probing the depths of this beery-bioenergy nexus and raising a glass to the possibility of an unexpected symbiotic relationship.

As we lift our mugs to toast to these unanticipated findings, we anticipate that this study will spark lively debates among experts in both the brewing and renewable energy communities, inspiring further research and perhaps even unearthing unexpected beer-biofuel synergies around the globe. Cheers to the spirited pursuit of knowledge!

[[INTRDUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The world of academia often leads us to explore unexpected connections and unravel the intricate web of relationships that exist between seemingly disparate phenomena. In this spirit, we embarked on a frothy exploration that aimed to link the growth of breweries in the United States to the renewable energy production in South Africa. This peculiar pairing led us on a journey that could be described as a mix of hops and kilowatts, a blend of barley and bioenergy, and certainly an endeavor teeming with unexpected fizz and suds.
Our curiosity was piqued by the simultaneous rise of craft breweries in the US and the evolution of renewable energy production in South Africa. As scholars, we could not resist the temptation to investigate whether there was more than a casual correlation between these two seemingly unrelated trends. Was there perhaps a deeper, more nuanced relationship brewing beneath the surface, one that eluded conventional wisdom and statistical predictability?
Armed with data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we set out to quench our thirst for knowledge by crunching numbers, sifting through statistics, and musing over malt potential. Little did we expect to stumble upon a correlation coefficient of 0.9648707 and a p-value of less than 0.01, indicative of a remarkably strong association between the burgeoning breweries in the US and the renewable energy production in South Africa. It was at this juncture that we found ourselves at a crossroads, pondering whether to raise our glasses in celebration or to tap the keg of skepticism.
The juxtaposition of beer and biofuel may initially seem as incongruous as a beer stein at a biochemistry conference, yet our findings implore us to consider the possibility of an undercurrent of interconnectedness. Is it mere happenstance, or could there be a more deliberate interplay at work, weaving together the world of brewing and the realm of renewable energy in a harmony that transcends geographical boundaries?
As we prepare to unveil our findings, we urge our esteemed colleagues to join us in this unconventional odyssey. Let us raise a toast to the unexpected, and endeavor to unearth the nuances of this symbiotic relationship between beer breweries and sustainable energy production. For in the convergence of such seemingly incongruous domains, we may find not only answers but a newfound appreciation for the whimsical and wonderful tapestry of scholarly exploration. Cheers to the spirited pursuit of knowledge, and to the unanticipated connections that lie just beneath the frothy surface!

[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis of the data obtained from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration revealed a surprisingly robust relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and the renewable energy production in South Africa for the period 1990 to 2021. The correlation coefficient of 0.9648707 indicated a remarkably strong positive correlation between these seemingly unrelated variables. In simpler terms, as the number of breweries in the US increased, the production of renewable energy in South Africa also showed a striking upward trend.
The strength of this relationship was further supported by the r-squared value of 0.9309755, suggesting that approximately 93% of the variability in renewable energy production in South Africa could be explained by the growth of breweries in the United States. This is truly remarkable, considering that one might expect these two phenomena to be about as connected as a pint of stout and a solar panel - that is to say, not at all.
The p-value of less than 0.01 further corroborated the significance of this correlation, indicating that the likelihood of such a strong association occurring by mere chance was exceedingly low. It seems that the rise of craft breweries and the surge in renewable energy production share more than just a casual connection; they might just be swirling together in a heady concoction of sudsy sustainability and jolts of joules.
However, it is essential to approach these findings with a grain of malt – or rather, a grain of salt – as correlation does not necessarily imply causation. While it might be tempting to envision a scenario where the clinking of glasses in American breweries spurs an uptick in renewable energy efforts in South Africa, we must exercise caution in attributing causality to this relationship. After all, just because both beer and biodiesel can be made from organic matter does not mean that one automatically leads to the other – though the thought of a beer-powered energy grid does have a certain whimsical appeal.
: The figure below illustrates the remarkable correlation between the number of breweries in the United States and the renewable energy production in South Africa. While we cannot pour a beer for every data point, the strong positive relationship is clear, much like the effervescence in a freshly poured pint of ale.
In conclusion, these findings invite further exploration into the unexpected interconnectedness of beer breweries and sustainable energy production. They also serve as a potent reminder that in the realm of scholarly inquiry, the most surprising discoveries often rest just beneath the frothy surface. Let us raise a glass to the unexpected and embark on a spirited pursuit of knowledge, as we continue to unravel the mysteries of this peculiar and possibly potent brew-fueled energy nexus. Cheers to beer, biofuel, and the serendipitous links that beckon us to probe further into the depths of scholarly exploration.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

As we raise our pints and bid adieu to this unconventional odyssey of scholarly exploration, we find ourselves at a frothy crossroads. The unanticipated correlation between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the renewable energy production in South Africa may seem as improbable as winning a beer-drinking contest at a renewable energy conference, but the data speaks for itself – much like a tipsy bar patron during last call.

The robust correlation coefficient of 0.9648707 and a p-value of less than 0.01 have left us in a state of ale-mentary surprise, showcasing a striking relationship between beer brewing and biofuel balance. It appears that as the craft beer craze bubbled over in the US, the production of renewable energy in South Africa found itself on a sudsy upward trajectory, much like the foamy head atop a perfectly poured pint.

While our results beg the question of whether clinking glasses in American breweries could somehow stir up a renewable energy renaissance in South Africa, let’s not get ahead of ourselves. After all, just because both beer and biodiesel can be made from organic matter does not mean that one necessarily leads to the other – though the vision of a beer-powered energy grid does have a certain whimsical appeal.

In closing, let us gingerly sip on the lingering implications of this boozy-bioenergy nexus and raise a toast to the unexpected discoveries that lie just beneath the frothy surface. It is a reminder that in the world of scholarly inquiry, there is always the potential for surprising connections – just as a brewery tour might unexpectedly double as a crash course in sustainable energy practices.

As we down the last dregs of this scholarly ale, it is clear that no more research is needed in this area. So, let's raise our glasses and cheers to the end of this unexpected, unpredictable, and undoubtedly unbeerable journey!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Beer Breweries and Biofuel Balance: A Boozy Blend or Brazen Bust?. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Fermentation Frontier

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Beer Breweries and Biofuel Balance: A Boozy Blend or Brazen Bust?. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

Society for Sudsy Sustainability Studies

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Beer Breweries and Biofuel Balance: A Boozy Blend or Brazen Bust? with an abstract of In this scholarly exploration, we delved into the intriguing relationship between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the renewable energy production in South Africa. We aimed to ferment a deeper understanding of how the craft beer craze across the pond might be intertwined with the development of sustainable energy practices in a distant corner of the world.
Employing data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we embarked on this frothy journey to uncover any potential correlation between the growth of breweries in the US and the renewable energy production in South Africa. Much to our surprise, our analysis yielded a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9648707 and a p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1990 to 2021. Indeed, it seems that the upsurge of craft breweries and the surge in renewable energy share more than just a penchant for sustainability - they could be brewing up something truly significant.
But before we draw hasty conclusions, we must acknowledge the froth and foam of skepticism that may bubble up regarding this seemingly improbable connection. Could it be a mere coincidence, or is there a fizzling force at play that ties together beer consumption and biodiesel production? Our findings invite further exploration, probing the depths of this beery-bioenergy nexus and raising a glass to the possibility of an unexpected symbiotic relationship.
As we lift our mugs to toast to these unanticipated findings, we anticipate that this study will spark lively debates among experts in both the brewing and renewable energy communities, inspiring further research and perhaps even unearthing unexpected beer-biofuel synergies around the globe. Cheers to the spirited pursuit of knowledge!

ChatGPT:

beer breweries, renewable energy, biofuel production, craft beer, sustainable energy, Brewers Association, Energy Information Administration, correlation, renewable energy production, United States, South Africa

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

The number of Breweries in the United States
Detailed data title: Number of Breweries in the United States
Source: Brewers Association
See what else correlates with The number of Breweries in the United States

Renewable energy production in South Africa
Detailed data title: Total renewable energy production in South Africa in billion kWh
Source: Energy Information Administration
See what else correlates with Renewable energy production in South Africa

Correlation r = 0.9648707 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.9309755 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 93.1% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Renewable energy production in South Africa) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., The number of Breweries in the United States) over the 32 years from 1990 through 2021.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 5.7E-19.^Show 0.0000000000000000005745698557
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.96 in 5.7E-17% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 1,740,432,412,315,987,968 random variables^Note You don't actually need 1 quintillion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 31 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 31 because we have two variables measured over a period of 32 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.93, 0.98 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
The number of Breweries in the United States (Number of breweries)	298	350	405	490	634	1006	1305	1475	1651	1577	1493	1499	1575	1629	1635	1612	1741	1805	1896	1933	2131	2525	2670	3162	4014	4847	5780	6767	7722	8557	9092	9384
Renewable energy production in South Africa (Billion kWh)	1.01	1.98	0.752	0.146	1.074	0.529	1.379	2.238	1.826	0.923	1.65	2.368	2.637	1.063	1.236	1.617	3.17	1.163	1.51	1.718	2.48	2.437	1.615	1.58082	3.39987	6.0179	7.71219	10.008	12.172	12.539	12.762	16.8323

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
Confounding variable: 2020 is particularly different from the other years on this graph. Confounding variables (like global pandemics) will cause two variables to look connected when in fact a "sneaky third" variable is influencing both of them behind the scenes.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([298,350,405,490,634,1006,1305,1475,1651,1577,1493,1499,1575,1629,1635,1612,1741,1805,1896,1933,2131,2525,2670,3162,4014,4847,5780,6767,7722,8557,9092,9384,])
array_2 = np.array([1.01,1.98,0.752,0.146,1.074,0.529,1.379,2.238,1.826,0.923,1.65,2.368,2.637,1.063,1.236,1.617,3.17,1.163,1.51,1.718,2.48,2.437,1.615,1.58082,3.39987,6.0179,7.71219,10.008,12.172,12.539,12.762,16.8323,])
array_1_name = "The number of Breweries in the United States"
array_2_name = "Renewable energy production in South Africa"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only The number of Breweries in the United States
Line chart for only Renewable energy production in South Africa
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Beer Breweries and Biofuel Balance: A Boozy Blend or Brazen Bust?

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Correlation ID: 2028 · Black Variable ID: 34 · Red Variable ID: 23984


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