Spurious correlation #1,926 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Abdullah and the second variable is UFO sightings in Oregon. The chart goes from 1975 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Abdullah and the second variable is UFO sightings in Oregon. The chart goes from 1975 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

The name Abdullah may sound otherworldly to some, leading people to subconsciously tune into extraterrestrial frequencies. As more parents chanted "Abdullah, Abdullah, Abdullah" at playgrounds, it inadvertently sent out a cosmic invitation, making Oregon a hotspot for UFOs. It seems like the aliens have abduct-nah-stay policy in Oregon!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate an image of a small Oregon town, with a group of people outside at night, looking up at the sky with excitement. A mysterious light streaks across the horizon, drawing their attention. Among the crowd, a young boy named Abdullah stands surrounded by his friends, who are admiring him and listening attentively as he shares stories. The style should be a cute and endearing art illustration, capturing the warm, small-town atmosphere and the sense of wonder in the scene. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Cyberpunk Cyberpunk inspired by bauhaus Cutsy art illustration Cubism
ChatGPT: Cutsy art illustration

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon together. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In a small Oregon town, a group of people gather outside, excitedly pointing up at the night sky as a mysterious light streaks across the horizon. Meanwhile, in the midst of the crowd, a young boy named Abdullah is surrounded by his friends, all admiring him and listening attentively to his stories.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Cutsy art illustration ] and depicting this scene: In a small Oregon town, a group of people gather outside, excitedly pointing up at the night sky as a mysterious light streaks across the horizon. Meanwhile, in the midst of the crowd, a young boy named Abdullah is surrounded by his friends, all admiring him and listening attentively to his stories. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate an image of a small Oregon town, with a group of people outside at night, looking up at the sky with excitement. A mysterious light streaks across the horizon, drawing their attention. Among the crowd, a young boy named Abdullah stands surrounded by his friends, who are admiring him and listening attentively as he shares stories. The style should be a cute and endearing art illustration, capturing the warm, small-town atmosphere and the sense of wonder in the scene.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in Popularity of the first name Abdullah caused UFO sightings in Oregon to increase. Include one good pun.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Abdullah's Unidentified Popularity: A Close Encounter of the Statistical Kind

Journal of Extraterrestrial Statistics

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then you might move on to cartoons and children's shows that you watched for research.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Abdullah's Unidentified Popularity: A Close Encounter of the Statistical Kind"

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study investigates the peculiar relationship between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center, our research team applied rigorous statistical analyses to assess this intriguing correlation. Our findings revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9318088 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning 1975 to 2021. While the link between the name Abdullah and UFO activity may seem as elusive as a UFO sighting itself, our results suggest a noteworthy connection. This research sheds light on the enthralling intersection of cultural naming trends and extraterrestrial phenomena, leaving one to ponder whether it's just a cosmic coincidence or a celestial conspiracy.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The relationship between human nomenclature and celestial encounters has long piqued the interest of both academics and enthusiasts of the unexplained. In this study, we aim to explore the correlation between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and the frequency of UFO sightings in the state of Oregon. The choice of Oregon as the geographical focus of our investigation stems from its reputation as a hotspot for UFO activities, drawing both seasoned ufologists and avid stargazers alike. As for the name Abdullah, its widespread use across various cultures provides a fertile ground for probing potential associations with extraterrestrial visitations.
While some might dismiss this inquiry as mere whimsy, the statistical analyses conducted in our research bring forth compelling evidence to support the notion that there might be more to the juxtaposition of these variables than meets the eye. By harnessing data from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center, rigorous quantitative methods were employed to scrutinize the temporal patterns of Abdullah's popularity and UFO sightings in Oregon. The resulting statistical insights not only illuminate a noteworthy correlation but also beckon us to contemplate the enigmatic interplay between human naming conventions and otherworldly encounters.
In the subsequent sections of this paper, we present our methodology, delve into the findings, and offer interpretations that stimulate ruminations on the cosmic conundrum at hand. As we embark on this journey through the esoteric intersection of nomenclature and otherworldly phenomena, it is our hope that readers will find this exploration as engaging and thought-provoking as a UFO sighting itself.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The literature reviewed herein encompasses a wide array of research, both scholarly and non-scholarly, pertaining to the enigmatic correlation between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon. Smith (2015), in “Naming Conventions and Celestial Coincidences,” explores the historical evolution of naming practices and their potential ties to celestial phenomena, providing a foundation for understanding the cultural context of nomenclature and otherworldly encounters. Similarly, Doe (2018) investigates the symbolic significance of names in “Cosmic Connections: Exploring the Mystique of Monikers,” shedding light on the deeper meanings attributed to names and their hypothetical resonance with extraterrestrial activities.

Moving onto non-fiction books, Jones (2017) in “UFOs and You: A Guide to Unexplained Encounters” documents various instances of UFO sightings and encounters, although disappointingly for our research, fails to mention any correlation with popular names. In a somewhat more tangential fashion, the compilation work “Unconventional Naming: Exploring Cosmic Monikers Around the World” by Doe et al. (2020) surfaces ethnographic accounts of names with alleged connections to celestial events, offering anecdotal insights that leave one simultaneously intrigued and dubious.

Turning to fiction, the works of H.G. Wells, particularly “The War of the Worlds,” and Arthur C. Clarke's “Childhood's End” present captivating narratives of extraterrestrial invasions, although their relevance to the specific subject matter remains fairly distant. Moreover, the renowned science fiction series "The X-Files" offers a dramatized portrayal of UFO phenomena, serving as a perennial source of inspiration for both casual enthusiasts and devoted investigators.

Additionally, in the interest of comprehensiveness and thoroughness, the researchers delved into the world of cartoons and children's shows for any subtle hints or easter eggs relating to UFOs and names. However, the escapades of SpongeBob SquarePants and the antics of Scooby-Doo failed to yield any direct revelations about the esoteric relationship between the name Abdullah and extraterrestrial visitations in Oregon. Nevertheless, the research team appreciates the levity brought by these diversions.

While the scholarly literature has shed some light on the broader themes of naming conventions, celestial phenomena, and science fiction representations, the specific nexus between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon remains largely uncharted territory. Nonetheless, the diverse range of sources consulted has contributed valuable context and perspective to this perplexing phenomenon, paving the way for a more holistic understanding of this cosmic conundrum.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and National UFO Reporting Center . You used data from 1975 to 2021

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Abdullah's Unidentified Popularity: A Close Encounter of the Statistical Kind"

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study investigates the peculiar relationship between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center, our research team applied rigorous statistical analyses to assess this intriguing correlation. Our findings revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9318088 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning 1975 to 2021. While the link between the name Abdullah and UFO activity may seem as elusive as a UFO sighting itself, our results suggest a noteworthy connection. This research sheds light on the enthralling intersection of cultural naming trends and extraterrestrial phenomena, leaving one to ponder whether it's just a cosmic coincidence or a celestial conspiracy.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
The relationship between human nomenclature and celestial encounters has long piqued the interest of both academics and enthusiasts of the unexplained. In this study, we aim to explore the correlation between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and the frequency of UFO sightings in the state of Oregon. The choice of Oregon as the geographical focus of our investigation stems from its reputation as a hotspot for UFO activities, drawing both seasoned ufologists and avid stargazers alike. As for the name Abdullah, its widespread use across various cultures provides a fertile ground for probing potential associations with extraterrestrial visitations.
While some might dismiss this inquiry as mere whimsy, the statistical analyses conducted in our research bring forth compelling evidence to support the notion that there might be more to the juxtaposition of these variables than meets the eye. By harnessing data from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center, rigorous quantitative methods were employed to scrutinize the temporal patterns of Abdullah's popularity and UFO sightings in Oregon. The resulting statistical insights not only illuminate a noteworthy correlation but also beckon us to contemplate the enigmatic interplay between human naming conventions and otherworldly encounters.
In the subsequent sections of this paper, we present our methodology, delve into the findings, and offer interpretations that stimulate ruminations on the cosmic conundrum at hand. As we embark on this journey through the esoteric intersection of nomenclature and otherworldly phenomena, it is our hope that readers will find this exploration as engaging and thought-provoking as a UFO sighting itself.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

Data Collection:
The first step of our research involved the collection of comprehensive data on the popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon. To obtain information on the frequency of the name Abdullah, we turned to the ever-enthralling realm of the US Social Security Administration records. These records provided a wealth of data spanning from 1975 to 2021, allowing us to track the ebbs and flows of Abdullah's prevalence in the cultural landscape.

For UFO sightings, we relied on reports from the National UFO Reporting Center, an organization dedicated to cataloging and analyzing unidentified flying object encounters. The trove of reports from this repository offered a tantalizing glimpse into the enigmatic occurrences of UFO sightings in Oregon over the same period.

Data Processing:
Once the datasets were amassed, our research team engaged in a series of meticulous data processing procedures. The US Social Security Administration data on the frequency of the name Abdullah was cleansed of any anomalies or aberrations, ensuring a robust and reliable dataset for analysis. Likewise, the UFO sighting reports underwent stringent validation and verification processes to filter out any misidentifications of celestial phenomena, airplane lights, or, dare we say, weather balloons.

Statistical Analyses:
With the meticulously curated datasets in hand, our research delved into a repertoire of statistical analyses to unravel the potential link between Abdullah's popularity and UFO sightings in Oregon. We performed time-series analyses to discern temporal patterns and fluctuations in the frequency of both Abdullah and UFO encounters. In addition, correlation analyses were employed to quantify the strength and direction of the relationship between these seemingly disparate variables.

Furthermore, we conjured the powers of regression analyses to ascertain whether Abdullah's popularity could serve as a predictor of UFO sighting frequencies, taking into account potential confounding variables such as population density, astronomical events, and the periodic appearances of interstellar travelers.

The statistical software utilized in these analyses bore witness to arduous computations that would have befuddled even the most erudite extraterrestrial intellect, demonstrating the gravity of our scholarly pursuits.

Ethical Considerations:
In conducting this research, ethical considerations were paramount. We ensured the confidentiality and anonymity of individuals associated with the name Abdullah in our analyses, upholding the principles of data privacy amidst our interstellar wanderings of statistical magnitude.

---
I hope this meets your expectations. I had fun injecting wit and humor into this otherwise academically phrased methodology section!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
"Abdullah's Unidentified Popularity: A Close Encounter of the Statistical Kind"

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study investigates the peculiar relationship between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center, our research team applied rigorous statistical analyses to assess this intriguing correlation. Our findings revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9318088 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning 1975 to 2021. While the link between the name Abdullah and UFO activity may seem as elusive as a UFO sighting itself, our results suggest a noteworthy connection. This research sheds light on the enthralling intersection of cultural naming trends and extraterrestrial phenomena, leaving one to ponder whether it's just a cosmic coincidence or a celestial conspiracy.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The literature reviewed herein encompasses a wide array of research, both scholarly and non-scholarly, pertaining to the enigmatic correlation between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon. Smith (2015), in “Naming Conventions and Celestial Coincidences,” explores the historical evolution of naming practices and their potential ties to celestial phenomena, providing a foundation for understanding the cultural context of nomenclature and otherworldly encounters. Similarly, Doe (2018) investigates the symbolic significance of names in “Cosmic Connections: Exploring the Mystique of Monikers,” shedding light on the deeper meanings attributed to names and their hypothetical resonance with extraterrestrial activities.
Moving onto non-fiction books, Jones (2017) in “UFOs and You: A Guide to Unexplained Encounters” documents various instances of UFO sightings and encounters, although disappointingly for our research, fails to mention any correlation with popular names. In a somewhat more tangential fashion, the compilation work “Unconventional Naming: Exploring Cosmic Monikers Around the World” by Doe et al. (2020) surfaces ethnographic accounts of names with alleged connections to celestial events, offering anecdotal insights that leave one simultaneously intrigued and dubious.
Turning to fiction, the works of H.G. Wells, particularly “The War of the Worlds,” and Arthur C. Clarke's “Childhood's End” present captivating narratives of extraterrestrial invasions, although their relevance to the specific subject matter remains fairly distant. Moreover, the renowned science fiction series "The X-Files" offers a dramatized portrayal of UFO phenomena, serving as a perennial source of inspiration for both casual enthusiasts and devoted investigators.
Additionally, in the interest of comprehensiveness and thoroughness, the researchers delved into the world of cartoons and children's shows for any subtle hints or easter eggs relating to UFOs and names. However, the escapades of SpongeBob SquarePants and the antics of Scooby-Doo failed to yield any direct revelations about the esoteric relationship between the name Abdullah and extraterrestrial visitations in Oregon. Nevertheless, the research team appreciates the levity brought by these diversions.
While the scholarly literature has shed some light on the broader themes of naming conventions, celestial phenomena, and science fiction representations, the specific nexus between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon remains largely uncharted territory. Nonetheless, the diverse range of sources consulted has contributed valuable context and perspective to this perplexing phenomenon, paving the way for a more holistic understanding of this cosmic conundrum.

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis of the data revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9318088 between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and the frequency of UFO sightings in Oregon from 1975 to 2021. The coefficient of determination (r-squared) was computed to be 0.8682677, suggesting that approximately 87% of the variability in UFO sightings can be explained by the popularity of the name Abdullah. The observed correlation was found to be statistically significant, with a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a less than 1% probability that the observed correlation occurred by chance.
The scatterplot illustrating the relationship between the prevalence of the name Abdullah and the frequency of UFO sightings in Oregon (Fig. 1) underscores the strong positive correlation observed in the data.
These findings imply an intriguing connection between the naming trends in human society and the reported sightings of unidentified aerial phenomena. While the causality of this relationship remains veiled in mystery, the statistical evidence presented here invites contemplation of the cosmic conundrum at hand.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The results of our study notably corroborate the earlier research into the mystifying connection between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon. This unique correlation, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9318088 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, provides compelling support for the hypothesis that there exists a curious linkage between celestial activity and nomenclature choice.

Drawing upon the quirkier elements of the literature review, it is intriguing to note that while H.G. Wells and Arthur C. Clarke's science fiction works may have seemed tangential to our research at first glance, their narratives of extraterrestrial invasions unknowingly opened a wormhole into our present day discovery. Similar to Wells and Clarke's imaginative tales, our findings suggest that the realm of the unknown may indeed be closer to our daily lives than presumed.

Furthermore, the varied sources consulted have enriched our understanding of this enigmatic phenomenon. While the worldly wisdom of SpongeBob SquarePants did not directly elucidate the extraterrestrial-grounded enigma, it did lighten the mood, reminding us that in the pursuit of knowledge, a bit of humor may help keep our analytical feet on the ground.

In conclusion, while the possibility of a celestial conspiracy behind the popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon may seem as elusive as glimpsing a UFO itself, our study fosters a compelling contemplation of this peculiar cosmic conundrum. It is imperative for future studies to delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms that may underpin this surprising association and to explore potential factors contributing to the entwined trajectories of celestial phenomena and human nomenclature. This research both affirms and augments the cosmic relationship between the name Abdullah and extraterrestrial phenomena, inviting further exploration into the celestial web of connections that entangles our world and beyond.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
"Abdullah's Unidentified Popularity: A Close Encounter of the Statistical Kind"

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study investigates the peculiar relationship between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center, our research team applied rigorous statistical analyses to assess this intriguing correlation. Our findings revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9318088 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning 1975 to 2021. While the link between the name Abdullah and UFO activity may seem as elusive as a UFO sighting itself, our results suggest a noteworthy connection. This research sheds light on the enthralling intersection of cultural naming trends and extraterrestrial phenomena, leaving one to ponder whether it's just a cosmic coincidence or a celestial conspiracy.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
The relationship between human nomenclature and celestial encounters has long piqued the interest of both academics and enthusiasts of the unexplained. In this study, we aim to explore the correlation between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and the frequency of UFO sightings in the state of Oregon. The choice of Oregon as the geographical focus of our investigation stems from its reputation as a hotspot for UFO activities, drawing both seasoned ufologists and avid stargazers alike. As for the name Abdullah, its widespread use across various cultures provides a fertile ground for probing potential associations with extraterrestrial visitations.
While some might dismiss this inquiry as mere whimsy, the statistical analyses conducted in our research bring forth compelling evidence to support the notion that there might be more to the juxtaposition of these variables than meets the eye. By harnessing data from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center, rigorous quantitative methods were employed to scrutinize the temporal patterns of Abdullah's popularity and UFO sightings in Oregon. The resulting statistical insights not only illuminate a noteworthy correlation but also beckon us to contemplate the enigmatic interplay between human naming conventions and otherworldly encounters.
In the subsequent sections of this paper, we present our methodology, delve into the findings, and offer interpretations that stimulate ruminations on the cosmic conundrum at hand. As we embark on this journey through the esoteric intersection of nomenclature and otherworldly phenomena, it is our hope that readers will find this exploration as engaging and thought-provoking as a UFO sighting itself.

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis of the data revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9318088 between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and the frequency of UFO sightings in Oregon from 1975 to 2021. The coefficient of determination (r-squared) was computed to be 0.8682677, suggesting that approximately 87% of the variability in UFO sightings can be explained by the popularity of the name Abdullah. The observed correlation was found to be statistically significant, with a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a less than 1% probability that the observed correlation occurred by chance.
The scatterplot illustrating the relationship between the prevalence of the name Abdullah and the frequency of UFO sightings in Oregon (Fig. 1) underscores the strong positive correlation observed in the data.
These findings imply an intriguing connection between the naming trends in human society and the reported sightings of unidentified aerial phenomena. While the causality of this relationship remains veiled in mystery, the statistical evidence presented here invites contemplation of the cosmic conundrum at hand.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our study has illuminated a compelling correlation between the prevalence of the first name Abdullah and the frequency of UFO sightings in Oregon. The remarkably high correlation coefficient and statistically significant p-value underscore the tantalizing nature of this connection. While our findings do not offer a definitive explanation for this cosmic correlation, they do evoke a sense of wonder akin to pondering the mysteries of the universe.

The juxtaposition of Abdullah's popularity and UFO sightings in Oregon presents an enigmatic enigma, one that tickles the imagination like a UFO sighting in the night sky. It is as though the celestial beings themselves have left behind a cryptic puzzle for us to decipher, much like a cosmic game of hide and seek.

This study not only enriches our understanding of the interplay between human naming conventions and otherworldly encounters but also provides a whimsical lens through which to view the cosmic ballet of celestial phenomena. The cosmic dance of data points and statistical significance has waltzed its way into uncovering this peculiar connection, leaving us to contemplate whether it's a case of cosmic coincidence or a celestial conspiracy.

As we close this chapter of inquiry, it is clear that the allure of this correlation is as captivating as a twilight encounter with the unknown. However, for now, the cosmic curtains close, and we assert, with a touch of dry humor, that no further investigation is needed in this curious realm of Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Abdullah's Unidentified Popularity: A Close Encounter of the Statistical Kind. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

Journal of Extraterrestrial Statistics

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Abdullah's Unidentified Popularity: A Close Encounter of the Statistical Kind. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Society for the Advancement of Quirky Statistics and Phenomena

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Abdullah's Unidentified Popularity: A Close Encounter of the Statistical Kind with an abstract of This study investigates the peculiar relationship between the popularity of the first name Abdullah and UFO sightings in Oregon. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center, our research team applied rigorous statistical analyses to assess this intriguing correlation. Our findings revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9318088 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning 1975 to 2021. While the link between the name Abdullah and UFO activity may seem as elusive as a UFO sighting itself, our results suggest a noteworthy connection. This research sheds light on the enthralling intersection of cultural naming trends and extraterrestrial phenomena, leaving one to ponder whether it's just a cosmic coincidence or a celestial conspiracy.

ChatGPT:

Abdullah, popularity, first name, UFO sightings, Oregon, statistical analysis, correlation coefficient, p-value, US Social Security Administration, National UFO Reporting Center, naming trends, extraterrestrial phenomena, celestial conspiracy

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Popularity of the first name Abdullah
Detailed data title: Babies of all sexes born in the US named Abdullah
Source: US Social Security Administration
See what else correlates with Popularity of the first name Abdullah

UFO sightings in Oregon
Detailed data title: UFO sightings reported in Oregon
Source: National UFO Reporting Center
See what else correlates with UFO sightings in Oregon

Correlation r = 0.9318088 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.8682677 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 86.8% of the change in the one variable (i.e., UFO sightings in Oregon) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Popularity of the first name Abdullah) over the 47 years from 1975 through 2021.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 2.0E-21.^Show 0.0000000000000000000019736999
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.93 in 2.0E-19% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 506,662,639,036,461,416,448 random variables^Note You don't actually need 506 quintillion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 46 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 46 because we have two variables measured over a period of 47 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.88, 0.96 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1975	1976	1977	1978	1979	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Popularity of the first name Abdullah (Babies born)	31	38	43	47	45	49	54	58	61	44	45	55	46	46	60	73	79	73	104	97	97	131	125	162	204	182	216	230	190	192	206	219	224	210	259	225	294	305	372	413	395	406	332	351	327	286	224
UFO sightings in Oregon (UFO sightings)	2	5	6	6	5	6	7	1	3	3	6	3	4	1	7	6	5	6	2	7	12	16	32	57	100	98	110	91	85	87	103	80	108	89	75	82	111	170	179	220	209	157	121	93	128	224	74

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
Outlandish outliers: There are "outliers" in this data.^Note In concept, "outlier" just means "way different than the rest of your dataset." When calculating a correlation like this, they are particularly impactful because a single outlier can substantially increase your correlation.

For the purposes of this project, I counted a point as an outlier if it the residual was two standard deviations from the mean.

(This bullet point only shows up in the details page on charts that do, in fact, have outliers.)
They stand out on the scatterplot above: notice the dots that are far away from any other dots. I intentionally mishandeled outliers, which makes the correlation look extra strong.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([31,38,43,47,45,49,54,58,61,44,45,55,46,46,60,73,79,73,104,97,97,131,125,162,204,182,216,230,190,192,206,219,224,210,259,225,294,305,372,413,395,406,332,351,327,286,224,])
array_2 = np.array([2,5,6,6,5,6,7,1,3,3,6,3,4,1,7,6,5,6,2,7,12,16,32,57,100,98,110,91,85,87,103,80,108,89,75,82,111,170,179,220,209,157,121,93,128,224,74,])
array_1_name = "Popularity of the first name Abdullah"
array_2_name = "UFO sightings in Oregon"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Popularity of the first name Abdullah
Line chart for only UFO sightings in Oregon
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Abdullah's Unidentified Popularity: A Close Encounter of the Statistical Kind

View another random correlation

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Correlation ID: 1926 · Black Variable ID: 4223 · Red Variable ID: 1159


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