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AI explanation

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate a comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s, depicting the scene where the skies above Augusta, Georgia are clear and pristine, with a group of people standing outside, gazing up at the night sky with amazement. The stars twinkle brightly, and a group of black holes can be seen against the backdrop of the unblemished atmosphere. The absence of air pollution has made these cosmic phenomena boldly visible to the naked eye. Additionally, show a remote corner of the universe, with a cluster of black holes departing for a place with denser atmosphere, where they feel more at home. Emphasize the vintage comic book style and muted colors to create a captivating and visually striking interpretation. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

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This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Air pollution in Augusta, Georgia and Google searches for 'black holes'. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s a funny image macro Concept art An image that looks like it is a scene from 'Star Wars' A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s
ChatGPT: A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Air pollution in Augusta, Georgia and Google searches for 'black holes', in the following situation: Fewer pollutants means there's less murky matter for black holes to blend in with, making them easier to spot. As the air cleared, people realized they didn't need telescopes to observe celestial phenomena - they could just step outside and look up! Plus, with cleaner air, black holes may have decided to take a vacation to more smog-choked parts of the universe, where they feel they really belong. Or maybe the pollution was just the cosmic dust and gas they needed to thrive, and without it, they packed their bags and drifted off to space where they could find a denser atmosphere to hang out in. Who knew that all this time, black holes were just interstellar air quality connoissejsons?. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: The skies above Augusta, Georgia are clear and pristine, with no hint of air pollution in sight. A group of people stand outside, gazing up at the night sky with amazement. The stars twinkle brightly, and a group of black holes can be seen clearly against the backdrop of the unblemished atmosphere. It seems that the absence of air pollution has made these enigmatic cosmic phenomena boldly visible to the naked eye. Meanwhile, in a remote corner of the universe, a cluster of black holes is seen departing for a place with denser atmosphere, where they feel more at home.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s ] and depicting this scene: The skies above Augusta, Georgia are clear and pristine, with no hint of air pollution in sight. A group of people stand outside, gazing up at the night sky with amazement. The stars twinkle brightly, and a group of black holes can be seen clearly against the backdrop of the unblemished atmosphere. It seems that the absence of air pollution has made these enigmatic cosmic phenomena boldly visible to the naked eye. Meanwhile, in a remote corner of the universe, a cluster of black holes is seen departing for a place with denser atmosphere, where they feel more at home. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate a comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s, depicting the scene where the skies above Augusta, Georgia are clear and pristine, with a group of people standing outside, gazing up at the night sky with amazement. The stars twinkle brightly, and a group of black holes can be seen against the backdrop of the unblemished atmosphere. The absence of air pollution has made these cosmic phenomena boldly visible to the naked eye. Additionally, show a remote corner of the universe, with a cluster of black holes departing for a place with denser atmosphere, where they feel more at home. Emphasize the vintage comic book style and muted colors to create a captivating and visually striking interpretation.

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*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.

AI academic paper

Dark Matter: Investigating the Relationship Between Air Pollution in Augusta and Searches for 'Black Holes' on Google The Journal of Astrometeorological Studies Jan 2024 Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

Problem variable:	Which variable has a problem? Air pollution in Augusta, Georgia Google searches for 'black holes' Neither / both
Issue:	What is the issue? The data is incorrect The chart isn't displaying properly There is a typo The source link is incorrect A calculation is wrong Something else
Additional details: Optional
Confirm you are a human:

Data details

Why this works

1. Data dredging: I have 25,237 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 636,906,169 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
2. Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
   no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
3. Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
   p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([0.819672,0.547945,0.821918,0.547945,0.273224,0.273973,0,0,0.273224,0,0,0,0.546448,0.273973,])
array_2 = np.array([73,55.3333,59,43,40.1667,35.9167,31.75,26.4167,24.0833,23,24.75,25.1667,24.9167,21.4167,])
array_1_name = "Air pollution in Augusta, Georgia"
array_2_name = "Google searches for 'black holes'"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

• High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.
  
  If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.
  
  Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
  
• High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
• Alternative high resolution line chart
• Scatterplot
• Portable line chart (png)
• Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
• Line chart for only Air pollution in Augusta, Georgia
• Line chart for only Google searches for 'black holes'
• AI-generated correlation image
• The spurious research paper: Dark Matter: Investigating the Relationship Between Air Pollution in Augusta and Searches for 'Black Holes' on Google