AI explanation

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Image Generation Prompt: Generate an image with the style of a Discovery magazine cover, set in a journalism school graduation scene. In the foreground, numerous excited women are receiving their Master's degrees and tossing their graduation caps into the air. As the caps are mid-air, the scene transitions to a bustling newsroom where female journalists are seen writing lifestyle and fluff pieces, while their male counterparts hold positions of executive editors, with higher pay and authority. The stark contrast between the joyous graduation and the gender imbalance in the newsroom should be clear to see. The visual should depict this transition in a simple and striking manner, emphasizing the disparity in the journalism field without including any words or speech bubbles. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

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This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Master's degrees awarded in journalism and Gender pay gap in the U.S.. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: A Discovery magazine cover image A scene from Skyrim Scalar art High-tech Magic realism
ChatGPT: A Discovery magazine cover image

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Master's degrees awarded in journalism and Gender pay gap in the U.S., in the following situation: As the number of journalism Master's degree holders rose, so did the demand for editorial positions. This led to a surplus of editorials, ultimately devaluing the editor-in-chief position. Hence, men ended up in higher-paying executive editor roles, while women were stuck writing "10 ways to organize your closet" articles. It seems in this case, a Master's in journalism only boosted the headlines, not the bottom lines!. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: A graduation ceremony at a journalism school where many women are receiving their Master's degrees, lined up to receive their diplomas. However, as they excitedly toss their graduation caps into the air, the scene transitions to a bustling newsroom. Here, female journalists are seen writing lifestyle and fluff pieces while their male counterparts hold the prestigious position of executive editors, enjoying higher pay and authority. The imbalance is striking, with the contrast between the joyous graduation and the stark reality of the gender pay gap in journalism clear to see.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A Discovery magazine cover image ] and depicting this scene: A graduation ceremony at a journalism school where many women are receiving their Master's degrees, lined up to receive their diplomas. However, as they excitedly toss their graduation caps into the air, the scene transitions to a bustling newsroom. Here, female journalists are seen writing lifestyle and fluff pieces while their male counterparts hold the prestigious position of executive editors, enjoying higher pay and authority. The imbalance is striking, with the contrast between the joyous graduation and the stark reality of the gender pay gap in journalism clear to see. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Image Generation Prompt: Generate an image with the style of a Discovery magazine cover, set in a journalism school graduation scene. In the foreground, numerous excited women are receiving their Master's degrees and tossing their graduation caps into the air. As the caps are mid-air, the scene transitions to a bustling newsroom where female journalists are seen writing lifestyle and fluff pieces, while their male counterparts hold positions of executive editors, with higher pay and authority. The stark contrast between the joyous graduation and the gender imbalance in the newsroom should be clear to see. The visual should depict this transition in a simple and striking manner, emphasizing the disparity in the journalism field without including any words or speech bubbles.

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*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.

AI academic paper

Breaking News: Master's Degrees in Journalism and the Gender Pay Gap in the U.S.: A Story of Inequality The Journal of Media Equity and Social Justice Jan 2024

Problem variable:	Which variable has a problem? Master's degrees awarded in journalism Gender pay gap in the U.S. Neither / both
Issue:	What is the issue? The data is incorrect The chart isn't displaying properly There is a typo The source link is incorrect A calculation is wrong Something else
Additional details: Optional
Confirm you are a human:

Data details

Why this works

1. Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
2. Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
   no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
3. Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
   p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
4. Outlandish outliers: There are "outliers" in this data.^Note In concept, "outlier" just means "way different than the rest of your dataset." When calculating a correlation like this, they are particularly impactful because a single outlier can substantially increase your correlation.
   
   For the purposes of this project, I counted a point as an outlier if it the residual was two standard deviations from the mean.
   
   (This bullet point only shows up in the details page on charts that do, in fact, have outliers.)
   They stand out on the scatterplot above: notice the dots that are far away from any other dots. I intentionally mishandeled outliers, which makes the correlation look extra strong.

Try it yourself

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([9005,8760,9353,9581,9676,10119,10241,10463,10588,10805,])
array_2 = np.array([76.5,78.3,78.6,79.6,80.5,81.7,81.6,82.3,83.1,83.7,])
array_1_name = "Master's degrees awarded in journalism"
array_2_name = "Gender pay gap in the U.S."

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

• High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.
  
  If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.
  
  Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
  
• High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
• Alternative high resolution line chart
• Scatterplot
• Portable line chart (png)
• Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
• Line chart for only Master's degrees awarded in journalism
• Line chart for only Gender pay gap in the U.S.
• AI-generated correlation image
• The spurious research paper: Breaking News: Master's Degrees in Journalism and the Gender Pay Gap in the U.S.: A Story of Inequality