Spurious correlation #5,672 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina and the second variable is Google searches for 'snoop dog'. The chart goes from 2004 to 2023, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina and the second variable is Google searches for 'snoop dog'. The chart goes from 2004 to 2023, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

The decrease in air pollution led to clearer skies, which inspired Snoop Dogg to release a new album all about that fresh, clean Charleston air. It's like they say, "When the air is cleaner, Snoop Dogg is leaner - with his rhymes, of course!"

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate an intriguing visual that truly encapsulates the essence of this scene. Imagine a high-tech depiction of Charleston's skyline, the sun shining brilliantly while immaculate buildings rise in the midday sun. Through the lens of a crystal-clear atmosphere, people down below are engrossed in their smartphones, their expressions animated as they search "snoop dog" and excitedly communicate about Snoop Dogg's new album inspired by the fresh, clean air of Charleston. The stark contrast between the sleek, modern cityscape and the digital connectivity of its inhabitants should be brought to life in this visual. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina and Google searches for 'snoop dog'. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Celtic art An image that looks like it is a scene from A Disney Movie inspired by bauhaus Futuristic High-tech
ChatGPT: High-tech

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina and Google searches for 'snoop dog', in the following situation: The decrease in air pollution led to clearer skies, which inspired Snoop Dogg to release a new album all about that fresh, clean Charleston air. It's like they say, "When the air is cleaner, Snoop Dogg is leaner - with his rhymes, of course!". Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In Charleston, South Carolina, the city's skyline is visible through the crystal-clear air. The sun shines brightly on the city, with no haze in sight. On the ground below, people are searching "snoop dog" on their phones, excitedly discussing Snoop Dogg's new album about the fresh, clean air in Charleston.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ High-tech ] and depicting this scene: In Charleston, South Carolina, the city's skyline is visible through the crystal-clear air. The sun shines brightly on the city, with no haze in sight. On the ground below, people are searching "snoop dog" on their phones, excitedly discussing Snoop Dogg's new album about the fresh, clean air in Charleston. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate an intriguing visual that truly encapsulates the essence of this scene. Imagine a high-tech depiction of Charleston's skyline, the sun shining brilliantly while immaculate buildings rise in the midday sun. Through the lens of a crystal-clear atmosphere, people down below are engrossed in their smartphones, their expressions animated as they search "snoop dog" and excitedly communicate about Snoop Dogg's new album inspired by the fresh, clean air of Charleston. The stark contrast between the sleek, modern cityscape and the digital connectivity of its inhabitants should be brought to life in this visual.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how a decrease in Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina caused snoop dog (Google searches for 'snoop dog') to decrease. Add a funny one-liner at the end.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Smog Dog: Uncovering the Link Between Air Pollution in Charleston, South Carolina, and Searches for Snoop Dogg

Journal of Ecological Anthropology

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina and Google searches for 'snoop dog'. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name a few real TV shows that sound like they might be relevant to the topic that you watched as research.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Smog Dog: Uncovering the Link Between Air Pollution in Charleston, South Carolina, and Searches for Snoop Dogg"

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we investigate the intriguing correlation between air pollution levels in historic Charleston, South Carolina, and Google searches for the iconic rapper and cultural figure, Snoop Dogg. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency's air quality index and Google Trends, we rigorously analyzed the time series data from 2004 to 2023. Our findings reveal a remarkably strong correlation coefficient of 0.8698391 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a robust relationship between these seemingly unrelated variables. It seems the answer to the question, "Does air pollution lead to an increased interest in Snoop Dogg?" is not just blowing in the wind, but rather in the digital search patterns of internet users.

While it may seem like a stretch to connect air pollution and Snoop Dogg, we certainly didn't want to "gin and chronic" the results or go on a "wild and smoky ride" without proper statistical rigor. When considering the impact of air pollution on public health and behavior, it's essential to look beyond the haze and uncover unexpected associations. Our findings suggest that the cultural influence and music of Snoop Dogg may have a surprising relationship with environmental factors, prompting further exploration of the societal implications of air quality on popular culture.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
There are many factors that influence the cultural zeitgeist and the behaviors of individuals within a society. From socioeconomic trends to technological advancements, the interconnected web of influences can sometimes lead to surprising and unexpected correlations. In this study, we delve into the unlikely relationship between air pollution levels in Charleston, South Carolina, and the search interest in the legendary rapper, Snoop Dogg. Yes, you read that right - we're unraveling the connection between smog and Snoop Dogg. It's a study that will make you ponder the question: "What do air pollution and Snoop Dogg have in common?" Because apparently, it's not just "dropping it like it's hot."
The city of Charleston, known for its rich history and southern charm, has also had its fair share of air quality challenges. With industries, transportation, and natural sources contributing to the atmospheric mix, the city has grappled with varying levels of pollution over the years. But little did we know that amidst the particles and chemicals floating in the air, there may also be a hidden affinity for Snoop Dogg. It's as if the air pollution is saying, "Ain't nothin' but a G thang, baby."
As researchers, we are constantly seeking to unravel the mysteries of cause and effect, but sometimes we stumble upon unexpected relationships that make us scratch our heads and say, "Well, that's not what we expected, but I guess that's just how the 'hip-hop' of statistics works." Through careful analysis of air quality index data and Google search trends, we unearthed a correlation that is as surprising as finding out that Snoop Dogg's favorite type of literature is "chronic"les.
This study aims to shed light on the less explored link between environmental factors and popular culture. While the connection between air pollution and Snoop Dogg may seem like a strange and tangential pursuit, it's a reminder that in the world of research, sometimes you have to wander down unconventional paths to uncover the unexpected. "Gin and chronic," indeed.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

Previous research has delved into the complex interplay between environmental factors and human behavior, seeking to unravel the unexpected correlations that lurk beneath the surface. Smith and Doe (2015) examined the impact of air pollution on cognitive function, while Jones et al. (2018) explored the influence of environmental factors on internet search patterns. However, none of these studies ventured into the uncharted territory of probing the association between air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina, and the Google searches for 'Snoop Dogg.' This study aims to fill that gap and shed light on this peculiar relationship.

In "The Air Pollution Crisis: Exploring the Impacts on Public Health and Behavior," the authors elucidate the multifaceted effects of air pollution, from respiratory ailments to cognitive impairments. It seems that air pollution not only affects our lungs but also, surprisingly, has an impact on our online activities, leading us to question whether it's not just the air that's feeling 'doggystyle.'

In a similar vein, "The Internet Age: Exploring Digital Footprints of Society" investigates the ever-evolving landscape of online behavior and search patterns. While the authors uncover a myriad of intriguing correlations, the link between air pollution and searches for Snoop Dogg is notably absent. It's clear that our study is breaking new ground... or should I say, new 'doggystyle'?

Turning to the world of fiction, "The Cloud of Suspicion: A Tale of Mystery and Pollution" by A. Reader, presents a gripping narrative where the protagonist's search for truth is clouded by the murky haze of environmental pollution. While this may not be an empirical study, it reminds us that sometimes truth is stranger than fiction. It's almost as if the air pollution in Charleston has a mystery of its own, whispering, "Snoop around, and you might find something surprising."

On a lighter note, the cult classic TV show "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" may seem unrelated, but consider this: Will Smith, the star of the show, shares a connection with Snoop Dogg through their contributions to hip-hop culture. Could it be that the spirit of Snoop Dogg's music travels through the airwaves, seeking solace in a city grappling with pollution? It's a stretch, but hey, we're all about stretching the boundaries of research here.

In "Mad Men," the portrayal of changing societal norms and influences of popular culture on behavior resonates with our quest to understand the unexpected dynamics between air pollution and Snoop Dogg searches. Perhaps Don Draper would have had an epiphany about this unusual correlation while sipping on his scotch and contemplating the ever-changing tides of cultural influences.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina and Google searches for 'snoop dog'. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Google Trends . You used data from 2004 to 2023

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Smog Dog: Uncovering the Link Between Air Pollution in Charleston, South Carolina, and Searches for Snoop Dogg"

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we investigate the intriguing correlation between air pollution levels in historic Charleston, South Carolina, and Google searches for the iconic rapper and cultural figure, Snoop Dogg. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency's air quality index and Google Trends, we rigorously analyzed the time series data from 2004 to 2023. Our findings reveal a remarkably strong correlation coefficient of 0.8698391 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a robust relationship between these seemingly unrelated variables. It seems the answer to the question, "Does air pollution lead to an increased interest in Snoop Dogg?" is not just blowing in the wind, but rather in the digital search patterns of internet users.

While it may seem like a stretch to connect air pollution and Snoop Dogg, we certainly didn't want to "gin and chronic" the results or go on a "wild and smoky ride" without proper statistical rigor. When considering the impact of air pollution on public health and behavior, it's essential to look beyond the haze and uncover unexpected associations. Our findings suggest that the cultural influence and music of Snoop Dogg may have a surprising relationship with environmental factors, prompting further exploration of the societal implications of air quality on popular culture.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
There are many factors that influence the cultural zeitgeist and the behaviors of individuals within a society. From socioeconomic trends to technological advancements, the interconnected web of influences can sometimes lead to surprising and unexpected correlations. In this study, we delve into the unlikely relationship between air pollution levels in Charleston, South Carolina, and the search interest in the legendary rapper, Snoop Dogg. Yes, you read that right - we're unraveling the connection between smog and Snoop Dogg. It's a study that will make you ponder the question: "What do air pollution and Snoop Dogg have in common?" Because apparently, it's not just "dropping it like it's hot."
The city of Charleston, known for its rich history and southern charm, has also had its fair share of air quality challenges. With industries, transportation, and natural sources contributing to the atmospheric mix, the city has grappled with varying levels of pollution over the years. But little did we know that amidst the particles and chemicals floating in the air, there may also be a hidden affinity for Snoop Dogg. It's as if the air pollution is saying, "Ain't nothin' but a G thang, baby."
As researchers, we are constantly seeking to unravel the mysteries of cause and effect, but sometimes we stumble upon unexpected relationships that make us scratch our heads and say, "Well, that's not what we expected, but I guess that's just how the 'hip-hop' of statistics works." Through careful analysis of air quality index data and Google search trends, we unearthed a correlation that is as surprising as finding out that Snoop Dogg's favorite type of literature is "chronic"les.
This study aims to shed light on the less explored link between environmental factors and popular culture. While the connection between air pollution and Snoop Dogg may seem like a strange and tangential pursuit, it's a reminder that in the world of research, sometimes you have to wander down unconventional paths to uncover the unexpected. "Gin and chronic," indeed.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

To understand the perplexing correlation between air pollution levels in Charleston, South Carolina, and the search interest in the illustrious rapper, Snoop Dogg, we employed an unorthodox mix of data collection and analysis methods. Just like Snoop Dogg's eclectic music blend, our research methodology was a fusion of traditional statistical approaches and a sprinkle of unconventional whimsy.

First, we obtained air quality index data from the Environmental Protection Agency, spanning from 2004 to 2023. This data provided us with a comprehensive overview of various air pollutants, including fine particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. We then calculated the average level of air pollution for each year, making sure not to "cloud" the data with any inaccuracies.

Simultaneously, we turned to Google Trends, a platform that measures the search interest for specific terms over time. Our focal point, of course, was the captivating persona of Snoop Dogg. With a series of meticulously crafted search queries, we captured the frequency of Google searches for "Snoop Dogg" within the Charleston area, ensuring that our data collection strategy was as "fly" as the man himself.

To harmonize these disparate sources of information, we employed time series analysis techniques to examine the temporal patterns of air pollution levels and Snoop Dogg searches. We confess, this analytical process felt like navigating through a maze of smoke and mirrors, but with statistical acumen and persistence, we managed to unveil the hidden patterns within the data.

Our correlation analysis involved computing Pearson's correlation coefficient to quantify the strength and direction of the relationship between air pollution levels and Snoop Dogg search interest. Additionally, we conducted regression analysis to assess the predictive capability of air pollution on the search volume for Snoop Dogg, aiming to illuminate the influence of environmental factors on cultural curiosity.

Now, you might be wondering, "Aren't these methods a bit far-fetched for studying air pollution and Snoop Dogg searches?" Well, in the words of Snoop Dogg himself, "Sometimes, it's the crazy, off-the-wall stuff that really hits home, dogg." So, with a dash of statistical rigor and a dollop of whimsy, we embarked on this scholarly exploration, determined to bring a breath of fresh air to the intersection of air quality and cultural intrigue.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina and Google searches for 'snoop dog'. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
"Smog Dog: Uncovering the Link Between Air Pollution in Charleston, South Carolina, and Searches for Snoop Dogg"

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we investigate the intriguing correlation between air pollution levels in historic Charleston, South Carolina, and Google searches for the iconic rapper and cultural figure, Snoop Dogg. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency's air quality index and Google Trends, we rigorously analyzed the time series data from 2004 to 2023. Our findings reveal a remarkably strong correlation coefficient of 0.8698391 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a robust relationship between these seemingly unrelated variables. It seems the answer to the question, "Does air pollution lead to an increased interest in Snoop Dogg?" is not just blowing in the wind, but rather in the digital search patterns of internet users.

While it may seem like a stretch to connect air pollution and Snoop Dogg, we certainly didn't want to "gin and chronic" the results or go on a "wild and smoky ride" without proper statistical rigor. When considering the impact of air pollution on public health and behavior, it's essential to look beyond the haze and uncover unexpected associations. Our findings suggest that the cultural influence and music of Snoop Dogg may have a surprising relationship with environmental factors, prompting further exploration of the societal implications of air quality on popular culture.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
Previous research has delved into the complex interplay between environmental factors and human behavior, seeking to unravel the unexpected correlations that lurk beneath the surface. Smith and Doe (2015) examined the impact of air pollution on cognitive function, while Jones et al. (2018) explored the influence of environmental factors on internet search patterns. However, none of these studies ventured into the uncharted territory of probing the association between air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina, and the Google searches for 'Snoop Dogg.' This study aims to fill that gap and shed light on this peculiar relationship.
In "The Air Pollution Crisis: Exploring the Impacts on Public Health and Behavior," the authors elucidate the multifaceted effects of air pollution, from respiratory ailments to cognitive impairments. It seems that air pollution not only affects our lungs but also, surprisingly, has an impact on our online activities, leading us to question whether it's not just the air that's feeling 'doggystyle.'
In a similar vein, "The Internet Age: Exploring Digital Footprints of Society" investigates the ever-evolving landscape of online behavior and search patterns. While the authors uncover a myriad of intriguing correlations, the link between air pollution and searches for Snoop Dogg is notably absent. It's clear that our study is breaking new ground... or should I say, new 'doggystyle'?
Turning to the world of fiction, "The Cloud of Suspicion: A Tale of Mystery and Pollution" by A. Reader, presents a gripping narrative where the protagonist's search for truth is clouded by the murky haze of environmental pollution. While this may not be an empirical study, it reminds us that sometimes truth is stranger than fiction. It's almost as if the air pollution in Charleston has a mystery of its own, whispering, "Snoop around, and you might find something surprising."
On a lighter note, the cult classic TV show "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" may seem unrelated, but consider this: Will Smith, the star of the show, shares a connection with Snoop Dogg through their contributions to hip-hop culture. Could it be that the spirit of Snoop Dogg's music travels through the airwaves, seeking solace in a city grappling with pollution? It's a stretch, but hey, we're all about stretching the boundaries of research here.
In "Mad Men," the portrayal of changing societal norms and influences of popular culture on behavior resonates with our quest to understand the unexpected dynamics between air pollution and Snoop Dogg searches. Perhaps Don Draper would have had an epiphany about this unusual correlation while sipping on his scotch and contemplating the ever-changing tides of cultural influences.

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis of the data yielded a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8698391 between air pollution levels in Charleston, South Carolina, and the volume of Google searches for Snoop Dogg. This strong positive correlation suggests that as air pollution levels increased, so did the interest in the famed rapper. It seems that when it comes to environmental influence, Snoop Dogg is not just a "smokesperson" for a cultural movement, but also for air quality associations.
The r-squared value of 0.7566200 further confirms that a substantial proportion of the variability in Google searches for Snoop Dogg can be explained by the fluctuations in air pollution levels. In other words, approximately 75.66% of the changes in search interest can be attributed to changes in air pollution. It's as if air pollution levels are not just impacting the environment, but also acting as a "doggystyle" influencer on internet search behavior.
The statistical significance of the correlation is evident with a p-value of less than 0.01, reinforcing the robustness of the relationship between air pollution and searches for Snoop Dogg. This result suggests that the likelihood of observing such a strong association by random chance is less than 1%, affirming that this is not just a "drop it like it's hot" coincidence.
Fig. 1 depicts the scatterplot showcasing the strong positive correlation between air pollution levels and Google searches for Snoop Dogg. The upward trend in the scatterplot reinforces the notion that as air pollution levels increase, so does the search interest in Snoop Dogg. It's as if the internet users are saying, "I wanna rock with you all night" amidst the hazy air particles.
This unexpected relationship between air pollution and searches for Snoop Dogg highlights the intricate and often surprising connections that can be uncovered through rigorous data analysis. It seems that in the world of statistical analysis, sometimes you have to roll with the unexpected correlations that emerge, even if they leave you wondering, "What's my agin' again?"

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The results of our study provide compelling evidence for the unexpected link between air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina, and Google searches for Snoop Dogg. Our findings mirror the prior research that has sought to unravel the enigmatic connections between environmental factors and human behavior, emphasizing the need to look beyond conventional wisdom and explore unconventional associations. It seems that when it comes to the impact of air pollution on cultural figures, we've unearthed some real "gassin' data"!

Our robust correlation coefficient of 0.8698391 aligns with the broader literature that has delved into the influence of external factors on online behavior. Just as Smith and Doe (2015) uncovered the impact of air pollution on cognitive function, and Jones et al. (2018) explored environmental influences on internet search patterns, our study reaffirms the intricate nature of these relationships. It's as if air pollution isn't just affecting our lungs but also nudging us to hit that keyboard and seek out some "Doggystyle" content online.

The statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 further solidifies the notion that the observed correlation between air pollution and searches for Snoop Dogg is not merely a fortuitous occurrence. In fact, it seems as likely as "gin and chronic" to stumble upon such a strong association purely by chance. Our findings suggest that the likelihood of this unique relationship being a random happenstance is about as rare as finding someone who hasn't heard "Drop It Like It's Hot."

Furthermore, the r-squared value of 0.7566200 underscores the substantial explanatory power of air pollution levels on the variability in Google searches for Snoop Dogg. It's almost as if air pollution isn't just affecting the environment but also serving as a "doggystyle" influencer on internet search behavior, contributing to approximately 75.66% of the changes in search interest. It's like the air pollution levels are saying, "Ain't nothin' but a 'doggystyle' search party!"

In conclusion, our research not only sheds light on the unexpected relationship between air pollution and searches for Snoop Dogg but also underscores the necessity of continually probing the unconventional and embracing the unexpected in scientific inquiry. Our findings open the door for further exploration into the societal implications of environmental factors on popular culture, a realm where the air pollution in Charleston may be whispering, "Snoop around, and you might find something surprising." It's an exciting journey to uncovering the unexpected, even when it leaves us pondering, "What's my agin' again?"

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina and Google searches for 'snoop dog'. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
"Smog Dog: Uncovering the Link Between Air Pollution in Charleston, South Carolina, and Searches for Snoop Dogg"

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we investigate the intriguing correlation between air pollution levels in historic Charleston, South Carolina, and Google searches for the iconic rapper and cultural figure, Snoop Dogg. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency's air quality index and Google Trends, we rigorously analyzed the time series data from 2004 to 2023. Our findings reveal a remarkably strong correlation coefficient of 0.8698391 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a robust relationship between these seemingly unrelated variables. It seems the answer to the question, "Does air pollution lead to an increased interest in Snoop Dogg?" is not just blowing in the wind, but rather in the digital search patterns of internet users.

While it may seem like a stretch to connect air pollution and Snoop Dogg, we certainly didn't want to "gin and chronic" the results or go on a "wild and smoky ride" without proper statistical rigor. When considering the impact of air pollution on public health and behavior, it's essential to look beyond the haze and uncover unexpected associations. Our findings suggest that the cultural influence and music of Snoop Dogg may have a surprising relationship with environmental factors, prompting further exploration of the societal implications of air quality on popular culture.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
There are many factors that influence the cultural zeitgeist and the behaviors of individuals within a society. From socioeconomic trends to technological advancements, the interconnected web of influences can sometimes lead to surprising and unexpected correlations. In this study, we delve into the unlikely relationship between air pollution levels in Charleston, South Carolina, and the search interest in the legendary rapper, Snoop Dogg. Yes, you read that right - we're unraveling the connection between smog and Snoop Dogg. It's a study that will make you ponder the question: "What do air pollution and Snoop Dogg have in common?" Because apparently, it's not just "dropping it like it's hot."
The city of Charleston, known for its rich history and southern charm, has also had its fair share of air quality challenges. With industries, transportation, and natural sources contributing to the atmospheric mix, the city has grappled with varying levels of pollution over the years. But little did we know that amidst the particles and chemicals floating in the air, there may also be a hidden affinity for Snoop Dogg. It's as if the air pollution is saying, "Ain't nothin' but a G thang, baby."
As researchers, we are constantly seeking to unravel the mysteries of cause and effect, but sometimes we stumble upon unexpected relationships that make us scratch our heads and say, "Well, that's not what we expected, but I guess that's just how the 'hip-hop' of statistics works." Through careful analysis of air quality index data and Google search trends, we unearthed a correlation that is as surprising as finding out that Snoop Dogg's favorite type of literature is "chronic"les.
This study aims to shed light on the less explored link between environmental factors and popular culture. While the connection between air pollution and Snoop Dogg may seem like a strange and tangential pursuit, it's a reminder that in the world of research, sometimes you have to wander down unconventional paths to uncover the unexpected. "Gin and chronic," indeed.

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis of the data yielded a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8698391 between air pollution levels in Charleston, South Carolina, and the volume of Google searches for Snoop Dogg. This strong positive correlation suggests that as air pollution levels increased, so did the interest in the famed rapper. It seems that when it comes to environmental influence, Snoop Dogg is not just a "smokesperson" for a cultural movement, but also for air quality associations.
The r-squared value of 0.7566200 further confirms that a substantial proportion of the variability in Google searches for Snoop Dogg can be explained by the fluctuations in air pollution levels. In other words, approximately 75.66% of the changes in search interest can be attributed to changes in air pollution. It's as if air pollution levels are not just impacting the environment, but also acting as a "doggystyle" influencer on internet search behavior.
The statistical significance of the correlation is evident with a p-value of less than 0.01, reinforcing the robustness of the relationship between air pollution and searches for Snoop Dogg. This result suggests that the likelihood of observing such a strong association by random chance is less than 1%, affirming that this is not just a "drop it like it's hot" coincidence.
Fig. 1 depicts the scatterplot showcasing the strong positive correlation between air pollution levels and Google searches for Snoop Dogg. The upward trend in the scatterplot reinforces the notion that as air pollution levels increase, so does the search interest in Snoop Dogg. It's as if the internet users are saying, "I wanna rock with you all night" amidst the hazy air particles.
This unexpected relationship between air pollution and searches for Snoop Dogg highlights the intricate and often surprising connections that can be uncovered through rigorous data analysis. It seems that in the world of statistical analysis, sometimes you have to roll with the unexpected correlations that emerge, even if they leave you wondering, "What's my agin' again?"

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our study has revealed a truly fascinating and unmistakable association between air pollution levels in Charleston, South Carolina, and the fervent interest in the one and only Snoop Dogg. It appears that when the air quality goes down, the searches for Snoop Dogg go up, leaving us yearning for a breath of fresh air and some classic "Gin and Juice." This unexpected link between environmental factors and popular culture demonstrates the multifaceted influences that shape societal behavior, even if it means navigating through the "foggy" marshes of unusual research connections.

Our findings not only emphasize the significant impact of air pollution on internet search behavior but also bring to light the potential for environmental factors to influence the fascination with iconic cultural figures. It's as if Snoop Dogg's appeal transcends music and ventures into the realms of air quality advocacy - truly embodying the spirit of "sustainability," one might say.

As we wrap up this study, we assert in the most serious academic tone possible, with all due gravity and authority, that further research in this area is not needed. We have confidently and conclusively established the correlation between air pollution in Charleston and searches for Snoop Dogg, leaving no room for doubt or quizzical glances. It's as clear as the smog-filled skies over Charleston - this is where the research road ends, and the "drop it like it's hot" mic is officially dropped.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Smog Dog: Uncovering the Link Between Air Pollution in Charleston, South Carolina, and Searches for Snoop Dogg. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

Journal of Ecological Anthropology

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Smog Dog: Uncovering the Link Between Air Pollution in Charleston, South Carolina, and Searches for Snoop Dogg. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Institute for Environmental Air Quality and Cultural Influences (IEAQCI)

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Smog Dog: Uncovering the Link Between Air Pollution in Charleston, South Carolina, and Searches for Snoop Dogg with an abstract of In this study, we investigate the intriguing correlation between air pollution levels in historic Charleston, South Carolina, and Google searches for the iconic rapper and cultural figure, Snoop Dogg. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency's air quality index and Google Trends, we rigorously analyzed the time series data from 2004 to 2023. Our findings reveal a remarkably strong correlation coefficient of 0.8698391 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a robust relationship between these seemingly unrelated variables. It seems the answer to the question, "Does air pollution lead to an increased interest in Snoop Dogg?" is not just blowing in the wind, but rather in the digital search patterns of internet users.
While it may seem like a stretch to connect air pollution and Snoop Dogg, we certainly didn't want to "gin and chronic" the results or go on a "wild and smoky ride" without proper statistical rigor. When considering the impact of air pollution on public health and behavior, it's essential to look beyond the haze and uncover unexpected associations. Our findings suggest that the cultural influence and music of Snoop Dogg may have a surprising relationship with environmental factors, prompting further exploration of the societal implications of air quality on popular culture.

ChatGPT:

Charleston South Carolina, air pollution, Snoop Dogg, Google search trends, correlation analysis, time series data, Environmental Protection Agency, air quality index, statistical significance, public health, popular culture, societal implications

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina
Detailed data title: Percentage of days with air quality at 'unhealthy for sensitive groups' or worse in Charleston-North Charleston, SC
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina

Google searches for 'snoop dog'
Detailed data title: Relative volume of Google searches for 'snoop dog' (Worldwide, without quotes)
Source: Google Trends
Additional Info: ^{See full details} Relative search volume (not absolute numbers)

See what else correlates with Google searches for 'snoop dog'

Correlation r = 0.8698391 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.7566200 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 75.7% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Google searches for 'snoop dog') is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina) over the 20 years from 2004 through 2023.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 6.3E-7.^Show 0.0000006289986544410509000000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.87 in 6.3E-5% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 1,589,829 random variables^Note You don't actually need 1 million variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 19 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 19 because we have two variables measured over a period of 20 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.69, 0.95 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina (Bad air quality days)	2.73224	4.38356	4.65753	1.64384	2.18579	0	0.547945	1.09589	0.273224	0	0	0.273973	1.38889	0.277008	0	0	0.273224	0	0	0.732601
Google searches for 'snoop dog' (Rel. search volume)	50.8333	67.9167	40.5833	38.5	32.9167	24.3333	21.25	24.6667	17.75	13.5833	17.5	17.9167	15.25	11.25	9.41667	8.91667	9.41667	8.75	13.3333	10.4444

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,237 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 636,906,169 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([2.73224,4.38356,4.65753,1.64384,2.18579,0,0.547945,1.09589,0.273224,0,0,0.273973,1.38889,0.277008,0,0,0.273224,0,0,0.732601,])
array_2 = np.array([50.8333,67.9167,40.5833,38.5,32.9167,24.3333,21.25,24.6667,17.75,13.5833,17.5,17.9167,15.25,11.25,9.41667,8.91667,9.41667,8.75,13.3333,10.4444,])
array_1_name = "Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina"
array_2_name = "Google searches for 'snoop dog'"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Air pollution in Charleston, South Carolina
Line chart for only Google searches for 'snoop dog'
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Smog Dog: Uncovering the Link Between Air Pollution in Charleston, South Carolina, and Searches for Snoop Dogg

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Correlation ID: 5672 · Black Variable ID: 20441 · Red Variable ID: 1526


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