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AI explanation

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate an image of a dazzling city skyline at night, filled with towering law offices adorned with glowing neon signs. The streets are bustling with activity as swarms of lawyers make their way inside, while stacks of paperwork reach towards the sky, engulfing the buildings in a wave of legal jargon. In the midst of this organized chaos, a cozy apartment stands out, where Simone Giertz is seen tinkering away on one of her quirky robot inventions. As the legal world spins in complexity, a contrasting scene emerges as viewers flock to Simone's YouTube channel, represented by a humorous and welcoming atmosphere that offers a refreshing escape from the seriousness of the legal realm. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

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This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Number of Lawyers in the United States and Total likes of Simone Giertz's YouTube videos. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Minimalism A TIME magazine cover image Photorealism Vaporwave High-tech
ChatGPT: A TIME magazine cover image

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Number of Lawyers in the United States and Total likes of Simone Giertz's YouTube videos, in the following situation: As the number of lawyers in the United States increased, so did the amount of paperwork and legal jargon. This inadvertently led to more people seeking lighthearted entertainment to balance out the serious and complex nature of the legal world. Simone Giertz's quirky and amusing YouTube videos became a go-to source of comic relief, boosting her total likes as viewers turned to her unique content to escape the legal mumbo jumbo. It's a case of laughter being the best (legal) medicine! Or perhaps, as the legal field expanded, so did the demand for unconventional robot humor, creating a circuitous connection between lawyers and Giertz's YouTube popularity.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In the bustling city streets, law offices towered high, their neon signs flickering as more and more lawyers streamed in. Amidst the organized chaos, stacks of paperwork seemed to grow ever taller, creating an overwhelming wave of legal jargon. On the other side of town, in a cozy apartment, Simone Giertz tinkered away, creating one of her hilarious and quirky robot inventions. As the legal world swirled with complexity, more and more viewers flocked to Simone's YouTube channel, hitting the 'like' button on her videos as her unique humor offered a much-needed escape from the seriousness of the legal world.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A TIME magazine cover image ] and depicting this scene: In the bustling city streets, law offices towered high, their neon signs flickering as more and more lawyers streamed in. Amidst the organized chaos, stacks of paperwork seemed to grow ever taller, creating an overwhelming wave of legal jargon. On the other side of town, in a cozy apartment, Simone Giertz tinkered away, creating one of her hilarious and quirky robot inventions. As the legal world swirled with complexity, more and more viewers flocked to Simone's YouTube channel, hitting the 'like' button on her videos as her unique humor offered a much-needed escape from the seriousness of the legal world. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate an image of a dazzling city skyline at night, filled with towering law offices adorned with glowing neon signs. The streets are bustling with activity as swarms of lawyers make their way inside, while stacks of paperwork reach towards the sky, engulfing the buildings in a wave of legal jargon. In the midst of this organized chaos, a cozy apartment stands out, where Simone Giertz is seen tinkering away on one of her quirky robot inventions. As the legal world spins in complexity, a contrasting scene emerges as viewers flock to Simone's YouTube channel, represented by a humorous and welcoming atmosphere that offers a refreshing escape from the seriousness of the legal realm.

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*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.

AI academic paper

Legal Eagles and Simone's Steeple: Unraveling the Correlation Between the Number of Lawyers in the United States and Total Likes on Simone Giertz YouTube Videos The Journal of Legal and Digital Analytics Jan 2024 Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

Problem variable:	Which variable has a problem? Number of Lawyers in the United States Total likes of Simone Giertz's YouTube videos Neither / both
Issue:	What is the issue? The data is incorrect The chart isn't displaying properly There is a typo The source link is incorrect A calculation is wrong Something else
Additional details: Optional
Confirm you are a human:

Data details

Why this works

1. Data dredging: I have 25,237 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 636,906,169 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
2. Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
   no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
3. Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
   p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
4. Very low n: There are not many data points included in this analysis. Even if the p-value is high, we should be suspicious of using so few datapoints in a correlation.
5. Y-axis doesn't start at zero: I truncated the Y-axes of the graph above. I also used a line graph, which makes the visual connection stand out more than it deserves. ^Note Nothing against line graphs. They are great at telling a story when you have linear data! But visually it is deceptive because the only data is at the points on the graph, not the lines on the graph. In between each point, the data could have been doing anything. Like going for a random walk by itself!
   Mathematically what I showed is true, but it is intentionally misleading. Below is the same chart but with both Y-axes starting at zero.

Try it yourself

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([1281430,1300700,1312870,1335960,1342380,1352080,1328740,1327910,1327010,])
array_2 = np.array([12354,194582,587220,1151920,1249920,1635230,1132060,822841,700521,])
array_1_name = "Number of Lawyers in the United States"
array_2_name = "Total likes of Simone Giertz's YouTube videos"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

• High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.
  
  If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.
  
  Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
  
• High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
• Alternative high resolution line chart
• Scatterplot
• Portable line chart (png)
• Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
• Line chart for only Number of Lawyers in the United States
• Line chart for only Total likes of Simone Giertz's YouTube videos
• AI-generated correlation image
• The spurious research paper: Legal Eagles and Simone's Steeple: Unraveling the Correlation Between the Number of Lawyers in the United States and Total Likes on Simone Giertz YouTube Videos