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Spurious correlation #5,167 · View random

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Trinity and the second variable is Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.  The chart goes from 1980 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time. Small Image
Download png
, svg

AI explanation

As the name Trinity gained popularity, more and more parents were inspired to name their kids after the iconic movie character. These children, fueled by their love for The Matrix, started a fan club dedicated to reenacting their favorite scenes. Unfortunately, their go-to move was dramatically dodging imaginary bullets, which led to a significant increase in outdoor activity. All this extra running around inadvertently stirred up years of built-up dust and pollution, creating a literal 'Trinity tornado' in Harrisburg. It seems the connection between the name Trinity and air quality in Pennsylvania is truly blowing our minds.

Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Prompt: Generate an image that looks like a beautiful and vibrant Pixar movie scene, portraying a group of kids reenacting the iconic dodging bullets move from the Matrix in an urban setting. The scene takes place in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and showcases a literal 'Trinity tornado' forming as the kids' outdoor activity stirs up years of built-up dust and pollution. Capture the sense of playfulness and adventure in the image, with an undertone of environmental impact. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.
This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Popularity of the first name Trinity and Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: High-tech Minimalism Glitch art Psychedelic An image that looks like it is a scene from a Pixar movie
ChatGPT: An image that looks like it is a scene from a Pixar movie

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Popularity of the first name Trinity and Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in the following situation: As the name Trinity gained popularity, more and more parents were inspired to name their kids after the iconic movie character. These children, fueled by their love for The Matrix, started a fan club dedicated to reenacting their favorite scenes. Unfortunately, their go-to move was dramatically dodging imaginary bullets, which led to a significant increase in outdoor activity. All this extra running around inadvertently stirred up years of built-up dust and pollution, creating a literal 'Trinity tornado' in Harrisburg. It seems the connection between the name Trinity and air quality in Pennsylvania is truly blowing our minds.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the popularity of the first name Trinity led to a group of kids reenacting Matrix scenes, especially the iconic dodging bullets move. Their outdoor activity stirred up years of built-up dust and pollution, creating a literal 'Trinity tornado' in the city.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ An image that looks like it is a scene from a Pixar movie ] and depicting this scene: In Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the popularity of the first name Trinity led to a group of kids reenacting Matrix scenes, especially the iconic dodging bullets move. Their outdoor activity stirred up years of built-up dust and pollution, creating a literal 'Trinity tornado' in the city. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Prompt: Generate an image that looks like a beautiful and vibrant Pixar movie scene, portraying a group of kids reenacting the iconic dodging bullets move from the Matrix in an urban setting. The scene takes place in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and showcases a literal 'Trinity tornado' forming as the kids' outdoor activity stirs up years of built-up dust and pollution. Capture the sense of playfulness and adventure in the image, with an undertone of environmental impact.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how increases in Popularity of the first name Trinity positively influenced Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Include one good pun.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)
The Trinity Effect: Unveiling the Holy Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

The Journal of Environmental Ethnography

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!
Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.




Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You write titles and abstracts of goofy academic research papers.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, and add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please draft the title and abstract of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Trinity and Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Make the title a clever pun.

Your research team used data from US Social Security Administration and Environmental Protection Agency to assess this nagging question. You found a correlation coefficient of 0.8668797 and p < 0.01 for 1980 to 2022.

Please respond in this format (replace "Lorem ipsum dolor sit" with your title and abstract)

[[TITLE]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit

[[ABSTRACT]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit



ChatGPT:
[[TITLE]]
The Trinity Effect: Unveiling the Holy Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in the picturesque city of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we set out to tackle this enigmatic conundrum, drawing on statistical analyses and a sprinkle of whimsical curiosity.

Upon conducting rigorous analyses, we unearthed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, with a p-value less than 0.01, for the years spanning from 1980 to 2022. While the statistical significance of this correlation cannot be overlooked, it also beckons the question: what role does the name Trinity play in the ethereal dance of air pollution levels in this charming city?

This research not only uncovers the link between the eponymous name and the tangible presence of air pollutants but also prompts us to contemplate the deeper significance of seemingly unrelated phenomena. As we navigate through the empirical findings, we find ourselves enveloped in the mystical aura of statistical significance and whimsical wordplay, striving to unravel the intricate web of connections in this delightfully peculiar study.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the introduction section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the introduction section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Trinity and Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Trinity Effect: Unveiling the Holy Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in the picturesque city of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we set out to tackle this enigmatic conundrum, drawing on statistical analyses and a sprinkle of whimsical curiosity.

Upon conducting rigorous analyses, we unearthed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, with a p-value less than 0.01, for the years spanning from 1980 to 2022. While the statistical significance of this correlation cannot be overlooked, it also beckons the question: what role does the name Trinity play in the ethereal dance of air pollution levels in this charming city?

This research not only uncovers the link between the eponymous name and the tangible presence of air pollutants but also prompts us to contemplate the deeper significance of seemingly unrelated phenomena. As we navigate through the empirical findings, we find ourselves enveloped in the mystical aura of statistical significance and whimsical wordplay, striving to unravel the intricate web of connections in this delightfully peculiar study.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[INTRODUCTION]]



ChatGPT:
[[INTRODUCTION]]

The enigmatic relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and the levels of air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania has generated a myriad of curious conjectures and whimsical wonderings. As we tiptoe through the labyrinth of statistical analyses and data-driven musings, we find ourselves ensnared in the tangled threads of uncertainty and intrigue. With a twinkle in our eye and a flask of statistical significance firmly in hand, we embark on this delightful journey of unraveling the mysteries that lie at the intersection of nomenclature and nitrogen oxides.

Though the phenomenon at hand may initially seem as ethereal as the namesake, the statistical analyses promise a solidity that tantalizes the imagination. A correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, graced with a p-value less than 0.01, emerges from the depths of the data, leaving us befuddled and bemused. As we dive headfirst into the esoteric world of statistical significance, we find ourselves charmed by the whimsy of this allegorical allegory, where the dance of the dainty name Trinity intersects with the suffocating embrace of air pollutants.

What causative forces impel this collusion of Trinity and noxious particles to manifest in such harmonious accordance? Is there a metaphysical mediation cast upon the winds, whispering secrets of namesakes and nitrogen dioxide? With each regression analysis and scatter plot, we can't help but revel in the mystique of this conundrum, as our data points pirouette around the axis in a spectral symphony of significance.

As we march forth into the boundless terrain of empirical findings, armed with our arsenal of arcane statistical tools and a dash of whimsical wordplay, we invite you to join us in this frolic through the clouds of curiosity and conjecture. For within the realm of academic rigidity and empirical inquiry, the sprightly spirit of scientific exploration mingles with the ephemeral essence of name trends and air pollutants, beckoning us to unveil the ineffable elegance of the Trinity Effect.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Trinity and Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then you might move on to cartoons and children's shows that you watched for research.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Trinity Effect: Unveiling the Holy Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in the picturesque city of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we set out to tackle this enigmatic conundrum, drawing on statistical analyses and a sprinkle of whimsical curiosity.

Upon conducting rigorous analyses, we unearthed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, with a p-value less than 0.01, for the years spanning from 1980 to 2022. While the statistical significance of this correlation cannot be overlooked, it also beckons the question: what role does the name Trinity play in the ethereal dance of air pollution levels in this charming city?

This research not only uncovers the link between the eponymous name and the tangible presence of air pollutants but also prompts us to contemplate the deeper significance of seemingly unrelated phenomena. As we navigate through the empirical findings, we find ourselves enveloped in the mystical aura of statistical significance and whimsical wordplay, striving to unravel the intricate web of connections in this delightfully peculiar study.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The enigmatic relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and the levels of air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania has generated a myriad of curious conjectures and whimsical wonderings. As we tiptoe through the labyrinth of statistical analyses and data-driven musings, we find ourselves ensnared in the tangled threads of uncertainty and intrigue. With a twinkle in our eye and a flask of statistical significance firmly in hand, we embark on this delightful journey of unraveling the mysteries that lie at the intersection of nomenclature and nitrogen oxides.
Though the phenomenon at hand may initially seem as ethereal as the namesake, the statistical analyses promise a solidity that tantalizes the imagination. A correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, graced with a p-value less than 0.01, emerges from the depths of the data, leaving us befuddled and bemused. As we dive headfirst into the esoteric world of statistical significance, we find ourselves charmed by the whimsy of this allegorical allegory, where the dance of the dainty name Trinity intersects with the suffocating embrace of air pollutants.
What causative forces impel this collusion of Trinity and noxious particles to manifest in such harmonious accordance? Is there a metaphysical mediation cast upon the winds, whispering secrets of namesakes and nitrogen dioxide? With each regression analysis and scatter plot, we can't help but revel in the mystique of this conundrum, as our data points pirouette around the axis in a spectral symphony of significance.
As we march forth into the boundless terrain of empirical findings, armed with our arsenal of arcane statistical tools and a dash of whimsical wordplay, we invite you to join us in this frolic through the clouds of curiosity and conjecture. For within the realm of academic rigidity and empirical inquiry, the sprightly spirit of scientific exploration mingles with the ephemeral essence of name trends and air pollutants, beckoning us to unveil the ineffable elegance of the Trinity Effect.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]



ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

Numerous studies have explored the intersection of sociolinguistics and environmental science, yielding a diverse array of findings and a captivating tapestry of insight. Smith et al. (2010) postulated an intriguing link between personal nomenclature and environmental phenomena, invoking thought-provoking considerations that transcend conventional paradigms. Similarly, Doe and Jones (2015) examined the cultural connotations of first names and their potential influence on localized environmental factors, encapsulating a whimsical whimsy within the rigorous rigor of scientific inquiry.

Building upon this foundation of academic inquiry, "The Namesake" by Jhumpa Lahiri delves into the complexities of identity and nomenclature, infusing the narrative with a subtle resonance that reverberates with our inquiry. Furthermore, Margaret Atwood's "Alias Grace" provides a fictional lens through which the nuances of persona and nomenclature are vividly portrayed, offering a tantalizing perspective on the interplay of names and their enigmatic echoes in the world around us.

Shifting gears to explore the boundless realm of popular culture, "The Powerpuff Girls" serve as a whimsically informative foray into the world of names and their potential effects on the environment. The lively adventures of Blossom, Bubbles, and Buttercup offer a captivating reflection on how names can encapsulate multifaceted facets of identity, while also hinting at their potential resonance with atmospheric phenomena.

Through this eclectic blend of scholarly discourse, literary contemplation, and animated insight, we endeavor to untangle the enigmatic connection between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. This idiosyncratic union of empirical investigation and fanciful fancy unfolds as a delightful dalliance that beckons us to embrace both the rigidity of statistical analysis and the whimsical wonders of hidden connections.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Trinity and Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and Environmental Protection Agency . You used data from 1980 to 2022

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Trinity Effect: Unveiling the Holy Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in the picturesque city of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we set out to tackle this enigmatic conundrum, drawing on statistical analyses and a sprinkle of whimsical curiosity.

Upon conducting rigorous analyses, we unearthed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, with a p-value less than 0.01, for the years spanning from 1980 to 2022. While the statistical significance of this correlation cannot be overlooked, it also beckons the question: what role does the name Trinity play in the ethereal dance of air pollution levels in this charming city?

This research not only uncovers the link between the eponymous name and the tangible presence of air pollutants but also prompts us to contemplate the deeper significance of seemingly unrelated phenomena. As we navigate through the empirical findings, we find ourselves enveloped in the mystical aura of statistical significance and whimsical wordplay, striving to unravel the intricate web of connections in this delightfully peculiar study.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
The enigmatic relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and the levels of air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania has generated a myriad of curious conjectures and whimsical wonderings. As we tiptoe through the labyrinth of statistical analyses and data-driven musings, we find ourselves ensnared in the tangled threads of uncertainty and intrigue. With a twinkle in our eye and a flask of statistical significance firmly in hand, we embark on this delightful journey of unraveling the mysteries that lie at the intersection of nomenclature and nitrogen oxides.
Though the phenomenon at hand may initially seem as ethereal as the namesake, the statistical analyses promise a solidity that tantalizes the imagination. A correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, graced with a p-value less than 0.01, emerges from the depths of the data, leaving us befuddled and bemused. As we dive headfirst into the esoteric world of statistical significance, we find ourselves charmed by the whimsy of this allegorical allegory, where the dance of the dainty name Trinity intersects with the suffocating embrace of air pollutants.
What causative forces impel this collusion of Trinity and noxious particles to manifest in such harmonious accordance? Is there a metaphysical mediation cast upon the winds, whispering secrets of namesakes and nitrogen dioxide? With each regression analysis and scatter plot, we can't help but revel in the mystique of this conundrum, as our data points pirouette around the axis in a spectral symphony of significance.
As we march forth into the boundless terrain of empirical findings, armed with our arsenal of arcane statistical tools and a dash of whimsical wordplay, we invite you to join us in this frolic through the clouds of curiosity and conjecture. For within the realm of academic rigidity and empirical inquiry, the sprightly spirit of scientific exploration mingles with the ephemeral essence of name trends and air pollutants, beckoning us to unveil the ineffable elegance of the Trinity Effect.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]



ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

To unravel the captivating conundrum of the Trinity Effect, we embarked on a whimsical yet rigorous research expedition that harnessed the art of statistical analyses, data mining, and a touch of name-based sleuthing. Our research team first delved into the treasure trove of data offered by the US Social Security Administration, where the frequency of the name "Trinity" was extracted for the years spanning from 1980 to 2022. Embracing the ever-changing tides of nomenclature, we waded through the digital annals with a fervor akin to that of intrepid explorers seeking the lost city of Atlantis, albeit with a keyboard and mouse as our trusty navigational aids.

With the enchanting array of Trinity sightings securely cataloged, we then set our sights on the domain of environmental data. The Environmental Protection Agency's records of air pollution levels in the charming city of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, welcomed us with open arms, ushering us into a realm where the invisible whispers of pollutants intertwine with the whispers of appellations. Thus, armed with a whimsical blend of statistical fortitude and unyielding curiosity, we ventured to ascertain whether the rise and fall of Trinity as a name could be entwined with the ebb and flow of nitrogen oxides and ground-level ozone.

Through the arcane rituals of data acquisition and manipulation, we sought to discern the trajectory of the Trinity phenomenon in relation to the ethereal dance of air pollutants. Our analysis encompassed exploration of significant weather events, industrial developments, and the assortment of variables that weave the complex tapestry of urban air quality. As the data points pirouetted across our screens, we deployed an arsenal of statistical techniques, including the venerable Pearson correlation coefficient and the illustrious linear regression models, to unveil the clandestine interplay between Trinity's ascendance and the subtle shifts in the atmospheric indices.

In a quest to guard against the chimeras of spurious associations, we diligently inspected and massaged the data, striving to extract the esoteric essence of causation from the nebulous cloud of correlation. Every keystroke and mouse-click brought us closer to understanding the mystical forces that governed this curious connection, as we navigated the rocky shoals of confounding variables and oscillated with the waves of significance.

As we emerged from the labyrinthine corridors of statistical analysis, we donned the cloaks of uncertainty and humbly presented our findings, wrapped in the whimsy of empirical truth and the delight of data-driven discovery. The methodology we forged, suffused with equal parts scientific rigor and coruscating curiosity, affords us a kaleidoscopic glimpse into the enigmatic bond between a moniker and the very air we breathe.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Trinity and Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and Environmental Protection Agency .

For the time period 1980 to 2022, you found a correlation 0.8668797, r-squared of 0.7514805, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Trinity Effect: Unveiling the Holy Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in the picturesque city of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we set out to tackle this enigmatic conundrum, drawing on statistical analyses and a sprinkle of whimsical curiosity.

Upon conducting rigorous analyses, we unearthed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, with a p-value less than 0.01, for the years spanning from 1980 to 2022. While the statistical significance of this correlation cannot be overlooked, it also beckons the question: what role does the name Trinity play in the ethereal dance of air pollution levels in this charming city?

This research not only uncovers the link between the eponymous name and the tangible presence of air pollutants but also prompts us to contemplate the deeper significance of seemingly unrelated phenomena. As we navigate through the empirical findings, we find ourselves enveloped in the mystical aura of statistical significance and whimsical wordplay, striving to unravel the intricate web of connections in this delightfully peculiar study.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
The enigmatic relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and the levels of air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania has generated a myriad of curious conjectures and whimsical wonderings. As we tiptoe through the labyrinth of statistical analyses and data-driven musings, we find ourselves ensnared in the tangled threads of uncertainty and intrigue. With a twinkle in our eye and a flask of statistical significance firmly in hand, we embark on this delightful journey of unraveling the mysteries that lie at the intersection of nomenclature and nitrogen oxides.
Though the phenomenon at hand may initially seem as ethereal as the namesake, the statistical analyses promise a solidity that tantalizes the imagination. A correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, graced with a p-value less than 0.01, emerges from the depths of the data, leaving us befuddled and bemused. As we dive headfirst into the esoteric world of statistical significance, we find ourselves charmed by the whimsy of this allegorical allegory, where the dance of the dainty name Trinity intersects with the suffocating embrace of air pollutants.
What causative forces impel this collusion of Trinity and noxious particles to manifest in such harmonious accordance? Is there a metaphysical mediation cast upon the winds, whispering secrets of namesakes and nitrogen dioxide? With each regression analysis and scatter plot, we can't help but revel in the mystique of this conundrum, as our data points pirouette around the axis in a spectral symphony of significance.
As we march forth into the boundless terrain of empirical findings, armed with our arsenal of arcane statistical tools and a dash of whimsical wordplay, we invite you to join us in this frolic through the clouds of curiosity and conjecture. For within the realm of academic rigidity and empirical inquiry, the sprightly spirit of scientific exploration mingles with the ephemeral essence of name trends and air pollutants, beckoning us to unveil the ineffable elegance of the Trinity Effect.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]



ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

Our investigation into the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania has unveiled a remarkable correlation. Over the period from 1980 to 2022, our analysis revealed a robust correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, accompanied by an r-squared value of 0.7514805, and a cheeky p-value of less than 0.01. This compelling statistical evidence piqued our interest and fueled our insatiable curiosity to further probe the mysterious bond between nomenclature and nitrogen oxides.

Figure 1 (see what we did there?) presents a mesmerizing scatterplot that vividly encapsulates the robust correlation between the two variables. The plot showcases the enthralling dance of data points, akin to a celestial waltz between the ethereal name Trinity and the ubiquitous air pollutants. The visual representation serves as a testament to the captivating synergy between numerical data and enigmatic nomenclature, inviting us to contemplate the whimsical interplay of statistical significance and fanciful nomenclature.

The statistical significance of this correlation is as captivating as it is confounding, leading us to ponder the supposed influence of the name Trinity on the atmospheric composition of Harrisburg. While our findings may sparkle with statistical allure, they also beckon us to delve deeper into the metaphysical mediation of nomenclature and noxious particles, inviting a tantalizing exploration of the enigmatic Trinity Effect and its curious impact on air pollution dynamics.

The implications of our research extend beyond the realm of empirical inquiry, transcending into the whimsical domain of name trends and atmospheric mysteries. As we continue to unravel the tangled web of connections between the celestial notions of nomenclature and the gritty reality of air pollutants, we find ourselves enchanted by the ineffable elegance and perplexing prowess of the Trinity Effect.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Trinity and Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
The Trinity Effect: Unveiling the Holy Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in the picturesque city of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we set out to tackle this enigmatic conundrum, drawing on statistical analyses and a sprinkle of whimsical curiosity.

Upon conducting rigorous analyses, we unearthed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, with a p-value less than 0.01, for the years spanning from 1980 to 2022. While the statistical significance of this correlation cannot be overlooked, it also beckons the question: what role does the name Trinity play in the ethereal dance of air pollution levels in this charming city?

This research not only uncovers the link between the eponymous name and the tangible presence of air pollutants but also prompts us to contemplate the deeper significance of seemingly unrelated phenomena. As we navigate through the empirical findings, we find ourselves enveloped in the mystical aura of statistical significance and whimsical wordplay, striving to unravel the intricate web of connections in this delightfully peculiar study.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
Numerous studies have explored the intersection of sociolinguistics and environmental science, yielding a diverse array of findings and a captivating tapestry of insight. Smith et al. (2010) postulated an intriguing link between personal nomenclature and environmental phenomena, invoking thought-provoking considerations that transcend conventional paradigms. Similarly, Doe and Jones (2015) examined the cultural connotations of first names and their potential influence on localized environmental factors, encapsulating a whimsical whimsy within the rigorous rigor of scientific inquiry.
Building upon this foundation of academic inquiry, "The Namesake" by Jhumpa Lahiri delves into the complexities of identity and nomenclature, infusing the narrative with a subtle resonance that reverberates with our inquiry. Furthermore, Margaret Atwood's "Alias Grace" provides a fictional lens through which the nuances of persona and nomenclature are vividly portrayed, offering a tantalizing perspective on the interplay of names and their enigmatic echoes in the world around us.
Shifting gears to explore the boundless realm of popular culture, "The Powerpuff Girls" serve as a whimsically informative foray into the world of names and their potential effects on the environment. The lively adventures of Blossom, Bubbles, and Buttercup offer a captivating reflection on how names can encapsulate multifaceted facets of identity, while also hinting at their potential resonance with atmospheric phenomena.
Through this eclectic blend of scholarly discourse, literary contemplation, and animated insight, we endeavor to untangle the enigmatic connection between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. This idiosyncratic union of empirical investigation and fanciful fancy unfolds as a delightful dalliance that beckons us to embrace both the rigidity of statistical analysis and the whimsical wonders of hidden connections.

[[RESULTS]]
Our investigation into the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania has unveiled a remarkable correlation. Over the period from 1980 to 2022, our analysis revealed a robust correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, accompanied by an r-squared value of 0.7514805, and a cheeky p-value of less than 0.01. This compelling statistical evidence piqued our interest and fueled our insatiable curiosity to further probe the mysterious bond between nomenclature and nitrogen oxides.
Figure 1 (see what we did there?) presents a mesmerizing scatterplot that vividly encapsulates the robust correlation between the two variables. The plot showcases the enthralling dance of data points, akin to a celestial waltz between the ethereal name Trinity and the ubiquitous air pollutants. The visual representation serves as a testament to the captivating synergy between numerical data and enigmatic nomenclature, inviting us to contemplate the whimsical interplay of statistical significance and fanciful nomenclature.
The statistical significance of this correlation is as captivating as it is confounding, leading us to ponder the supposed influence of the name Trinity on the atmospheric composition of Harrisburg. While our findings may sparkle with statistical allure, they also beckon us to delve deeper into the metaphysical mediation of nomenclature and noxious particles, inviting a tantalizing exploration of the enigmatic Trinity Effect and its curious impact on air pollution dynamics.
The implications of our research extend beyond the realm of empirical inquiry, transcending into the whimsical domain of name trends and atmospheric mysteries. As we continue to unravel the tangled web of connections between the celestial notions of nomenclature and the gritty reality of air pollutants, we find ourselves enchanted by the ineffable elegance and perplexing prowess of the Trinity Effect.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]



ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The enthralling correlation between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania has captivated our curiosity and led us to wade into the whimsical waters of statistical analysis and pseudoscientific ponderings. Our findings not only corroborate the prior work of Smith et al. (2010) and Doe and Jones (2015) but also embolden us to channel the pioneering spirit of "The Powerpuff Girls" in our quest to unravel the Trinity Effect.

The robust correlation coefficient of 0.8668797 and the r-squared value of 0.7514805 bear testament to the otherworldly dance of Trinity and toxic air particles, akin to a cosmic tango that rouses the ethereal whimsy within us. However, let us not be seduced solely by these bewitching statistical figures. The allure of the p-value less than 0.01 beckons us to traverse the labyrinth of significance testing, where the line between mere chance and divine intervention blurs with tantalizing ambiguity, much like the ambiguous aura surrounding the name Trinity itself.

Figure 1 not only showcases the compelling correlation but also tantalizes with an enigmatic dance of data points, hinting at the clandestine negotiations between the transcendent name Trinity and the gritty reality of atmospheric pollutants. This whimsical visualization mirrors the mesmeric elegance of a ballet, a cosmic performance where statistical significance pirouettes with playful allusions to the Trinity Effect.

Our study, with its lighthearted embrace of surreptitious connections and statistical charisma, offers a delightful dalliance that beckons us to a deeper contemplation of the profound interplay between names and the atmospheric milieu. As we traverse this curious landscape of empirical oddities and numerically enigmatic nomenclature, we are emboldened to wield both the rigor of scientific inquiry and the whimsical wonders of hidden connections in our pursuit of knowledge and merriment.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Trinity and Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
The Trinity Effect: Unveiling the Holy Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in the picturesque city of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we set out to tackle this enigmatic conundrum, drawing on statistical analyses and a sprinkle of whimsical curiosity.

Upon conducting rigorous analyses, we unearthed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, with a p-value less than 0.01, for the years spanning from 1980 to 2022. While the statistical significance of this correlation cannot be overlooked, it also beckons the question: what role does the name Trinity play in the ethereal dance of air pollution levels in this charming city?

This research not only uncovers the link between the eponymous name and the tangible presence of air pollutants but also prompts us to contemplate the deeper significance of seemingly unrelated phenomena. As we navigate through the empirical findings, we find ourselves enveloped in the mystical aura of statistical significance and whimsical wordplay, striving to unravel the intricate web of connections in this delightfully peculiar study.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
The enigmatic relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and the levels of air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania has generated a myriad of curious conjectures and whimsical wonderings. As we tiptoe through the labyrinth of statistical analyses and data-driven musings, we find ourselves ensnared in the tangled threads of uncertainty and intrigue. With a twinkle in our eye and a flask of statistical significance firmly in hand, we embark on this delightful journey of unraveling the mysteries that lie at the intersection of nomenclature and nitrogen oxides.
Though the phenomenon at hand may initially seem as ethereal as the namesake, the statistical analyses promise a solidity that tantalizes the imagination. A correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, graced with a p-value less than 0.01, emerges from the depths of the data, leaving us befuddled and bemused. As we dive headfirst into the esoteric world of statistical significance, we find ourselves charmed by the whimsy of this allegorical allegory, where the dance of the dainty name Trinity intersects with the suffocating embrace of air pollutants.
What causative forces impel this collusion of Trinity and noxious particles to manifest in such harmonious accordance? Is there a metaphysical mediation cast upon the winds, whispering secrets of namesakes and nitrogen dioxide? With each regression analysis and scatter plot, we can't help but revel in the mystique of this conundrum, as our data points pirouette around the axis in a spectral symphony of significance.
As we march forth into the boundless terrain of empirical findings, armed with our arsenal of arcane statistical tools and a dash of whimsical wordplay, we invite you to join us in this frolic through the clouds of curiosity and conjecture. For within the realm of academic rigidity and empirical inquiry, the sprightly spirit of scientific exploration mingles with the ephemeral essence of name trends and air pollutants, beckoning us to unveil the ineffable elegance of the Trinity Effect.

[[RESULTS]]
Our investigation into the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania has unveiled a remarkable correlation. Over the period from 1980 to 2022, our analysis revealed a robust correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, accompanied by an r-squared value of 0.7514805, and a cheeky p-value of less than 0.01. This compelling statistical evidence piqued our interest and fueled our insatiable curiosity to further probe the mysterious bond between nomenclature and nitrogen oxides.
Figure 1 (see what we did there?) presents a mesmerizing scatterplot that vividly encapsulates the robust correlation between the two variables. The plot showcases the enthralling dance of data points, akin to a celestial waltz between the ethereal name Trinity and the ubiquitous air pollutants. The visual representation serves as a testament to the captivating synergy between numerical data and enigmatic nomenclature, inviting us to contemplate the whimsical interplay of statistical significance and fanciful nomenclature.
The statistical significance of this correlation is as captivating as it is confounding, leading us to ponder the supposed influence of the name Trinity on the atmospheric composition of Harrisburg. While our findings may sparkle with statistical allure, they also beckon us to delve deeper into the metaphysical mediation of nomenclature and noxious particles, inviting a tantalizing exploration of the enigmatic Trinity Effect and its curious impact on air pollution dynamics.
The implications of our research extend beyond the realm of empirical inquiry, transcending into the whimsical domain of name trends and atmospheric mysteries. As we continue to unravel the tangled web of connections between the celestial notions of nomenclature and the gritty reality of air pollutants, we find ourselves enchanted by the ineffable elegance and perplexing prowess of the Trinity Effect.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]



ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In sum, our research has unearthed a compelling correlation between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The enchanting statistical evidence we've amassed indicates a substantial relationship that piques our scientific curiosity, much like discovering an unexpected twist in a suspenseful novel. Our findings not only highlight the tangible impact of nomenclature on atmospheric dynamics but also beckon us to ponder the mysterious forces that govern this ethereal dance of statistical significance and whimsical wordplay.

As we bid adieu to this charmingly enigmatic study, we are left with a sense of whimsical wonder and statistical satisfaction. Our results, like a perfectly timed punchline, reflect the delightful synergy between empirical findings and the inexplicable allure of nomenclature. The Trinity Effect has left an indelible mark on our scientific musings, much like a quirky character in a comedic play, leaving us bemused and bewitched.

In light of our findings, we confidently assert that no further research is needed in this area, as the charming absurdity and statistical significance of the Trinity Effect have been sufficiently unveiled. It seems that in the delightful waltz of empirical inquiry, we have stumbled upon an unexpected partner in the form of whimsical nomenclature, twirling in harmony with the inescapable embrace of air pollutants, much like an unforeseen comedic duo in the grand theater of scientific exploration.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited The Trinity Effect: Unveiling the Holy Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Environmental Ethnography


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited The Trinity Effect: Unveiling the Holy Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

International Society for Nameology and Environmental Impact


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled The Trinity Effect: Unveiling the Holy Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania with an abstract of This study delves into the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name Trinity and air pollution levels in the picturesque city of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we set out to tackle this enigmatic conundrum, drawing on statistical analyses and a sprinkle of whimsical curiosity.
Upon conducting rigorous analyses, we unearthed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8668797, with a p-value less than 0.01, for the years spanning from 1980 to 2022. While the statistical significance of this correlation cannot be overlooked, it also beckons the question: what role does the name Trinity play in the ethereal dance of air pollution levels in this charming city?
This research not only uncovers the link between the eponymous name and the tangible presence of air pollutants but also prompts us to contemplate the deeper significance of seemingly unrelated phenomena. As we navigate through the empirical findings, we find ourselves enveloped in the mystical aura of statistical significance and whimsical wordplay, striving to unravel the intricate web of connections in this delightfully peculiar study.

ChatGPT:

Trinity, name popularity, air pollution, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, correlation, statistical analyses, US Social Security Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, correlation coefficient, p-value, ethereal, air pollutants, empirical findings, statistical significance, whimsical wordplay

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.



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Data details

Popularity of the first name Trinity
Detailed data title: Babies of all sexes born in the US named Trinity
Source: US Social Security Administration
See what else correlates with Popularity of the first name Trinity

Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Detailed data title: Percentage of days with moderate or worse air quality in Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

Correlation r = 0.8668797 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r2 = 0.7514805 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 75.1% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Popularity of the first name Trinity) over the 43 years from 1980 through 2022.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 5.71E-14. 0.0000000000000570888412506850
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme. More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.87 in 5.71E-12% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 17,516,558,018,911 random variables You don't actually need 17 trillion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 42 degrees of freedom, Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 42 because we have two variables measured over a period of 43 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.77, 0.93 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!


All values for the years included above: If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.
1980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022
Popularity of the first name Trinity (Babies born)205203187176126166148151139178174185223272288365375497557157143864587445252015729552249104420433840683739365732812952283225432254187717411655131311531041
Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (Bad air quality days)43.333329.213542.465836.712327.322434.794535.342540.547933.333328.493227.397334.794522.131128.767137.808223.835627.049223.013732.054849.86357.650366.301457.808264.657559.562864.109654.794556.164454.098456.164459.72657.808253.278756.164452.054856.164436.065627.123331.232930.958926.502733.424729.863




Why this works

  1. Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
  2. Lack of causal connection: There is probably Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
    no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
  3. Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
    p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
  4. Y-axis doesn't start at zero: I truncated the Y-axes of the graph above. I also used a line graph, which makes the visual connection stand out more than it deserves. Nothing against line graphs. They are great at telling a story when you have linear data! But visually it is deceptive because the only data is at the points on the graph, not the lines on the graph. In between each point, the data could have been doing anything. Like going for a random walk by itself!
    Mathematically what I showed is true, but it is intentionally misleading. Below is the same chart but with both Y-axes starting at zero.




Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."


# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([205,203,187,176,126,166,148,151,139,178,174,185,223,272,288,365,375,497,557,1571,4386,4587,4452,5201,5729,5522,4910,4420,4338,4068,3739,3657,3281,2952,2832,2543,2254,1877,1741,1655,1313,1153,1041,])
array_2 = np.array([43.3333,29.2135,42.4658,36.7123,27.3224,34.7945,35.3425,40.5479,33.3333,28.4932,27.3973,34.7945,22.1311,28.7671,37.8082,23.8356,27.0492,23.0137,32.0548,49.863,57.6503,66.3014,57.8082,64.6575,59.5628,64.1096,54.7945,56.1644,54.0984,56.1644,59.726,57.8082,53.2787,56.1644,52.0548,56.1644,36.0656,27.1233,31.2329,30.9589,26.5027,33.4247,29.863,])
array_1_name = "Popularity of the first name Trinity"
array_2_name = "Air pollution in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)



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You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

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