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AI explanation

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: To create a visually engaging image using DALL-E 3, envision a meme style scene: Amidst the rolling fields and blue skies of a small Wisconsin town, a wooden sign proudly proclaims "Paxton County Fair." The fairgrounds are bustling with activity as folks line up to cast their ballots for the upcoming senatorial election, while a group of people wearing shirts emblazoned with the name "Paxton" gather under a makeshift tent, engaging in passionate conversations about individual freedoms and limited government. The aroma of freshly baked apple pies wafts through the air, and a band of musicians sings songs of rebellion and self-reliance. Create a simple, visually striking depiction that captures the spirited gathering and the connection between the name Paxton and the Libertarian votes in Wisconsin. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

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This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Popularity of the first name Paxton and Libertarian votes for Senators in Wisconsin. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: a meme Whimsical illustration An image that looks like it is a scene from 'Star Wars' Low poly Macabre
ChatGPT: a meme

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Popularity of the first name Paxton and Libertarian votes for Senators in Wisconsin, in the following situation: The name Paxton exudes an aura of independence and nonconformity. It's like the name itself comes with a tiny flag and a copy of Atlas Shrugged. People hear the name Paxton and suddenly they're all about personal freedom and limited government. It's as if there's a subconscious association with Pax, the Latin word for peace, and non-interventionist foreign policy. Maybe it's because Paxton sounds like a renegade cowboy who only answers to himself. Or perhaps there's a secret society of Paxtons covertly promoting individual liberties. Clearly, the correlation between the name Paxton and Libertarian votes in Wisconsin is no coincidence. It's like a peaceful rebellion led by a legion of Paxton-empowered voters. Or maybe it's just a statistical fluke. Who's to say?. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In a small Wisconsin town, amidst rolling fields and blue skies, a wooden sign proudly proclaims the Paxton County Fair. The fairgrounds are bustling with activity as folks line up to cast their ballots for the upcoming senatorial election. A group of people wearing shirts emblazoned with the name “Paxton” gather under a makeshift tent, engaging in passionate conversations about individual freedoms and limited government. The aroma of freshly baked apple pies wafts through the air as a band of musicians sings songs of rebellion and self-reliance. It's clear that the connection between the name Paxton and the Libertarian votes in Wisconsin is alive and well in this spirited gathering.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ a meme ] and depicting this scene: In a small Wisconsin town, amidst rolling fields and blue skies, a wooden sign proudly proclaims the Paxton County Fair. The fairgrounds are bustling with activity as folks line up to cast their ballots for the upcoming senatorial election. A group of people wearing shirts emblazoned with the name “Paxton” gather under a makeshift tent, engaging in passionate conversations about individual freedoms and limited government. The aroma of freshly baked apple pies wafts through the air as a band of musicians sings songs of rebellion and self-reliance. It's clear that the connection between the name Paxton and the Libertarian votes in Wisconsin is alive and well in this spirited gathering. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: To create a visually engaging image using DALL-E 3, envision a meme style scene: Amidst the rolling fields and blue skies of a small Wisconsin town, a wooden sign proudly proclaims "Paxton County Fair." The fairgrounds are bustling with activity as folks line up to cast their ballots for the upcoming senatorial election, while a group of people wearing shirts emblazoned with the name "Paxton" gather under a makeshift tent, engaging in passionate conversations about individual freedoms and limited government. The aroma of freshly baked apple pies wafts through the air, and a band of musicians sings songs of rebellion and self-reliance. Create a simple, visually striking depiction that captures the spirited gathering and the connection between the name Paxton and the Libertarian votes in Wisconsin.

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*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.

AI academic paper

The Paxton Paradox: A Statistical Connection between First Name Popularity and Libertarian Votes for Senators in Wisconsin The Journal of Quirky Quantitative Research Jan 2024 Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

Problem variable:	Which variable has a problem? Popularity of the first name Paxton Votes for Libertarian Senators in Wisconsin Neither / both
Issue:	What is the issue? The data is incorrect The chart isn't displaying properly There is a typo The source link is incorrect A calculation is wrong Something else
Additional details: Optional
Confirm you are a human:

Data details

Why this works

1. Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
2. Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
   no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
3. Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
   p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
4. Very low n: There are not many data points included in this analysis. Even if the p-value is high, we should be suspicious of using so few datapoints in a correlation.

Try it yourself

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([21,18,89,236,210,229,242,1544,2083,])
array_2 = np.array([0.439116,0.514408,0.372568,0.986122,0.31752,0.840445,0.283652,2.06818,2.96842,])
array_1_name = "Popularity of the first name Paxton"
array_2_name = "Votes for Libertarian Senators in Wisconsin"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

• High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.
  
  If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.
  
  Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
  
• High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
• Alternative high resolution line chart
• Scatterplot
• Portable line chart (png)
• Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
• Line chart for only Popularity of the first name Paxton
• Line chart for only Votes for Libertarian Senators in Wisconsin
• AI-generated correlation image
• The spurious research paper: The Paxton Paradox: A Statistical Connection between First Name Popularity and Libertarian Votes for Senators in Wisconsin