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AI explanation
Fewer people naming their children Bertha means there are fewer cars with those old-fashioned "Bertha" bumper stickers on the road, leading to a slight decrease in air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. After all, those vintage cars tend to be real gas guzzlers, and their fumes are no joke!
Model: dalle-3
Prompt: "Create an image inspired by pop art that depicts the streets of Fort Collins, Colorado. The scene should show modern cars dominating the roads, with fewer vintage vehicles in sight. As a breeze sweeps by, imagine the cleaner air and reduced pollution from the absence of gas-guzzling vintage cars. The scene should also convey a subtle hint of nostalgia for the old-fashioned name Bertha. The imagery should focus on bold, graphic representation of the cars and the city streets in a striking pop art style." The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.
This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Popularity of the first name Bertha and Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: a Polaroid photo Cyberpunk Sci-fi fantacy An image that looks like it is a scene from 'Star Wars' Pop art
ChatGPT: Pop art
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Popularity of the first name Bertha and Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado, in the following situation: Fewer people naming their children Bertha means there are fewer cars with those old-fashioned "Bertha" bumper stickers on the road, leading to a slight decrease in air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. After all, those vintage cars tend to be real gas guzzlers, and their fumes are no joke!. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In Fort Collins, Colorado, the streets are lined with modern cars and fewer vintage vehicles, resulting in a decline in the number of "Bertha" bumper stickers. As a breeze sweeps by, it carries the cleaner air with less pollution from the absence of gas-guzzling vintage cars but also carries the slight hint of nostalgia for the old-fashioned name Bertha.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Pop art ] and depicting this scene: In Fort Collins, Colorado, the streets are lined with modern cars and fewer vintage vehicles, resulting in a decline in the number of "Bertha" bumper stickers. As a breeze sweeps by, it carries the cleaner air with less pollution from the absence of gas-guzzling vintage cars but also carries the slight hint of nostalgia for the old-fashioned name Bertha. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: "Create an image inspired by pop art that depicts the streets of Fort Collins, Colorado. The scene should show modern cars dominating the roads, with fewer vintage vehicles in sight. As a breeze sweeps by, imagine the cleaner air and reduced pollution from the absence of gas-guzzling vintage cars. The scene should also convey a subtle hint of nostalgia for the old-fashioned name Bertha. The imagery should focus on bold, graphic representation of the cars and the city streets in a striking pop art style."
*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.
I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how a decrease in Popularity of the first name Bertha caused Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado to decrease.
AI academic paper
 |
The Bertha Effect: Unearthing the Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Quality in Fort Collins The Journal of Quirky Connections Jan 2024 Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real! |
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You write titles and abstracts of goofy academic research papers.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, and add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please draft the title and abstract of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Bertha and Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Make the title a clever pun.
Your research team used data from US Social Security Administration and Environmental Protection Agency to assess this nagging question. You found a correlation coefficient of 0.8079631 and p < 0.01 for 1980 to 2022.
Please respond in this format (replace "Lorem ipsum dolor sit" with your title and abstract)
[[TITLE]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
[[ABSTRACT]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
ChatGPT:
[[TITLE]]
"The Bertha Effect: Unearthing the Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Quality in Fort Collins"
[[ABSTRACT]]
In this research study, we excavate the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Combining data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we churned through mounds of information to unearth what may seem like an oddball connection. Despite initial skepticism and raised eyebrows from colleagues, our findings reveal a surprising correlation coefficient of 0.8079631 and p < 0.01 for the years 1980 to 2022. As we sifted through the data, it became apparent that the rise and fall of "Berthas" may whistle a tune about the air quality in Fort Collins. So, if you hear someone sneeze and say, "It's Bertha's fault," they might not just be referring to a dear old aunt with excessive perfume, but possibly also to the air quality in Fort Collins! Our study lends weight to the idea that sometimes the air we breathe not only affects our lungs but also the choice of names for our beloved babies.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the introduction section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the introduction section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Bertha and Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"The Bertha Effect: Unearthing the Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Quality in Fort Collins"
[[ABSTRACT]]
In this research study, we excavate the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Combining data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we churned through mounds of information to unearth what may seem like an oddball connection. Despite initial skepticism and raised eyebrows from colleagues, our findings reveal a surprising correlation coefficient of 0.8079631 and p < 0.01 for the years 1980 to 2022. As we sifted through the data, it became apparent that the rise and fall of "Berthas" may whistle a tune about the air quality in Fort Collins. So, if you hear someone sneeze and say, "It's Bertha's fault," they might not just be referring to a dear old aunt with excessive perfume, but possibly also to the air quality in Fort Collins! Our study lends weight to the idea that sometimes the air we breathe not only affects our lungs but also the choice of names for our beloved babies.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
ChatGPT:
**[[INTRODUCTION]]**
Ah, the sweet scent of academia - a delicate blend of musty books, overpriced coffee, and the faint whiff of scholarly ego. Today, we embark on an odyssey of discovery, delving into the curious correlation between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in the charming city of Fort Collins, Colorado. It's a bit like combining the lofty pursuit of knowledge with a dash of whimsy and a sprinkle of absurdity - just the way we like it.
As we take a deep breath and set forth on this academic escapade, let us ponder the enigmatic allure of names. Names are more than mere labels; they carry stories, tradition, and sometimes, the weight of generations of Great-Aunt Berthas who always seem to smell of lavender and secrets. Now, imagine if these names could potentially hold clues about the very air we breathe. Intriguing, isn't it?
Our study leverages an unconventional approach, blending data from the US Social Security Administration with the Environmental Protection Agency's air quality records. Some may raise an eyebrow at our curiosity, and perhaps rightfully so. After all, who would've thought that the ebb and flow of "Berthas" in the world could be linked to the ebb and flow of air quality in Fort Collins? It's like finding a rare Pokémon in a field of statistical grass - unexpected, but undeniably thrilling.
In the hallowed halls of academia, skepticism often reigns supreme. But armed with our statistical prowess and an unquenchable thirst for the eccentric, we dared to dig deeper. Lo and behold, our statistical excavations unveiled a correlation coefficient of 0.8079631, with a p-value so small, it could fit comfortably in your pocket. This is not just a mere coincidence; it's a trumpet call to pay attention to the "Berthas" and the air quality dance in Fort Collins.
Now, you might be thinking, "How on earth could a name possibly tango with air quality?" Well, my scholarly companions, that's the crux of our quest. We seek to illuminate this curious connection and remind you that sometimes, in the grand symphony of life, the most unexpected duets can produce the most harmonious melodies. So, buckle up, for we are about to unveil the Bertha Effect - a tale of baby names, atmospheric musings, and the whimsy of scholarly pursuit.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Bertha and Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.
Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.
Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name a couple popular internet memes that are related to one of the topics.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"The Bertha Effect: Unearthing the Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Quality in Fort Collins"
[[ABSTRACT]]
In this research study, we excavate the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Combining data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we churned through mounds of information to unearth what may seem like an oddball connection. Despite initial skepticism and raised eyebrows from colleagues, our findings reveal a surprising correlation coefficient of 0.8079631 and p < 0.01 for the years 1980 to 2022. As we sifted through the data, it became apparent that the rise and fall of "Berthas" may whistle a tune about the air quality in Fort Collins. So, if you hear someone sneeze and say, "It's Bertha's fault," they might not just be referring to a dear old aunt with excessive perfume, but possibly also to the air quality in Fort Collins! Our study lends weight to the idea that sometimes the air we breathe not only affects our lungs but also the choice of names for our beloved babies.
-------
And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
Ah, the sweet scent of academia - a delicate blend of musty books, overpriced coffee, and the faint whiff of scholarly ego. Today, we embark on an odyssey of discovery, delving into the curious correlation between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in the charming city of Fort Collins, Colorado. It's a bit like combining the lofty pursuit of knowledge with a dash of whimsy and a sprinkle of absurdity - just the way we like it.
As we take a deep breath and set forth on this academic escapade, let us ponder the enigmatic allure of names. Names are more than mere labels; they carry stories, tradition, and sometimes, the weight of generations of Great-Aunt Berthas who always seem to smell of lavender and secrets. Now, imagine if these names could potentially hold clues about the very air we breathe. Intriguing, isn't it?
Our study leverages an unconventional approach, blending data from the US Social Security Administration with the Environmental Protection Agency's air quality records. Some may raise an eyebrow at our curiosity, and perhaps rightfully so. After all, who would've thought that the ebb and flow of "Berthas" in the world could be linked to the ebb and flow of air quality in Fort Collins? It's like finding a rare Pokémon in a field of statistical grass - unexpected, but undeniably thrilling.
In the hallowed halls of academia, skepticism often reigns supreme. But armed with our statistical prowess and an unquenchable thirst for the eccentric, we dared to dig deeper. Lo and behold, our statistical excavations unveiled a correlation coefficient of 0.8079631, with a p-value so small, it could fit comfortably in your pocket. This is not just a mere coincidence; it's a trumpet call to pay attention to the "Berthas" and the air quality dance in Fort Collins.
Now, you might be thinking, "How on earth could a name possibly tango with air quality?" Well, my scholarly companions, that's the crux of our quest. We seek to illuminate this curious connection and remind you that sometimes, in the grand symphony of life, the most unexpected duets can produce the most harmonious melodies. So, buckle up, for we are about to unveil the Bertha Effect - a tale of baby names, atmospheric musings, and the whimsy of scholarly pursuit.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The scholarly exploration of the enigmatic relationship between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado has led to a cacophony of diverse findings and unexpected meandering paths. At the onset of our investigation, we encountered venerable studies by Smith, Doe, and Jones positing correlations between diverse names and environmental phenomena. Smith (2005) conjectured on the potential connection between moniker popularity and weather patterns, while Doe (2010) delved into the psychological implications of name associations with specific geographical areas. Jones (2013) ventured into the realm of urban sociology, examining the resonance of names with local atmospheric conditions.
In "The Name Game: A Study of Moniker Manifestations in Modern Society," Smith (2005) exudes a scholarly aura as dense as a Colorado fog, weaving a web of correlations between the rise of the name "Storm" and the occurrence of tempestuous weather patterns. Meanwhile, in "Monikers and Meteorology: A Psychological Perspective," Doe (2010) wades through an atmospheric river of name-related associations, musing on the intricate dance between names and the psychological perception of climate.
As we meander into the annals of literature, we encounter real non-fiction books that delve into the human fascination with names and the environment. "Outliers: The Story of Success" by Malcolm Gladwell ventures into the realm of names and societal perceptions, presenting an intriguing anecdotal blend of statistical insights and name-related conundrums. To add a dash of spice to this already heady mix, we stumble upon "The Air He Breathes" by Brittainy C. Cherry, a work of fiction that, while not directly related to our study, evokes a poetic resemblance to the ethereal connection we seek to unravel.
In the hazy intersection of literature and pop culture, we unearth references to memes that tiptoe around the edges of our curious inquiry. The infamous "What's in a Name?" meme, entwining Shakespearean references with modern-day musings, winks cheekily at the notion that a name holds significance beyond mere phonetic sounds. The well-traveled "Skeptical Baby" meme, with its comically incredulous expression, seems to capture the essence of academic skepticism that often shrouds eccentric research endeavors.
In this patchwork quilt of scholarly investigations and whimsical diversions, we find ourselves at the crossroads of name dynamics and atmospheric reverberations, poised to unravel the elusive Bertha Effect in all its curious glory.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Bertha and Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and Environmental Protection Agency . You used data from 1980 to 2022
Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.
Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"The Bertha Effect: Unearthing the Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Quality in Fort Collins"
[[ABSTRACT]]
In this research study, we excavate the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Combining data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we churned through mounds of information to unearth what may seem like an oddball connection. Despite initial skepticism and raised eyebrows from colleagues, our findings reveal a surprising correlation coefficient of 0.8079631 and p < 0.01 for the years 1980 to 2022. As we sifted through the data, it became apparent that the rise and fall of "Berthas" may whistle a tune about the air quality in Fort Collins. So, if you hear someone sneeze and say, "It's Bertha's fault," they might not just be referring to a dear old aunt with excessive perfume, but possibly also to the air quality in Fort Collins! Our study lends weight to the idea that sometimes the air we breathe not only affects our lungs but also the choice of names for our beloved babies.
[[INTRODUCTION]]
Ah, the sweet scent of academia - a delicate blend of musty books, overpriced coffee, and the faint whiff of scholarly ego. Today, we embark on an odyssey of discovery, delving into the curious correlation between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in the charming city of Fort Collins, Colorado. It's a bit like combining the lofty pursuit of knowledge with a dash of whimsy and a sprinkle of absurdity - just the way we like it.
As we take a deep breath and set forth on this academic escapade, let us ponder the enigmatic allure of names. Names are more than mere labels; they carry stories, tradition, and sometimes, the weight of generations of Great-Aunt Berthas who always seem to smell of lavender and secrets. Now, imagine if these names could potentially hold clues about the very air we breathe. Intriguing, isn't it?
Our study leverages an unconventional approach, blending data from the US Social Security Administration with the Environmental Protection Agency's air quality records. Some may raise an eyebrow at our curiosity, and perhaps rightfully so. After all, who would've thought that the ebb and flow of "Berthas" in the world could be linked to the ebb and flow of air quality in Fort Collins? It's like finding a rare Pokémon in a field of statistical grass - unexpected, but undeniably thrilling.
In the hallowed halls of academia, skepticism often reigns supreme. But armed with our statistical prowess and an unquenchable thirst for the eccentric, we dared to dig deeper. Lo and behold, our statistical excavations unveiled a correlation coefficient of 0.8079631, with a p-value so small, it could fit comfortably in your pocket. This is not just a mere coincidence; it's a trumpet call to pay attention to the "Berthas" and the air quality dance in Fort Collins.
Now, you might be thinking, "How on earth could a name possibly tango with air quality?" Well, my scholarly companions, that's the crux of our quest. We seek to illuminate this curious connection and remind you that sometimes, in the grand symphony of life, the most unexpected duets can produce the most harmonious melodies. So, buckle up, for we are about to unveil the Bertha Effect - a tale of baby names, atmospheric musings, and the whimsy of scholarly pursuit.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
ChatGPT:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
To uncover the mysterious association between the popularity of the name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado, our research team embarked on a journey that involved equal parts statistical wizardry and a sprinkle of whimsy. Our data collection process resembled a quest akin to hunting for rare Pokémon in a field of statistical grass, but with a touch of lightheartedness befitting our curious endeavor.
Data Sources:
Our team delved into the archives of the US Social Security Administration (SSA) to extract detailed information regarding the occurrence and popularity of the name "Bertha" from 1980 to 2022. We conjured up datasets that resembled treasure troves of nomenclatural history, unearthing the rise and fall of "Berthas" with the fervor of adventurers seeking hidden gems.
Simultaneously, we turned to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to procure air quality records for Fort Collins, Colorado, during the same time span. The EPA's data became our atmospheric compass, guiding us through the ethereal dance of air particles and pollutants that crisscrossed the skies above Fort Collins.
Data Cleaning and Fusion:
As with any intrepid journey, our path led us through the thorny underbrush of data cleaning and fusion. We meticulously scrubbed and polished the "Bertha" datasets, ensuring that historical fluctuations in the popularity of the name were accurately captured without any extraneous noise muddying the waters.
Similarly, the air quality records from the EPA underwent a rigorous purification process, freeing them from any statistical tarnish that could have obscured the celestial ballet of airborne elements over Fort Collins.
Statistical Alchemy:
Once our datasets gleamed with pristine clarity, we set about applying a smorgasbord of statistical alchemy to unveil the hidden connections between "Berthas" and the air quality in Fort Collins. We deployed correlation analyses, regression models reminiscent of magical incantations, and time-series techniques that resembled unraveling the threads of fate in a celestial tapestry.
This analytical fervor culminated in the extraction of a robust correlation coefficient of 0.8079631, signaling a compelling association worthy of scholarly attention. The p-value of less than 0.01 shimmered like a statistical gem, affirming that the apparent link between "Berthas" and air quality in Fort Collins was not a mere fluke but a bona fide discovery.
Interdisciplinary Musings:
In our quest to elucidate the Bertha Effect, we straddled the realms of nomenclature and atmospheric dynamics, weaving an interdisciplinary tapestry as intricate as it was unexpected. Much like a scholarly bard spinning tales of yore, we sought to harmonize the seemingly discordant notes of baby names and atmospheric musings in a symphony of statistical rigor and mirthful curiosity.
In summary, our methodology blended the rigors of statistical inquiry with the playfulness of unconventional connections, navigating through data thickets and statistical bogs to uncover the enigmatic intertwining of "Berthas" and air quality in Fort Collins.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Bertha and Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and Environmental Protection Agency .
For the time period 1980 to 2022, you found a correlation 0.8079631, r-squared of 0.6528044, and p < 0.01.
One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"The Bertha Effect: Unearthing the Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Quality in Fort Collins"
[[ABSTRACT]]
In this research study, we excavate the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Combining data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we churned through mounds of information to unearth what may seem like an oddball connection. Despite initial skepticism and raised eyebrows from colleagues, our findings reveal a surprising correlation coefficient of 0.8079631 and p < 0.01 for the years 1980 to 2022. As we sifted through the data, it became apparent that the rise and fall of "Berthas" may whistle a tune about the air quality in Fort Collins. So, if you hear someone sneeze and say, "It's Bertha's fault," they might not just be referring to a dear old aunt with excessive perfume, but possibly also to the air quality in Fort Collins! Our study lends weight to the idea that sometimes the air we breathe not only affects our lungs but also the choice of names for our beloved babies.
-------
And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
Ah, the sweet scent of academia - a delicate blend of musty books, overpriced coffee, and the faint whiff of scholarly ego. Today, we embark on an odyssey of discovery, delving into the curious correlation between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in the charming city of Fort Collins, Colorado. It's a bit like combining the lofty pursuit of knowledge with a dash of whimsy and a sprinkle of absurdity - just the way we like it.
As we take a deep breath and set forth on this academic escapade, let us ponder the enigmatic allure of names. Names are more than mere labels; they carry stories, tradition, and sometimes, the weight of generations of Great-Aunt Berthas who always seem to smell of lavender and secrets. Now, imagine if these names could potentially hold clues about the very air we breathe. Intriguing, isn't it?
Our study leverages an unconventional approach, blending data from the US Social Security Administration with the Environmental Protection Agency's air quality records. Some may raise an eyebrow at our curiosity, and perhaps rightfully so. After all, who would've thought that the ebb and flow of "Berthas" in the world could be linked to the ebb and flow of air quality in Fort Collins? It's like finding a rare Pokémon in a field of statistical grass - unexpected, but undeniably thrilling.
In the hallowed halls of academia, skepticism often reigns supreme. But armed with our statistical prowess and an unquenchable thirst for the eccentric, we dared to dig deeper. Lo and behold, our statistical excavations unveiled a correlation coefficient of 0.8079631, with a p-value so small, it could fit comfortably in your pocket. This is not just a mere coincidence; it's a trumpet call to pay attention to the "Berthas" and the air quality dance in Fort Collins.
Now, you might be thinking, "How on earth could a name possibly tango with air quality?" Well, my scholarly companions, that's the crux of our quest. We seek to illuminate this curious connection and remind you that sometimes, in the grand symphony of life, the most unexpected duets can produce the most harmonious melodies. So, buckle up, for we are about to unveil the Bertha Effect - a tale of baby names, atmospheric musings, and the whimsy of scholarly pursuit.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[RESULTS]]
ChatGPT:
[[RESULTS]]
The results of our analysis revealed a remarkable correlation between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. The correlation coefficient of 0.8079631 suggests a strong positive relationship between the two variables. This finding unveils an unexpected twist in the melodic dance of data, showing that the rise and fall of "Berthas" may indeed harmonize with the fluctuations in air quality in Fort Collins. It's as if Mother Nature herself wanted to add a playful note to the symphony of statistical analysis!
The coefficient of determination (r-squared) of 0.6528044 further emphasizes the robustness of this connection, indicating that approximately 65.28% of the variation in air quality can be explained by the popularity of the name "Bertha." It's like witnessing a captivating duet between two seemingly disparate entities, where the name "Bertha" and air quality perform an enthralling pas de deux across the years.
In addition, the p-value of less than 0.01 provides strong evidence against the null hypothesis, reinforcing the validity of the discovered relationship. It's as if the statistical gods themselves decided to throw a party and declare, "Let's celebrate this unexpected discovery with some significant pizzazz!"
Fig. 1 showcases the scatterplot reflecting this noteworthy correlation, painting a vivid picture of the synchronized waltz between the ebb and flow of "Berthas" and the atmospheric nuances in Fort Collins. It's like witnessing a whimsical dance between quantitative data points, where each step tells a unique tale of the "Bertha" effect on air quality.
In essence, our findings not only shed light on the intriguing connection between a name and air quality but also remind us that within the realm of empirical inquiry, serendipitous surprises await those brave enough to venture into the unexplored corridors of curiosity. After all, who knew that unraveling the enigmatic tale of "Berthas" and air quality would lead us to such an unexpected, yet harmonious, revelation?
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Bertha and Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Limit your response to 500 tokens.
Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.
Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.
[[TITLE]]
"The Bertha Effect: Unearthing the Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Quality in Fort Collins"
[[ABSTRACT]]
In this research study, we excavate the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Combining data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we churned through mounds of information to unearth what may seem like an oddball connection. Despite initial skepticism and raised eyebrows from colleagues, our findings reveal a surprising correlation coefficient of 0.8079631 and p < 0.01 for the years 1980 to 2022. As we sifted through the data, it became apparent that the rise and fall of "Berthas" may whistle a tune about the air quality in Fort Collins. So, if you hear someone sneeze and say, "It's Bertha's fault," they might not just be referring to a dear old aunt with excessive perfume, but possibly also to the air quality in Fort Collins! Our study lends weight to the idea that sometimes the air we breathe not only affects our lungs but also the choice of names for our beloved babies.
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The scholarly exploration of the enigmatic relationship between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado has led to a cacophony of diverse findings and unexpected meandering paths. At the onset of our investigation, we encountered venerable studies by Smith, Doe, and Jones positing correlations between diverse names and environmental phenomena. Smith (2005) conjectured on the potential connection between moniker popularity and weather patterns, while Doe (2010) delved into the psychological implications of name associations with specific geographical areas. Jones (2013) ventured into the realm of urban sociology, examining the resonance of names with local atmospheric conditions.
In "The Name Game: A Study of Moniker Manifestations in Modern Society," Smith (2005) exudes a scholarly aura as dense as a Colorado fog, weaving a web of correlations between the rise of the name "Storm" and the occurrence of tempestuous weather patterns. Meanwhile, in "Monikers and Meteorology: A Psychological Perspective," Doe (2010) wades through an atmospheric river of name-related associations, musing on the intricate dance between names and the psychological perception of climate.
As we meander into the annals of literature, we encounter real non-fiction books that delve into the human fascination with names and the environment. "Outliers: The Story of Success" by Malcolm Gladwell ventures into the realm of names and societal perceptions, presenting an intriguing anecdotal blend of statistical insights and name-related conundrums. To add a dash of spice to this already heady mix, we stumble upon "The Air He Breathes" by Brittainy C. Cherry, a work of fiction that, while not directly related to our study, evokes a poetic resemblance to the ethereal connection we seek to unravel.
In the hazy intersection of literature and pop culture, we unearth references to memes that tiptoe around the edges of our curious inquiry. The infamous "What's in a Name?" meme, entwining Shakespearean references with modern-day musings, winks cheekily at the notion that a name holds significance beyond mere phonetic sounds. The well-traveled "Skeptical Baby" meme, with its comically incredulous expression, seems to capture the essence of academic skepticism that often shrouds eccentric research endeavors.
In this patchwork quilt of scholarly investigations and whimsical diversions, we find ourselves at the crossroads of name dynamics and atmospheric reverberations, poised to unravel the elusive Bertha Effect in all its curious glory.
[[RESULTS]]
The results of our analysis revealed a remarkable correlation between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. The correlation coefficient of 0.8079631 suggests a strong positive relationship between the two variables. This finding unveils an unexpected twist in the melodic dance of data, showing that the rise and fall of "Berthas" may indeed harmonize with the fluctuations in air quality in Fort Collins. It's as if Mother Nature herself wanted to add a playful note to the symphony of statistical analysis!
The coefficient of determination (r-squared) of 0.6528044 further emphasizes the robustness of this connection, indicating that approximately 65.28% of the variation in air quality can be explained by the popularity of the name "Bertha." It's like witnessing a captivating duet between two seemingly disparate entities, where the name "Bertha" and air quality perform an enthralling pas de deux across the years.
In addition, the p-value of less than 0.01 provides strong evidence against the null hypothesis, reinforcing the validity of the discovered relationship. It's as if the statistical gods themselves decided to throw a party and declare, "Let's celebrate this unexpected discovery with some significant pizzazz!"
Fig. 1 showcases the scatterplot reflecting this noteworthy correlation, painting a vivid picture of the synchronized waltz between the ebb and flow of "Berthas" and the atmospheric nuances in Fort Collins. It's like witnessing a whimsical dance between quantitative data points, where each step tells a unique tale of the "Bertha" effect on air quality.
In essence, our findings not only shed light on the intriguing connection between a name and air quality but also remind us that within the realm of empirical inquiry, serendipitous surprises await those brave enough to venture into the unexplored corridors of curiosity. After all, who knew that unraveling the enigmatic tale of "Berthas" and air quality would lead us to such an unexpected, yet harmonious, revelation?
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[DISCUSSION]]
ChatGPT:
[[DISCUSSION]]
The harmonic resonance between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado is nothing short of a serendipitous sonnet in the symphony of empirical inquiry. As we delved into the annals of literature, we encountered the divergent labyrinths of Smith, Doe, and Jones, each spinning their own unique threads of correlation between names and environmental phenomena. One may be inclined to dismiss these musings as the whimsical dalliances of academic reverie, but lo and behold, our findings offer a robust validation of the prior research.
Smith's (2005) tantalizing conjecture on the correlation between moniker popularity and weather patterns, akin to the gentle patter of rain on a tin roof, finds resonance in our study. Just as he toyed with the notion of names conducting a subtle dance with meteorological caprices, we unraveled a picturesque duet between the ebb and flow of "Berthas" and the atmospheric nuances in Fort Collins.
Doe's (2010) erudite wading through the psychological implications of name associations with specific geographical areas manifests itself in our findings like a gust of wind on a balmy day. The intricate dance between names and the psychological perception of climate is mirrored in our study's revelation of the surprising connection between name popularity and air quality.
Jones's (2013) saunter into the realm of urban sociology, examining the resonance of names with local atmospheric conditions, as esoteric as a whisper in the wind, echoes in the unexpected twist of our results. The "Bertha" effect, much like a whimsical dance between quantitative data points, regales us with a tale that harmonizes with the atmospheric reverberations in Fort Collins.
As we cavort through the patchwork quilt of literature and pop culture, the comically incredulous expression of the "Skeptical Baby" meme seems to capture the essence of academic skepticism that often shrouds eccentric research endeavors. Yet, it is precisely in these endeavors that we uncover the petals of extraordinary discoveries, akin to a sunflower blooming amidst a field of skepticism.
In light of our results, one cannot help but marvel at the unlikely union between the popularity of "Bertha" and air quality. It is as if the statistical gods themselves decided to throw a party and declare, "Let's celebrate this unexpected discovery with some significant pizzazz!" Our research not only corroborates the whimsical reverberations of prior studies but also adds a playful note to the melodic dance of data, enveloping the empirical landscape in the enigmatic allure of the "Bertha" effect.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Bertha and Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.
Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
"The Bertha Effect: Unearthing the Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Quality in Fort Collins"
[[ABSTRACT]]
In this research study, we excavate the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Combining data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we churned through mounds of information to unearth what may seem like an oddball connection. Despite initial skepticism and raised eyebrows from colleagues, our findings reveal a surprising correlation coefficient of 0.8079631 and p < 0.01 for the years 1980 to 2022. As we sifted through the data, it became apparent that the rise and fall of "Berthas" may whistle a tune about the air quality in Fort Collins. So, if you hear someone sneeze and say, "It's Bertha's fault," they might not just be referring to a dear old aunt with excessive perfume, but possibly also to the air quality in Fort Collins! Our study lends weight to the idea that sometimes the air we breathe not only affects our lungs but also the choice of names for our beloved babies.
[[INTRDUCTION]]
Ah, the sweet scent of academia - a delicate blend of musty books, overpriced coffee, and the faint whiff of scholarly ego. Today, we embark on an odyssey of discovery, delving into the curious correlation between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in the charming city of Fort Collins, Colorado. It's a bit like combining the lofty pursuit of knowledge with a dash of whimsy and a sprinkle of absurdity - just the way we like it.
As we take a deep breath and set forth on this academic escapade, let us ponder the enigmatic allure of names. Names are more than mere labels; they carry stories, tradition, and sometimes, the weight of generations of Great-Aunt Berthas who always seem to smell of lavender and secrets. Now, imagine if these names could potentially hold clues about the very air we breathe. Intriguing, isn't it?
Our study leverages an unconventional approach, blending data from the US Social Security Administration with the Environmental Protection Agency's air quality records. Some may raise an eyebrow at our curiosity, and perhaps rightfully so. After all, who would've thought that the ebb and flow of "Berthas" in the world could be linked to the ebb and flow of air quality in Fort Collins? It's like finding a rare Pokémon in a field of statistical grass - unexpected, but undeniably thrilling.
In the hallowed halls of academia, skepticism often reigns supreme. But armed with our statistical prowess and an unquenchable thirst for the eccentric, we dared to dig deeper. Lo and behold, our statistical excavations unveiled a correlation coefficient of 0.8079631, with a p-value so small, it could fit comfortably in your pocket. This is not just a mere coincidence; it's a trumpet call to pay attention to the "Berthas" and the air quality dance in Fort Collins.
Now, you might be thinking, "How on earth could a name possibly tango with air quality?" Well, my scholarly companions, that's the crux of our quest. We seek to illuminate this curious connection and remind you that sometimes, in the grand symphony of life, the most unexpected duets can produce the most harmonious melodies. So, buckle up, for we are about to unveil the Bertha Effect - a tale of baby names, atmospheric musings, and the whimsy of scholarly pursuit.
[[RESULTS]]
The results of our analysis revealed a remarkable correlation between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. The correlation coefficient of 0.8079631 suggests a strong positive relationship between the two variables. This finding unveils an unexpected twist in the melodic dance of data, showing that the rise and fall of "Berthas" may indeed harmonize with the fluctuations in air quality in Fort Collins. It's as if Mother Nature herself wanted to add a playful note to the symphony of statistical analysis!
The coefficient of determination (r-squared) of 0.6528044 further emphasizes the robustness of this connection, indicating that approximately 65.28% of the variation in air quality can be explained by the popularity of the name "Bertha." It's like witnessing a captivating duet between two seemingly disparate entities, where the name "Bertha" and air quality perform an enthralling pas de deux across the years.
In addition, the p-value of less than 0.01 provides strong evidence against the null hypothesis, reinforcing the validity of the discovered relationship. It's as if the statistical gods themselves decided to throw a party and declare, "Let's celebrate this unexpected discovery with some significant pizzazz!"
Fig. 1 showcases the scatterplot reflecting this noteworthy correlation, painting a vivid picture of the synchronized waltz between the ebb and flow of "Berthas" and the atmospheric nuances in Fort Collins. It's like witnessing a whimsical dance between quantitative data points, where each step tells a unique tale of the "Bertha" effect on air quality.
In essence, our findings not only shed light on the intriguing connection between a name and air quality but also remind us that within the realm of empirical inquiry, serendipitous surprises await those brave enough to venture into the unexplored corridors of curiosity. After all, who knew that unraveling the enigmatic tale of "Berthas" and air quality would lead us to such an unexpected, yet harmonious, revelation?
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[CONCLUSION]]
ChatGPT:
[[CONCLUSION]]
Our research journey into the connection between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado has been nothing short of a whimsical expedition through the data-scented air of scholarly discovery. The correlation coefficient of 0.8079631 and a p-value smaller than a molecule of fresh mountain air has provided strong evidence of a harmonious duet between "Berthas" and the atmospheric melodies in Fort Collins.
We've unveiled a remarkable pas de deux between these seemingly disparate entities, akin to stumbling upon a synchronized dance between a quirky pair at a scholarly soirée. The coefficient of determination (r-squared) of 0.6528044 further emphasizes the robust nature of this connection, demonstrating that approximately 65.28% of the variation in air quality can be explained by the rise and fall of "Berthas." It's like watching an unexpected but undeniably captivating performance at a statistical ballet.
In essence, our findings highlight the unpredictably delightful symphony that governs the statistical playground and remind us that the world of empirical inquiry is full of surprises. And who would have thought that the rise of "Berthas" could hum a tune about the air quality in Fort Collins? It's almost as astonishing as finding a perfectly intact fossil in a pile of statistical rubble.
Therefore, in the grand tradition of academic conclusions, we confidently assert that no more research is needed in this area. After all, when you've unearthed a correlation as delightful and amusing as this, it's best to leave it as a charming enigma, like a statistical Easter egg waiting to be discovered by future generations of data spelunkers. So, let's raise a data-driven toast to the Bertha Effect and the quirky connections that punctuate the scholarly landscape! Cheers to the statistical whimsy that breathes life into the captivating tale of "Berthas" and air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado!
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited The Bertha Effect: Unearthing the Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Quality in Fort Collins. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.
ChatGPT:
The Journal of Quirky Connections
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited The Bertha Effect: Unearthing the Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Quality in Fort Collins. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.
ChatGPT:
The Society for Obscure Phenomena Research
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled The Bertha Effect: Unearthing the Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Quality in Fort Collins with an abstract of In this research study, we excavate the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "Bertha" and the air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado. Combining data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, we churned through mounds of information to unearth what may seem like an oddball connection. Despite initial skepticism and raised eyebrows from colleagues, our findings reveal a surprising correlation coefficient of 0.8079631 and p < 0.01 for the years 1980 to 2022. As we sifted through the data, it became apparent that the rise and fall of "Berthas" may whistle a tune about the air quality in Fort Collins. So, if you hear someone sneeze and say, "It's Bertha's fault," they might not just be referring to a dear old aunt with excessive perfume, but possibly also to the air quality in Fort Collins! Our study lends weight to the idea that sometimes the air we breathe not only affects our lungs but also the choice of names for our beloved babies.
ChatGPT:
"Bertha effect air quality Fort Collins", "relationship between name popularity and air quality", "name popularity correlation with air quality", "Fort Collins air pollution names study", "impact of name popularity on air quality", "US Social Security Administration air quality correlation", "environmental implications of name popularity", "Bertha name popularity air pollution research", "Fort Collins air quality study"
*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.
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Data details
Popularity of the first name BerthaDetailed data title: Babies of all sexes born in the US named Bertha
Source: US Social Security Administration
See what else correlates with Popularity of the first name Bertha
Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado
Detailed data title: Percentage of days with good air quality in Fort Collins, CO
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.
r2 = 0.6528044 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 65.3% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Popularity of the first name Bertha) over the 43 years from 1980 through 2022.
p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 5.8E-11. 0.0000000000578171113872531200
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme. More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.
But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.
Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.81 in 5.8E-9% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 17,295,917,696 random variables You don't actually need 17 billion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.
p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.
In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.
Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 42 degrees of freedom, Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 42 because we have two variables measured over a period of 43 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.
[ 0.67, 0.89 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.
This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!
All values for the years included above: If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.
Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.
| 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
| Popularity of the first name Bertha (Babies born) | 203 | 209 | 187 | 166 | 146 | 163 | 150 | 155 | 146 | 167 | 179 | 156 | 172 | 161 | 124 | 142 | 130 | 124 | 108 | 104 | 92 | 99 | 80 | 58 | 70 | 57 | 72 | 63 | 45 | 46 | 40 | 47 | 28 | 28 | 34 | 30 | 35 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 28 | 25 | 34 |
| Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado (Good air quality) | 67.2783 | 74.1047 | 73.1214 | 70.4819 | 70.765 | 75.4144 | 75.7576 | 64.9315 | 55.4645 | 69.863 | 79.1781 | 70.411 | 74.8634 | 72.8767 | 65.2055 | 73.4247 | 66.9399 | 73.9726 | 60.8219 | 70.137 | 57.6503 | 70.137 | 48.2192 | 51.5069 | 57.9235 | 64.6575 | 50.411 | 50.9589 | 55.4645 | 61.0959 | 46.5753 | 40.8219 | 45.3552 | 53.1507 | 55.3425 | 54.2466 | 51.6393 | 53.1507 | 53.4247 | 56.9863 | 60.6557 | 53.9726 | 58.3562 |
Why this works
- Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
- Lack of causal connection: There is probably
Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied. - Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple
Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is. - Y-axis doesn't start at zero: I truncated the Y-axes of the graph above. I also used a line graph, which makes the visual connection stand out more than it deserves.
Nothing against line graphs. They are great at telling a story when you have linear data! But visually it is deceptive because the only data is at the points on the graph, not the lines on the graph. In between each point, the data could have been doing anything. Like going for a random walk by itself!
Mathematically what I showed is true, but it is intentionally misleading. Below is the same chart but with both Y-axes starting at zero.
Try it yourself
You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.
Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"
Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.
Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.
Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.
Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"
If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:
"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."
# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats
# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):
# Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)
# Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
r_squared = correlation**2
return correlation, r_squared, p_value
# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([203,209,187,166,146,163,150,155,146,167,179,156,172,161,124,142,130,124,108,104,92,99,80,58,70,57,72,63,45,46,40,47,28,28,34,30,35,28,28,29,28,25,34,])
array_2 = np.array([67.2783,74.1047,73.1214,70.4819,70.765,75.4144,75.7576,64.9315,55.4645,69.863,79.1781,70.411,74.8634,72.8767,65.2055,73.4247,66.9399,73.9726,60.8219,70.137,57.6503,70.137,48.2192,51.5069,57.9235,64.6575,50.411,50.9589,55.4645,61.0959,46.5753,40.8219,45.3552,53.1507,55.3425,54.2466,51.6393,53.1507,53.4247,56.9863,60.6557,53.9726,58.3562,])
array_1_name = "Popularity of the first name Bertha"
array_2_name = "Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado"
# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)
# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)Reuseable content
You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.
For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."
When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.
Full license details.
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Download images for these variables:
- High resolution line chart
The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.
If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.
Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape. - High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
- Alternative high resolution line chart
- Scatterplot
- Portable line chart (png)
- Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
- Line chart for only Popularity of the first name Bertha
- Line chart for only Air quality in Fort Collins, Colorado
- AI-generated correlation image
- The spurious research paper: The Bertha Effect: Unearthing the Connection Between Name Popularity and Air Quality in Fort Collins
Your rating is stellar!
Correlation ID: 4686 · Black Variable ID: 4235 · Red Variable ID: 20642
