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AI explanation
As air pollution in Houston decreased, the demand for kerosene-powered air fresheners also went down. This led to a nationwide surplus of kerosene, prompting people to find alternative uses for it, like organizing massive dance-offs of the electric slide, which surprisingly does not require kerosene at all.
Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate an image of a vibrant skyline in Houston with clear blue skies showcasing the decrease in air pollution. Show the cityscape with prominent landmarks and buildings. Emphasize the lack of smog and air pollution by demonstrating a pristine and crystal-clear atmosphere. Additionally, depict a creative solution to the surplus of kerosene in the United States by featuring a large, energetic dance-off of the electric slide taking place in a public square. Capture the liveliness and joy of this event while highlighting the absence of kerosene-powered air fresheners in the scene. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.
This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Air pollution in Houston and Kerosene used in United States. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Realistic a Polaroid photo Voxel art A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s 3D Pixar Style
ChatGPT: Realistic
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Air pollution in Houston and Kerosene used in United States, in the following situation: As air pollution in Houston decreased, the demand for kerosene-powered air fresheners also went down. This led to a nationwide surplus of kerosene, prompting people to find alternative uses for it, like organizing massive dance-offs of the electric slide, which surprisingly does not require kerosene at all.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: The clear skies over Houston show a decrease in air pollution as the demand for kerosene-powered air fresheners declines. In the United States, there is a surplus of kerosene, leading to creative solutions such as organizing massive dance-offs of the electric slide, which do not require kerosene at all.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Realistic ] and depicting this scene: The clear skies over Houston show a decrease in air pollution as the demand for kerosene-powered air fresheners declines. In the United States, there is a surplus of kerosene, leading to creative solutions such as organizing massive dance-offs of the electric slide, which do not require kerosene at all. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate an image of a vibrant skyline in Houston with clear blue skies showcasing the decrease in air pollution. Show the cityscape with prominent landmarks and buildings. Emphasize the lack of smog and air pollution by demonstrating a pristine and crystal-clear atmosphere. Additionally, depict a creative solution to the surplus of kerosene in the United States by featuring a large, energetic dance-off of the electric slide taking place in a public square. Capture the liveliness and joy of this event while highlighting the absence of kerosene-powered air fresheners in the scene.
*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.
I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how a decrease in Air pollution in Houston caused Kerosene used in United States to decrease.
AI academic paper
 |
Kerosene in the Sky with Pollution: A Correlative Analysis of Air Pollution in Houston and Kerosene Usage in the United States Journal of Environmental Anthropology Jan 2024 Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real! |
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You write titles and abstracts of goofy academic research papers.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, and add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please draft the title and abstract of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Houston and Kerosene used in United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Make the title a clever pun.
Your research team used data from Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration to assess this nagging question. You found a correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 and p < 0.01 for 1980 to 2022.
Please respond in this format (replace "Lorem ipsum dolor sit" with your title and abstract)
[[TITLE]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
[[ABSTRACT]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
ChatGPT:
[[TITLE]]
Kerosene in the Sky with Pollution: A Correlative Analysis of Air Pollution in Houston and Kerosene Usage in the United States
[[ABSTRACT]]
This paper investigates the intriguing relationship between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team performed a comprehensive analysis dating back to 1980, spanning through the years to 2022. Surprisingly, our findings reveal a compelling correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 along with a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a significant association between these two seemingly disparate factors. Through the clever application of empirical methods and statistical analysis, we aim to shed light on this unusual nexus, perhaps illuminating the importance of understanding the "burning" issue of kerosene usage and its impact on air quality. With the results in hand, it seems that the connection between these two variables is "up in the air" and warrants further investigation into this "combustible" issue.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the introduction section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the introduction section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Houston and Kerosene used in United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Kerosene in the Sky with Pollution: A Correlative Analysis of Air Pollution in Houston and Kerosene Usage in the United States
[[ABSTRACT]]
This paper investigates the intriguing relationship between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team performed a comprehensive analysis dating back to 1980, spanning through the years to 2022. Surprisingly, our findings reveal a compelling correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 along with a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a significant association between these two seemingly disparate factors. Through the clever application of empirical methods and statistical analysis, we aim to shed light on this unusual nexus, perhaps illuminating the importance of understanding the "burning" issue of kerosene usage and its impact on air quality. With the results in hand, it seems that the connection between these two variables is "up in the air" and warrants further investigation into this "combustible" issue.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
ChatGPT:
INTRODUCTION
Over the past few decades, concerns about air pollution have soared to unprecedented heights. The environmental impact of emissions from various sources, including industrial activities, vehicular traffic, and residential combustions, continues to be a pressing matter. However, amidst this cloud of concern, a less explored topic has emerged—kerosene usage and its potential association with air pollution. Our research endeavors to shine a light on this lesser-known aspect of air quality, specifically delving into the correlation between air pollution in Houston, a notorious hotspot for such concerns, and the consumption of kerosene in the United States.
As we embark on this investigation, it is essential to acknowledge the distinctive attributes that set kerosene apart from other sources of fuel. Kerosene, a petroleum-derived product, is primarily utilized for heating, lighting, and as a fuel for jet engines and lamps. Its versatility in applications renders it a captivating subject for analysis, particularly in the context of its possible link to air pollution.
The peculiar cocktail of hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, and nitrogen oxides emitted from kerosene combustion introduces an intriguing element into the atmospheric equation. The potential impact of kerosene usage on air quality, amidst the array of contributing factors, affords our study a depth and complexity akin to the "ozone layer"—quite layered, indeed.
In conducting our research, we have curated an extensive repository of data sourced from reputable agencies. Our thorough analysis stretches across more than four decades, capturing the temporal evolution and fluctuations of air pollution levels in Houston and kerosene usage patterns nationwide. The rigorous statistical scrutiny to which this data has been subjected has unearthed a compelling association, demonstrating a correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 and a p-value signaling statistical significance. This finding prompts us to ponder on the seemingly incongruous yet tantalizing liaison between air pollution and kerosene usage—a "burning" topic, indeed.
Our analysis, though preliminary, presents an intriguing premise that beckons further investigation, ascertaining that the relationship between these variables is not just a "flight of fancy" but rather a substantial area of inquiry. As we proceed to unravel this enigmatic connection, a clearer understanding of the potential ramifications of kerosene usage on air quality may emerge, casting a luminous beam on a rather "combustible" issue.
With this study, we aim to ignite broader discussions regarding the impact of kerosene utilization on air pollution, serving as a beacon for future explorations and policy considerations. The findings unveiled herein will hopefully contribute to a more enlightened and "clearer air" perspective, ensuring that the skies above are not tainted by the smog of neglect for this understated dimension of environmental concern.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Houston and Kerosene used in United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.
Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.
Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then cite some social media posts you read that seem to be related.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Kerosene in the Sky with Pollution: A Correlative Analysis of Air Pollution in Houston and Kerosene Usage in the United States
[[ABSTRACT]]
This paper investigates the intriguing relationship between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team performed a comprehensive analysis dating back to 1980, spanning through the years to 2022. Surprisingly, our findings reveal a compelling correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 along with a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a significant association between these two seemingly disparate factors. Through the clever application of empirical methods and statistical analysis, we aim to shed light on this unusual nexus, perhaps illuminating the importance of understanding the "burning" issue of kerosene usage and its impact on air quality. With the results in hand, it seems that the connection between these two variables is "up in the air" and warrants further investigation into this "combustible" issue.
-------
And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
Over the past few decades, concerns about air pollution have soared to unprecedented heights. The environmental impact of emissions from various sources, including industrial activities, vehicular traffic, and residential combustions, continues to be a pressing matter. However, amidst this cloud of concern, a less explored topic has emerged—kerosene usage and its potential association with air pollution. Our research endeavors to shine a light on this lesser-known aspect of air quality, specifically delving into the correlation between air pollution in Houston, a notorious hotspot for such concerns, and the consumption of kerosene in the United States.
As we embark on this investigation, it is essential to acknowledge the distinctive attributes that set kerosene apart from other sources of fuel. Kerosene, a petroleum-derived product, is primarily utilized for heating, lighting, and as a fuel for jet engines and lamps. Its versatility in applications renders it a captivating subject for analysis, particularly in the context of its possible link to air pollution.
The peculiar cocktail of hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, and nitrogen oxides emitted from kerosene combustion introduces an intriguing element into the atmospheric equation. The potential impact of kerosene usage on air quality, amidst the array of contributing factors, affords our study a depth and complexity akin to the "ozone layer"—quite layered, indeed.
In conducting our research, we have curated an extensive repository of data sourced from reputable agencies. Our thorough analysis stretches across more than four decades, capturing the temporal evolution and fluctuations of air pollution levels in Houston and kerosene usage patterns nationwide. The rigorous statistical scrutiny to which this data has been subjected has unearthed a compelling association, demonstrating a correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 and a p-value signaling statistical significance. This finding prompts us to ponder on the seemingly incongruous yet tantalizing liaison between air pollution and kerosene usage—a "burning" topic, indeed.
Our analysis, though preliminary, presents an intriguing premise that beckons further investigation, ascertaining that the relationship between these variables is not just a "flight of fancy" but rather a substantial area of inquiry. As we proceed to unravel this enigmatic connection, a clearer understanding of the potential ramifications of kerosene usage on air quality may emerge, casting a luminous beam on a rather "combustible" issue.
With this study, we aim to ignite broader discussions regarding the impact of kerosene utilization on air pollution, serving as a beacon for future explorations and policy considerations. The findings unveiled herein will hopefully contribute to a more enlightened and "clearer air" perspective, ensuring that the skies above are not tainted by the smog of neglect for this understated dimension of environmental concern.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
In their seminal work, Smith et al. (2010) conducted a comprehensive analysis of air pollution hotspots in urban areas, shedding light on the intricate web of factors contributing to atmospheric contamination. Their findings indicated the significant impact of vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and residential combustions on air quality, painting a stark picture of the challenges posed by urban air pollution. While their study provides invaluable insights into the broader landscape of air quality concerns, it leaves a notable gap, failing to explore the quirky addition of a certain petroleum-derived fuel—kerosene—into the narrative of atmospheric disturbance.
Furthermore, Doe's (2015) extensive examination of energy consumption patterns across the United States presented a detailed portrait of fuel utilization trends, offering a panoramic view of the nation's journey through the realms of coal, natural gas, and petroleum products. However, much like Smith and colleagues, the study bypassed the specific influence of kerosene usage on environmental parameters, leaving this enigmatic fuel lurking in the shadows of statistical analyses and energy consumption pie charts.
Jones (2018) expanded on the intricate chemistry of air pollution, delving into the molecular dance of volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter in the atmospheric theater. His meticulous dissection of pollutant interactions, while enlightening, overlooked the potential entry of kerosene's cast of characters into this airborne drama. The omission of kerosene from these substantial analyses creates a lacuna in the scholarly discourse, necessitating a closer inspection of this unassuming yet potentially impactful player in the air quality saga.
While these studies offer a solid foundation for understanding the broader context of air pollution, our investigation delves into the uncharted territory of kerosene usage and its enigmatic entwining with atmospheric constituents. By shining a light on this unfrequented pathway, we aim to reveal the unexpected connections and unravel the "burning" questions that animate the curious relationship between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States.
Transitioning from the realm of scholarly research to literature that delves into the intricacies of energy consumption and environmental impact, noteworthy non-fiction works such as "The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times" (Eggins, 2020) and "Polluted and Dangerous: America's Worst Abandoned Power Plants and Industrial Sites" (Harper, 2017) have offered compelling narratives of the intersection between human activities and environmental consequences. While these texts do not directly address the connection between kerosene and air pollution, their exploration of broader environmental themes adds depth to the contextual backdrop against which our study unfolds.
Conversely, the fictional realm presents an array of intriguing narratives that, while not grounded in empirical data, offer imaginative glimpses into the potential ramifications of unchecked environmental degradation and unfettered energy usage. Works such as "Burning Bright" (Bronte, 2005) and "The Kerosene Effect" (Wilde, 2012) weave gripping tales dealing with combustible themes, casting a thought-provoking light on the potential intersections of kerosene usage and environmental consequences. While purely speculative in nature, these literary creations serve as a reminder of the imaginative frontiers that beckon us as we navigate the landscape of environmental inquiry.
Furthermore, glimpses of public discourse gleaned from social media platforms add an intriguing layer to the ongoing dialogue surrounding air pollution and energy usage. Anecdotal accounts, punctuated with memes and witty remarks, capture the zeitgeist of public awareness, offering snapshots of the evolving perceptions of environmental challenges. A tweet by @CleanAirAdvocate succinctly encapsulates the sentiment, "Kerosene lamps may have a nostalgic glow, but their impact on air quality is anything but heartwarming! #ClearTheAir #KeroseneWoes." The convergence of public sentiments with scholarly inquiry highlights the relevance of our exploration into the potential nexus between air pollution in Houston and the utilization of kerosene on a national scale.
As we assimilate these diverse perspectives into the fabric of our analysis, we embark on a journey to dissect the complexities of kerosene usage and its entanglement with air pollution, fueled by the hope of illuminating previously unexplored corridors of environmental inquiry.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Houston and Kerosene used in United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.
Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration . You used data from 1980 to 2022
Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.
Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Kerosene in the Sky with Pollution: A Correlative Analysis of Air Pollution in Houston and Kerosene Usage in the United States
[[ABSTRACT]]
This paper investigates the intriguing relationship between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team performed a comprehensive analysis dating back to 1980, spanning through the years to 2022. Surprisingly, our findings reveal a compelling correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 along with a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a significant association between these two seemingly disparate factors. Through the clever application of empirical methods and statistical analysis, we aim to shed light on this unusual nexus, perhaps illuminating the importance of understanding the "burning" issue of kerosene usage and its impact on air quality. With the results in hand, it seems that the connection between these two variables is "up in the air" and warrants further investigation into this "combustible" issue.
[[INTRODUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
Over the past few decades, concerns about air pollution have soared to unprecedented heights. The environmental impact of emissions from various sources, including industrial activities, vehicular traffic, and residential combustions, continues to be a pressing matter. However, amidst this cloud of concern, a less explored topic has emerged—kerosene usage and its potential association with air pollution. Our research endeavors to shine a light on this lesser-known aspect of air quality, specifically delving into the correlation between air pollution in Houston, a notorious hotspot for such concerns, and the consumption of kerosene in the United States.
As we embark on this investigation, it is essential to acknowledge the distinctive attributes that set kerosene apart from other sources of fuel. Kerosene, a petroleum-derived product, is primarily utilized for heating, lighting, and as a fuel for jet engines and lamps. Its versatility in applications renders it a captivating subject for analysis, particularly in the context of its possible link to air pollution.
The peculiar cocktail of hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, and nitrogen oxides emitted from kerosene combustion introduces an intriguing element into the atmospheric equation. The potential impact of kerosene usage on air quality, amidst the array of contributing factors, affords our study a depth and complexity akin to the "ozone layer"—quite layered, indeed.
In conducting our research, we have curated an extensive repository of data sourced from reputable agencies. Our thorough analysis stretches across more than four decades, capturing the temporal evolution and fluctuations of air pollution levels in Houston and kerosene usage patterns nationwide. The rigorous statistical scrutiny to which this data has been subjected has unearthed a compelling association, demonstrating a correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 and a p-value signaling statistical significance. This finding prompts us to ponder on the seemingly incongruous yet tantalizing liaison between air pollution and kerosene usage—a "burning" topic, indeed.
Our analysis, though preliminary, presents an intriguing premise that beckons further investigation, ascertaining that the relationship between these variables is not just a "flight of fancy" but rather a substantial area of inquiry. As we proceed to unravel this enigmatic connection, a clearer understanding of the potential ramifications of kerosene usage on air quality may emerge, casting a luminous beam on a rather "combustible" issue.
With this study, we aim to ignite broader discussions regarding the impact of kerosene utilization on air pollution, serving as a beacon for future explorations and policy considerations. The findings unveiled herein will hopefully contribute to a more enlightened and "clearer air" perspective, ensuring that the skies above are not tainted by the smog of neglect for this understated dimension of environmental concern.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
ChatGPT:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
In order to investigate the correlation between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States, our research team utilized a robust methodology encompassing a combination of empirical data collection, meticulous statistical analysis, and the occasional absurdity to keep things interesting.
Data Collection:
We assembled a comprehensive dataset from various sources, with a notable reliance on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Energy Information Administration (EIA). Our data spans from 1980 to 2022, capturing an extensive temporal range to account for the evolution of air pollution levels and kerosene usage patterns.
To gather information on air pollution, we scoured through the troves of atmospheric monitoring data meticulously documented by the EPA. This entailed sifting through the virtual haystack of pollutant measurements, including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide concentrations, to unveil the needle of pollution trends in the Houston metropolitan area.
Conversely, the EIA served as our primary source for kerosene usage data. Delving into the abyss of energy consumption statistics, we ferreted out the nuggets of insight into the consumption of kerosene for heating, lighting, and jet fuel applications across the United States. The convoluted journey through these datasets felt akin to deciphering an intricate map where each data point was a stepping stone toward unraveling the correlation we sought.
Statistical Analysis:
After amassing this wealth of data, we subjected it to a gauntlet of statistical tests and analyses. Our arsenal included the stalwart Pearson correlation coefficient and the formidable two-tailed t-test, along with their cohorts in the statistical toolkit.
Much like skilled alchemists, we diligently distilled the raw data to uncover the essence of the relationship between air pollution levels in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States. The statistical scrutiny revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.9300505—the golden ratio of our study—and a p-value that resoundingly signaled the significance of this unearthed association.
Unveiling such robust statistics felt akin to discovering a hidden treasure chest buried within the labyrinthine statistical landscape. It was a testament to our rigorous methodology and unwavering commitment to precision in unraveling the enigmatic connection between air pollution and kerosene usage, a pursuit that was anything but a "wild goose chase."
Ethical Considerations:
Throughout the course of this research, we maintained the utmost adherence to ethical guidelines, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of the data obtained. Our approach to handling and analyzing the data was characterized by the same level of meticulousness and impartiality that one might expect from a neurosurgeon performing delicate procedures—albeit with datasets as our cerebral cortex.
The culmination of our methodology, with its blend of meticulous data collection, rigorous statistical analysis, and the occasional sprinkle of whimsy, set the stage for our intriguing findings, unveiling a connection that is not only "up in the air" but also deeply rooted in empirical evidence and statistical significance.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Houston and Kerosene used in United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.
Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration .
For the time period 1980 to 2022, you found a correlation 0.9300505, r-squared of 0.8649939, and p < 0.01.
One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Kerosene in the Sky with Pollution: A Correlative Analysis of Air Pollution in Houston and Kerosene Usage in the United States
[[ABSTRACT]]
This paper investigates the intriguing relationship between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team performed a comprehensive analysis dating back to 1980, spanning through the years to 2022. Surprisingly, our findings reveal a compelling correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 along with a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a significant association between these two seemingly disparate factors. Through the clever application of empirical methods and statistical analysis, we aim to shed light on this unusual nexus, perhaps illuminating the importance of understanding the "burning" issue of kerosene usage and its impact on air quality. With the results in hand, it seems that the connection between these two variables is "up in the air" and warrants further investigation into this "combustible" issue.
-------
And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
INTRODUCTION
Over the past few decades, concerns about air pollution have soared to unprecedented heights. The environmental impact of emissions from various sources, including industrial activities, vehicular traffic, and residential combustions, continues to be a pressing matter. However, amidst this cloud of concern, a less explored topic has emerged—kerosene usage and its potential association with air pollution. Our research endeavors to shine a light on this lesser-known aspect of air quality, specifically delving into the correlation between air pollution in Houston, a notorious hotspot for such concerns, and the consumption of kerosene in the United States.
As we embark on this investigation, it is essential to acknowledge the distinctive attributes that set kerosene apart from other sources of fuel. Kerosene, a petroleum-derived product, is primarily utilized for heating, lighting, and as a fuel for jet engines and lamps. Its versatility in applications renders it a captivating subject for analysis, particularly in the context of its possible link to air pollution.
The peculiar cocktail of hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, and nitrogen oxides emitted from kerosene combustion introduces an intriguing element into the atmospheric equation. The potential impact of kerosene usage on air quality, amidst the array of contributing factors, affords our study a depth and complexity akin to the "ozone layer"—quite layered, indeed.
In conducting our research, we have curated an extensive repository of data sourced from reputable agencies. Our thorough analysis stretches across more than four decades, capturing the temporal evolution and fluctuations of air pollution levels in Houston and kerosene usage patterns nationwide. The rigorous statistical scrutiny to which this data has been subjected has unearthed a compelling association, demonstrating a correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 and a p-value signaling statistical significance. This finding prompts us to ponder on the seemingly incongruous yet tantalizing liaison between air pollution and kerosene usage—a "burning" topic, indeed.
Our analysis, though preliminary, presents an intriguing premise that beckons further investigation, ascertaining that the relationship between these variables is not just a "flight of fancy" but rather a substantial area of inquiry. As we proceed to unravel this enigmatic connection, a clearer understanding of the potential ramifications of kerosene usage on air quality may emerge, casting a luminous beam on a rather "combustible" issue.
With this study, we aim to ignite broader discussions regarding the impact of kerosene utilization on air pollution, serving as a beacon for future explorations and policy considerations. The findings unveiled herein will hopefully contribute to a more enlightened and "clearer air" perspective, ensuring that the skies above are not tainted by the smog of neglect for this understated dimension of environmental concern.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[RESULTS]]
ChatGPT:
[[RESULTS]]
The data analysis revealed a strong correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States, signifying a robust relationship between these two variables. Additionally, the computed r-squared value of 0.8649939 further underscores the substantial degree of association, explaining approximately 86.5% of the variability observed in air pollution levels in Houston based on kerosene usage. The p-value of less than 0.01 indicates that the observed correlation is statistically significant, offering compelling evidence of the interrelation between kerosene consumption and air quality in the Houston area.
Furthermore, the analysis of the collected data resulted in a visually striking representation of the correlation, as depicted in Figure 1. The scatterplot illustrates a compelling trend, emphasizing the coherence between air pollution levels in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States. It is evident from the figure that the relationship between these variables is not merely a chance occurrence but rather a meaningful and persistent association, as clear as "kerosene-burning" flames in the night sky.
In summary, the results of our investigation yield a noteworthy connection, highlighting the importance of further exploration into the impact of kerosene usage on air quality. The implications of this association are as substantial as the pollutants released into the atmosphere, warranting continued attention to this understudied intersection of environmental concerns. This correlation underscores the need for comprehensive policies and practices to address the "burning" impact of kerosene consumption on air quality, ensuring that we "clear the air" of any ambiguity surrounding this "combustible" issue.
The findings presented in this paper serve as a catalyst for broader discussions and insights into the intricate relationship between kerosene and air pollution, shedding light on a domain that has long been overshadowed by more prominent sources of environmental degradation. As we consider the implications of these results, we are reminded that in the realm of environmental research, even the "oddest" correlations often hold a "spark" of significance, and this particular association indeed merits further investigation and attention.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Houston and Kerosene used in United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.
Limit your response to 500 tokens.
Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.
Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.
[[TITLE]]
Kerosene in the Sky with Pollution: A Correlative Analysis of Air Pollution in Houston and Kerosene Usage in the United States
[[ABSTRACT]]
This paper investigates the intriguing relationship between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team performed a comprehensive analysis dating back to 1980, spanning through the years to 2022. Surprisingly, our findings reveal a compelling correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 along with a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a significant association between these two seemingly disparate factors. Through the clever application of empirical methods and statistical analysis, we aim to shed light on this unusual nexus, perhaps illuminating the importance of understanding the "burning" issue of kerosene usage and its impact on air quality. With the results in hand, it seems that the connection between these two variables is "up in the air" and warrants further investigation into this "combustible" issue.
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
In their seminal work, Smith et al. (2010) conducted a comprehensive analysis of air pollution hotspots in urban areas, shedding light on the intricate web of factors contributing to atmospheric contamination. Their findings indicated the significant impact of vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and residential combustions on air quality, painting a stark picture of the challenges posed by urban air pollution. While their study provides invaluable insights into the broader landscape of air quality concerns, it leaves a notable gap, failing to explore the quirky addition of a certain petroleum-derived fuel—kerosene—into the narrative of atmospheric disturbance.
Furthermore, Doe's (2015) extensive examination of energy consumption patterns across the United States presented a detailed portrait of fuel utilization trends, offering a panoramic view of the nation's journey through the realms of coal, natural gas, and petroleum products. However, much like Smith and colleagues, the study bypassed the specific influence of kerosene usage on environmental parameters, leaving this enigmatic fuel lurking in the shadows of statistical analyses and energy consumption pie charts.
Jones (2018) expanded on the intricate chemistry of air pollution, delving into the molecular dance of volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter in the atmospheric theater. His meticulous dissection of pollutant interactions, while enlightening, overlooked the potential entry of kerosene's cast of characters into this airborne drama. The omission of kerosene from these substantial analyses creates a lacuna in the scholarly discourse, necessitating a closer inspection of this unassuming yet potentially impactful player in the air quality saga.
While these studies offer a solid foundation for understanding the broader context of air pollution, our investigation delves into the uncharted territory of kerosene usage and its enigmatic entwining with atmospheric constituents. By shining a light on this unfrequented pathway, we aim to reveal the unexpected connections and unravel the "burning" questions that animate the curious relationship between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States.
Transitioning from the realm of scholarly research to literature that delves into the intricacies of energy consumption and environmental impact, noteworthy non-fiction works such as "The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times" (Eggins, 2020) and "Polluted and Dangerous: America's Worst Abandoned Power Plants and Industrial Sites" (Harper, 2017) have offered compelling narratives of the intersection between human activities and environmental consequences. While these texts do not directly address the connection between kerosene and air pollution, their exploration of broader environmental themes adds depth to the contextual backdrop against which our study unfolds.
Conversely, the fictional realm presents an array of intriguing narratives that, while not grounded in empirical data, offer imaginative glimpses into the potential ramifications of unchecked environmental degradation and unfettered energy usage. Works such as "Burning Bright" (Bronte, 2005) and "The Kerosene Effect" (Wilde, 2012) weave gripping tales dealing with combustible themes, casting a thought-provoking light on the potential intersections of kerosene usage and environmental consequences. While purely speculative in nature, these literary creations serve as a reminder of the imaginative frontiers that beckon us as we navigate the landscape of environmental inquiry.
Furthermore, glimpses of public discourse gleaned from social media platforms add an intriguing layer to the ongoing dialogue surrounding air pollution and energy usage. Anecdotal accounts, punctuated with memes and witty remarks, capture the zeitgeist of public awareness, offering snapshots of the evolving perceptions of environmental challenges. A tweet by @CleanAirAdvocate succinctly encapsulates the sentiment, "Kerosene lamps may have a nostalgic glow, but their impact on air quality is anything but heartwarming! #ClearTheAir #KeroseneWoes." The convergence of public sentiments with scholarly inquiry highlights the relevance of our exploration into the potential nexus between air pollution in Houston and the utilization of kerosene on a national scale.
As we assimilate these diverse perspectives into the fabric of our analysis, we embark on a journey to dissect the complexities of kerosene usage and its entanglement with air pollution, fueled by the hope of illuminating previously unexplored corridors of environmental inquiry.
[[RESULTS]]
The data analysis revealed a strong correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States, signifying a robust relationship between these two variables. Additionally, the computed r-squared value of 0.8649939 further underscores the substantial degree of association, explaining approximately 86.5% of the variability observed in air pollution levels in Houston based on kerosene usage. The p-value of less than 0.01 indicates that the observed correlation is statistically significant, offering compelling evidence of the interrelation between kerosene consumption and air quality in the Houston area.
Furthermore, the analysis of the collected data resulted in a visually striking representation of the correlation, as depicted in Figure 1. The scatterplot illustrates a compelling trend, emphasizing the coherence between air pollution levels in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States. It is evident from the figure that the relationship between these variables is not merely a chance occurrence but rather a meaningful and persistent association, as clear as "kerosene-burning" flames in the night sky.
In summary, the results of our investigation yield a noteworthy connection, highlighting the importance of further exploration into the impact of kerosene usage on air quality. The implications of this association are as substantial as the pollutants released into the atmosphere, warranting continued attention to this understudied intersection of environmental concerns. This correlation underscores the need for comprehensive policies and practices to address the "burning" impact of kerosene consumption on air quality, ensuring that we "clear the air" of any ambiguity surrounding this "combustible" issue.
The findings presented in this paper serve as a catalyst for broader discussions and insights into the intricate relationship between kerosene and air pollution, shedding light on a domain that has long been overshadowed by more prominent sources of environmental degradation. As we consider the implications of these results, we are reminded that in the realm of environmental research, even the "oddest" correlations often hold a "spark" of significance, and this particular association indeed merits further investigation and attention.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[DISCUSSION]]
ChatGPT:
[[DISCUSSION]]
The results of our study have uncovered a compelling relationship between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States, lending credence to the "up in the air" suspicions we harbored during the initial stages of our inquiry. The robust correlation coefficient and the significant p-value signal a connection as substantial and palpable as the pungent odor of kerosene fuel. Our findings build upon the shoulders of previous research, such as Smith et al.'s examination of air pollution hotspots in urban areas, though one may have to wonder if they ever considered that the impact of kerosene could be "fueling" the fire of atmospheric disturbance.
Doe's glossing over of the specific influence of kerosene usage in energy consumption patterns across the United States certainly invites reassessment. While Jones's intricate chemistry of air pollution admirably dissects the molecular dance of pollutants, the absence of kerosene from the spotlight leaves much untold, emphasizing the pressing need to explore this understudied player in the atmospheric theater. As we delve "up in the air" into the implications of our findings, it becomes clear that kerosene's role in the narrative of atmospheric disturbance cannot be ignored, demanding attention as glaring as a "kerosene-burning" flame in the night sky.
Our results are as plain to see as the scatterplot in Figure 1, which illustrates a compelling trend that emphasizes the coherence between air pollution levels in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States. This visual representation is as clear as day, suggesting that the connection is not a chance occurrence but rather a meaningful and persistent association, much like a kerosene lantern casting its glow into the dark.
As we reflect on the implications of our study, it is apparent that the impact of kerosene on air quality is as substantial as the pollutants released into the atmosphere. This correlation illuminates the significance of "clearing the air" of any ambiguity surrounding the impact of kerosene usage on environmental parameters. Despite the unassuming nature of kerosene, our findings underscore its potential influence, highlighting the need for further investigation into this "burning" issue. The unexpected correlations often prove to be the "spark" of significance in the realm of environmental research, and this study brings to light an area that warrants continued attention and exploration.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Houston and Kerosene used in United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.
Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.
Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
Kerosene in the Sky with Pollution: A Correlative Analysis of Air Pollution in Houston and Kerosene Usage in the United States
[[ABSTRACT]]
This paper investigates the intriguing relationship between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team performed a comprehensive analysis dating back to 1980, spanning through the years to 2022. Surprisingly, our findings reveal a compelling correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 along with a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a significant association between these two seemingly disparate factors. Through the clever application of empirical methods and statistical analysis, we aim to shed light on this unusual nexus, perhaps illuminating the importance of understanding the "burning" issue of kerosene usage and its impact on air quality. With the results in hand, it seems that the connection between these two variables is "up in the air" and warrants further investigation into this "combustible" issue.
[[INTRDUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
Over the past few decades, concerns about air pollution have soared to unprecedented heights. The environmental impact of emissions from various sources, including industrial activities, vehicular traffic, and residential combustions, continues to be a pressing matter. However, amidst this cloud of concern, a less explored topic has emerged—kerosene usage and its potential association with air pollution. Our research endeavors to shine a light on this lesser-known aspect of air quality, specifically delving into the correlation between air pollution in Houston, a notorious hotspot for such concerns, and the consumption of kerosene in the United States.
As we embark on this investigation, it is essential to acknowledge the distinctive attributes that set kerosene apart from other sources of fuel. Kerosene, a petroleum-derived product, is primarily utilized for heating, lighting, and as a fuel for jet engines and lamps. Its versatility in applications renders it a captivating subject for analysis, particularly in the context of its possible link to air pollution.
The peculiar cocktail of hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, and nitrogen oxides emitted from kerosene combustion introduces an intriguing element into the atmospheric equation. The potential impact of kerosene usage on air quality, amidst the array of contributing factors, affords our study a depth and complexity akin to the "ozone layer"—quite layered, indeed.
In conducting our research, we have curated an extensive repository of data sourced from reputable agencies. Our thorough analysis stretches across more than four decades, capturing the temporal evolution and fluctuations of air pollution levels in Houston and kerosene usage patterns nationwide. The rigorous statistical scrutiny to which this data has been subjected has unearthed a compelling association, demonstrating a correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 and a p-value signaling statistical significance. This finding prompts us to ponder on the seemingly incongruous yet tantalizing liaison between air pollution and kerosene usage—a "burning" topic, indeed.
Our analysis, though preliminary, presents an intriguing premise that beckons further investigation, ascertaining that the relationship between these variables is not just a "flight of fancy" but rather a substantial area of inquiry. As we proceed to unravel this enigmatic connection, a clearer understanding of the potential ramifications of kerosene usage on air quality may emerge, casting a luminous beam on a rather "combustible" issue.
With this study, we aim to ignite broader discussions regarding the impact of kerosene utilization on air pollution, serving as a beacon for future explorations and policy considerations. The findings unveiled herein will hopefully contribute to a more enlightened and "clearer air" perspective, ensuring that the skies above are not tainted by the smog of neglect for this understated dimension of environmental concern.
[[RESULTS]]
The data analysis revealed a strong correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States, signifying a robust relationship between these two variables. Additionally, the computed r-squared value of 0.8649939 further underscores the substantial degree of association, explaining approximately 86.5% of the variability observed in air pollution levels in Houston based on kerosene usage. The p-value of less than 0.01 indicates that the observed correlation is statistically significant, offering compelling evidence of the interrelation between kerosene consumption and air quality in the Houston area.
Furthermore, the analysis of the collected data resulted in a visually striking representation of the correlation, as depicted in Figure 1. The scatterplot illustrates a compelling trend, emphasizing the coherence between air pollution levels in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States. It is evident from the figure that the relationship between these variables is not merely a chance occurrence but rather a meaningful and persistent association, as clear as "kerosene-burning" flames in the night sky.
In summary, the results of our investigation yield a noteworthy connection, highlighting the importance of further exploration into the impact of kerosene usage on air quality. The implications of this association are as substantial as the pollutants released into the atmosphere, warranting continued attention to this understudied intersection of environmental concerns. This correlation underscores the need for comprehensive policies and practices to address the "burning" impact of kerosene consumption on air quality, ensuring that we "clear the air" of any ambiguity surrounding this "combustible" issue.
The findings presented in this paper serve as a catalyst for broader discussions and insights into the intricate relationship between kerosene and air pollution, shedding light on a domain that has long been overshadowed by more prominent sources of environmental degradation. As we consider the implications of these results, we are reminded that in the realm of environmental research, even the "oddest" correlations often hold a "spark" of significance, and this particular association indeed merits further investigation and attention.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[CONCLUSION]]
ChatGPT:
[[CONCLUSION]]
In conclusion, our study has brought to light an illuminating correlation between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States, "shedding light" on this surprising nexus. The pronounced association between these seemingly distinct factors is as striking as a "kerosene-burning candle in the night sky," reminding us of the need to consider even the "oddest" correlations in environmental research. The robust correlation coefficient and statistically significant p-value indicate that this is not merely a "flight of fancy" but a substantive area of inquiry deserving continued attention.
The implications of this relationship are as substantial as the pollutants released into the atmosphere, underscoring the need for comprehensive policies and practices to address the "burning" impact of kerosene consumption on air quality. As we seek to "clear the air" of any ambiguity surrounding this "combustible" issue, it is evident that this association warrants further investigation.
In light of these compelling findings, we assert that no more research is needed in this area. We are "burned out" on this topic and believe it is time to "extinguish" further inquiry.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Kerosene in the Sky with Pollution: A Correlative Analysis of Air Pollution in Houston and Kerosene Usage in the United States. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.
ChatGPT:
Journal of Environmental Anthropology
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Kerosene in the Sky with Pollution: A Correlative Analysis of Air Pollution in Houston and Kerosene Usage in the United States. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.
ChatGPT:
The Center for Atmospheric and Energy Research (CAER)
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Kerosene in the Sky with Pollution: A Correlative Analysis of Air Pollution in Houston and Kerosene Usage in the United States with an abstract of This paper investigates the intriguing relationship between air pollution in Houston and kerosene usage in the United States. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, our research team performed a comprehensive analysis dating back to 1980, spanning through the years to 2022. Surprisingly, our findings reveal a compelling correlation coefficient of 0.9300505 along with a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a significant association between these two seemingly disparate factors. Through the clever application of empirical methods and statistical analysis, we aim to shed light on this unusual nexus, perhaps illuminating the importance of understanding the "burning" issue of kerosene usage and its impact on air quality. With the results in hand, it seems that the connection between these two variables is "up in the air" and warrants further investigation into this "combustible" issue.
ChatGPT:
kerosene usage, air pollution, correlation analysis, United States, Houston, Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Information Administration, statistical analysis, air quality, combustion, nexus analysis
*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.
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Data details
Air pollution in HoustonDetailed data title: Percentage of days with air quality at 'unhealthy for sensitive groups' or worse in Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in Houston
Kerosene used in United States
Detailed data title: Volume of kerosene used consumed in United States in millions of barrels per day
Source: Energy Information Administration
See what else correlates with Kerosene used in United States
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.
r2 = 0.8649939 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 86.5% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Kerosene used in United States) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Air pollution in Houston) over the 43 years from 1980 through 2022.
p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 2.0E-19. 0.0000000000000000001972750718
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme. More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.
But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.
Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.93 in 2.0E-17% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 5,069,064,179,653,741,568 random variables You don't actually need 5 quintillion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.
p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.
In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.
Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 42 degrees of freedom, Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 42 because we have two variables measured over a period of 43 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.
[ 0.87, 0.96 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.
This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!
All values for the years included above: If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.
Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.
| 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
| Air pollution in Houston (Bad air quality days) | 35.989 | 33.1507 | 32.6027 | 38.9041 | 31.1475 | 32.3288 | 29.3151 | 31.7808 | 33.6066 | 20.274 | 25.4795 | 21.0959 | 17.7596 | 16.9863 | 23.5616 | 27.9452 | 16.6667 | 22.7397 | 24.6575 | 27.3973 | 24.0437 | 23.2877 | 18.9041 | 21.3699 | 20.2186 | 27.8237 | 21.6438 | 15.0685 | 12.6027 | 8.76712 | 12.0548 | 15.6164 | 13.1148 | 6.57534 | 3.83562 | 12.3288 | 6.28415 | 6.84932 | 9.58904 | 8.49315 | 6.55738 | 8.21918 | 10.6849 |
| Kerosene used in United States (Million Barrels/Day) | 158 | 126.882 | 128.559 | 127.008 | 115.123 | 113.836 | 98.3589 | 94.5699 | 96.1175 | 84.1425 | 42.5671 | 46.3699 | 41.4235 | 49.6466 | 49.0329 | 54.063 | 61.7896 | 66.0301 | 78.0986 | 73.1123 | 67.3279 | 72.2904 | 43.3479 | 54.6274 | 64.2951 | 69.8083 | 53.6826 | 32.1391 | 14.2286 | 17.5474 | 19.9292 | 12.2408 | 5.27591 | 5.19713 | 8.99604 | 6.38585 | 8.67062 | 5.17747 | 5.41261 | 6.77142 | 7.49362 | 5.94343 | 5.25028 |
Why this works
- Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
- Lack of causal connection: There is probably
Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied. - Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple
Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
Try it yourself
You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.
Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"
Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.
Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.
Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.
Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"
If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:
"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."
# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats
# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):
# Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)
# Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
r_squared = correlation**2
return correlation, r_squared, p_value
# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([35.989,33.1507,32.6027,38.9041,31.1475,32.3288,29.3151,31.7808,33.6066,20.274,25.4795,21.0959,17.7596,16.9863,23.5616,27.9452,16.6667,22.7397,24.6575,27.3973,24.0437,23.2877,18.9041,21.3699,20.2186,27.8237,21.6438,15.0685,12.6027,8.76712,12.0548,15.6164,13.1148,6.57534,3.83562,12.3288,6.28415,6.84932,9.58904,8.49315,6.55738,8.21918,10.6849,])
array_2 = np.array([158,126.882,128.559,127.008,115.123,113.836,98.3589,94.5699,96.1175,84.1425,42.5671,46.3699,41.4235,49.6466,49.0329,54.063,61.7896,66.0301,78.0986,73.1123,67.3279,72.2904,43.3479,54.6274,64.2951,69.8083,53.6826,32.1391,14.2286,17.5474,19.9292,12.2408,5.27591,5.19713,8.99604,6.38585,8.67062,5.17747,5.41261,6.77142,7.49362,5.94343,5.25028,])
array_1_name = "Air pollution in Houston"
array_2_name = "Kerosene used in United States"
# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)
# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)Reuseable content
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- High resolution line chart
The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.
If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.
Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape. - High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
- Alternative high resolution line chart
- Scatterplot
- Portable line chart (png)
- Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
- Line chart for only Air pollution in Houston
- Line chart for only Kerosene used in United States
- AI-generated correlation image
- The spurious research paper: Kerosene in the Sky with Pollution: A Correlative Analysis of Air Pollution in Houston and Kerosene Usage in the United States
Your correlation inspection deserves a standing ovation!
Correlation ID: 4650 · Black Variable ID: 20721 · Red Variable ID: 25053
