Spurious correlation #4,532 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Pearl and the second variable is Votes for Libertarian Senators in Colorado. The chart goes from 1984 to 2020, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Pearl and the second variable is Votes for Libertarian Senators in Colorado. The chart goes from 1984 to 2020, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

Every time someone named Pearl became popular, a new wave of free-thinking individuals emerged, leading to a spike in Libertarian support in Colorado. It's as if the name itself carried a lustrous charm of individualism and freedom! It's a real gem of a correlation, isn't it?

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate an image of a picturesque Colorado town where a banner reading "Pearl's Popularity Parade" flutters in the breeze. Smiling faces gather to celebrate the rise of the name Pearl. Among the crowd, there is a group of vibrant individuals clad in yellow waving Libertarian flags, their voices echoing with calls for freedom. The scene sparkles with the shared attraction of individuality and liberty, as the name Pearl seems to cast a radiant glow over the growing support for Libertarian ideals in Colorado. The sky is clear and the sun is shining, creating a warm and inviting atmosphere for the gathering. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Popularity of the first name Pearl and Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Steampunk A photo-realistic image Realistic Cute cartoon Glitch art
ChatGPT: Realistic

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Popularity of the first name Pearl and Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado, in the following situation: Every time someone named Pearl became popular, a new wave of free-thinking individuals emerged, leading to a spike in Libertarian support in Colorado. It's as if the name itself carried a lustrous charm of individualism and freedom! It's a real gem of a correlation, isn't it?. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In a picturesque Colorado town, a banner reading "Pearl's Popularity Parade" flutters in the breeze, as smiling faces gather to celebrate the rise of the name Pearl. Among the crowd, a group of vibrant individuals clad in yellow waving Libertarian flags, their voices echoing with calls for freedom. The scene sparkles with the shared attraction of individuality and liberty, as the name Pearl seems to cast a radiant glow over the growing support for Libertarian ideals in Colorado.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Realistic ] and depicting this scene: In a picturesque Colorado town, a banner reading "Pearl's Popularity Parade" flutters in the breeze, as smiling faces gather to celebrate the rise of the name Pearl. Among the crowd, a group of vibrant individuals clad in yellow waving Libertarian flags, their voices echoing with calls for freedom. The scene sparkles with the shared attraction of individuality and liberty, as the name Pearl seems to cast a radiant glow over the growing support for Libertarian ideals in Colorado. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate an image of a picturesque Colorado town where a banner reading "Pearl's Popularity Parade" flutters in the breeze. Smiling faces gather to celebrate the rise of the name Pearl. Among the crowd, there is a group of vibrant individuals clad in yellow waving Libertarian flags, their voices echoing with calls for freedom. The scene sparkles with the shared attraction of individuality and liberty, as the name Pearl seems to cast a radiant glow over the growing support for Libertarian ideals in Colorado. The sky is clear and the sun is shining, creating a warm and inviting atmosphere for the gathering.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in Popularity of the first name Pearl caused Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado to increase. Add a funny one-liner at the end.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Pearls and Politics: The Peculiar Correlation Between the Name Pearl and Libertarian Votes for Colorado Senators

The Journal of Quirky Sociopolitical Studies

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Pearl and Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Perhaps you also got inspiration from some board games that are vaugely related.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Pearls and Politics: The Peculiar Correlation Between the Name Pearl and Libertarian Votes for Colorado Senators

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the unexpected link between the popularity of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for senators in Colorado, spanning the years from 1984 to 2020. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse, our research team unearthed a correlation coefficient of 0.9378551, with a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01.

Our findings reveal a striking and robust association between the prevalence of the name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado senatorial elections. The implications of this correlation elicit both surprise and amusement, much like finding a hidden gem in an ordinary setting.

The persistence of this relationship over several decades raises intriguing questions about the potential influence of seemingly innocuous factors on political preferences. One cannot help but wonder if the correlation can be attributed to the name’s lustrous connotations or its association with timeless elegance – a veritable pearl of wisdom in the world of electoral politics.

This study underscores the need for further exploration of the curious interplay between nomenclature and political behavior. As the saying goes, "Why did the libertarian vote for the candidate named Pearl? Because she was an un-Pearl-leled choice."

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The relationship between names and political affiliations has long been a subject of curiosity and amusement. From the voting patterns of individuals named Dennis in Ohio to the electoral preferences of Susans in Wisconsin, the interplay between nomenclature and political behavior continues to capture the imagination of researchers and laypersons alike. In this vein, the present study sets out to examine the peculiar correlation between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for senators in the state of Colorado.
One might be inclined to think that the connection between a name and political inclinations is as tenuous as a delicate string of pearls – but our findings tell a different story. Much like a rare pearl discovered unexpectedly, the strong and enduring association uncovered in this research has left many scratching their heads, wondering what this all means. It's almost as surprising as finding a stray oyster in a freshwater river!
The allure of this investigation lies in its unexpected nature, akin to stumbling upon a glimmering pearl in an otherwise mundane shell. Our research team leveraged data from the US Social Security Administration and MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse, to conduct a rigorous analysis spanning the years from 1984 to 2020. The correlation coefficient of 0.9378551 not only raised eyebrows but also elicited a fair share of pearl-clutching astonishment in the academic community.
Delving into the statistical intricacies of this correlation, one cannot help but marvel at the eerily high level of association between the name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado senatorial elections. It's almost as if the name itself possesses an inherent libertarian charm, much like a persuasive political candidate who manages to capture the hearts of voters. In the words of a wise electoral statistician, "When it comes to predicting political behavior, sometimes the statistician needs to dive deep into the ocean of data in search of a hidden Pearl."
The sustained presence of this bond over several election cycles prompts one to ponder the fascinating role of seemingly innocuous factors in shaping political preferences. After all, it is not every day that one stumbles upon a shell containing both a precious pearl and an unexpected ballot. As the old saying goes, "Why did the libertarian vote for the candidate named Pearl? Because, much like a well-crafted statistical model, she exuded an air of confidence interval."

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

Various studies in nomenclature and political behavior have provided insight into the intriguing ways in which individuals' names may be associated with their political affiliations. In "Smith et al.," the authors find a positive correlation between certain names and conservative voting patterns, suggesting an influence of nomenclature on political ideology. Similarly, "Doe and Johnson" demonstrate an unexpected link between the popularity of specific first names and partisan preferences, shedding light on the potential impact of names on electoral outcomes.

Turning to the intersection of psychology and nomenclature, "Jones and Brown" explore the subconscious effects of names on individuals' decision-making processes. Their research suggests that names can subconsciously influence perceptions and attitudes, thereby potentially shaping political inclinations. These scholarly investigations underscore the complexity of the relationship between nomenclature and political behavior, unraveling a web of connections that goes far beyond mere coincidence.

In the realm of non-fiction literature, works such as "Freakonomics" by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner offer intriguing insights into unconventional correlations and unexpected phenomena. The book delves into the hidden dynamics of human behavior, uncovering surprising relationships that defy conventional wisdom.

On a more whimsical note, fictional works like Jane Austen's "Sense and Sensibility" and "The Pearl" by John Steinbeck provide narratives that touch upon profound human experiences and unexpected discoveries. The themes of societal conventions and the unearthing of hidden treasures resonate with the surprising correlation between the name Pearl and Libertarian voting patterns in Colorado.

Furthermore, popular board games such as "Clue" and "Mystery of the Abbey" invite players to uncover hidden connections and solve enigmatic puzzles. In a similar vein, the unexpected correlation between the name Pearl and political preferences in Colorado presents a captivating puzzle for researchers to unravel – a puzzle that may just be the "pearl" of all political mysteries.

As the old adage goes, "Why did the libertarian vote for the candidate named Pearl? Because she promised to be the 'gem' of the senate."

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Pearl and Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse . You used data from 1984 to 2020

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Pearls and Politics: The Peculiar Correlation Between the Name Pearl and Libertarian Votes for Colorado Senators

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the unexpected link between the popularity of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for senators in Colorado, spanning the years from 1984 to 2020. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse, our research team unearthed a correlation coefficient of 0.9378551, with a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01.

Our findings reveal a striking and robust association between the prevalence of the name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado senatorial elections. The implications of this correlation elicit both surprise and amusement, much like finding a hidden gem in an ordinary setting.

The persistence of this relationship over several decades raises intriguing questions about the potential influence of seemingly innocuous factors on political preferences. One cannot help but wonder if the correlation can be attributed to the name’s lustrous connotations or its association with timeless elegance – a veritable pearl of wisdom in the world of electoral politics.

This study underscores the need for further exploration of the curious interplay between nomenclature and political behavior. As the saying goes, "Why did the libertarian vote for the candidate named Pearl? Because she was an un-Pearl-leled choice."

[[INTRODUCTION]]
The relationship between names and political affiliations has long been a subject of curiosity and amusement. From the voting patterns of individuals named Dennis in Ohio to the electoral preferences of Susans in Wisconsin, the interplay between nomenclature and political behavior continues to capture the imagination of researchers and laypersons alike. In this vein, the present study sets out to examine the peculiar correlation between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for senators in the state of Colorado.
One might be inclined to think that the connection between a name and political inclinations is as tenuous as a delicate string of pearls – but our findings tell a different story. Much like a rare pearl discovered unexpectedly, the strong and enduring association uncovered in this research has left many scratching their heads, wondering what this all means. It's almost as surprising as finding a stray oyster in a freshwater river!
The allure of this investigation lies in its unexpected nature, akin to stumbling upon a glimmering pearl in an otherwise mundane shell. Our research team leveraged data from the US Social Security Administration and MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse, to conduct a rigorous analysis spanning the years from 1984 to 2020. The correlation coefficient of 0.9378551 not only raised eyebrows but also elicited a fair share of pearl-clutching astonishment in the academic community.
Delving into the statistical intricacies of this correlation, one cannot help but marvel at the eerily high level of association between the name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado senatorial elections. It's almost as if the name itself possesses an inherent libertarian charm, much like a persuasive political candidate who manages to capture the hearts of voters. In the words of a wise electoral statistician, "When it comes to predicting political behavior, sometimes the statistician needs to dive deep into the ocean of data in search of a hidden Pearl."
The sustained presence of this bond over several election cycles prompts one to ponder the fascinating role of seemingly innocuous factors in shaping political preferences. After all, it is not every day that one stumbles upon a shell containing both a precious pearl and an unexpected ballot. As the old saying goes, "Why did the libertarian vote for the candidate named Pearl? Because, much like a well-crafted statistical model, she exuded an air of confidence interval."

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

To unravel the enigmatic relationship between the popularity of the first name Pearl and Libertarian votes for senators in Colorado, a multi-faceted approach was employed. The first step involved retrieving historical data on the frequency of the name Pearl from the US Social Security Administration's baby name database. The data, spanning from 1984 to 2020, provided a rich tapestry of Pearl's prominence in the naming landscape. It's like finding a rare pearl in a sea of mundane names, truly a gem of a find in the vast expanse of dataset ocean.

Simultaneously, electoral data pertaining to Colorado senatorial elections during the same period was procured from the MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse. This intricate dance between personal nomenclature and political expression was akin to observing the ebb and flow of ocean currents carrying precious cargo – in this case, the electoral preferences of the citizens of Colorado. It's almost as if the political landscape was a sprawling, data-rich oyster, waiting to reveal its hidden electoral pearls.

Upon harmonizing these disparate datasets, a meticulous statistical analysis was conducted to discern the correlation between the prevalence of the name Pearl and the proportion of Libertarian votes garnered by senators in Colorado. The correlation coefficient was calculated, and its statistical significance was determined through rigorous hypothesis testing. The precision and care taken in this analysis were akin to the delicate art of stringing pearls into a harmonious necklace – each statistical test a lustrous addition to the overall ensemble.

In addition to examining the overall correlation, stratified analyses were performed to explore potential temporal and demographic nuances in the relationship. This thorough investigation into the multifaceted facets of the Pearl-Libertarian connection was reminiscent of meticulously examining each unique pearl in an opulent necklace, appreciating both its individual beauty and its contribution to the larger pattern. It's as if each election year was a distinct pearl in the electoral necklace, contributing its unique shine to the overall correlation.

Furthermore, control variables such as socioeconomic indicators and electoral trends were meticulously integrated into the analysis to ascertain the robustness of the relationship between the name Pearl and Libertarian voting patterns. This careful adjustment for confounding factors paralleled the meticulous craftsmanship involved in shaping a flawless pearl, ensuring that the resultant correlation shone with unadulterated brilliance. It's almost as if each control variable was meticulously polished to ensure the purity of the overall correlation, much like fine-tuning the facets of a precious gemstone.

Lastly, to assess the generalizability of the findings, sensitivity analyses and cross-validation procedures were implemented to evaluate the stability of the correlation across different subsamples and model specifications. This comprehensive approach to validating the robustness of the Pearl-Libertarian correlation was reminiscent of stress-testing the durability of a pearl necklace, ensuring that each connection remained secure in the face of varying conditions. It's like ensuring that the pearl necklace holds its luster amidst the ever-changing tides of electoral dynamics.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Pearl and Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse .

For the time period 1984 to 2020, you found a correlation 0.9378551, r-squared of 0.8795721, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Pearls and Politics: The Peculiar Correlation Between the Name Pearl and Libertarian Votes for Colorado Senators

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the unexpected link between the popularity of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for senators in Colorado, spanning the years from 1984 to 2020. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse, our research team unearthed a correlation coefficient of 0.9378551, with a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01.

Our findings reveal a striking and robust association between the prevalence of the name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado senatorial elections. The implications of this correlation elicit both surprise and amusement, much like finding a hidden gem in an ordinary setting.

The persistence of this relationship over several decades raises intriguing questions about the potential influence of seemingly innocuous factors on political preferences. One cannot help but wonder if the correlation can be attributed to the name’s lustrous connotations or its association with timeless elegance – a veritable pearl of wisdom in the world of electoral politics.

This study underscores the need for further exploration of the curious interplay between nomenclature and political behavior. As the saying goes, "Why did the libertarian vote for the candidate named Pearl? Because she was an un-Pearl-leled choice."

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
The relationship between names and political affiliations has long been a subject of curiosity and amusement. From the voting patterns of individuals named Dennis in Ohio to the electoral preferences of Susans in Wisconsin, the interplay between nomenclature and political behavior continues to capture the imagination of researchers and laypersons alike. In this vein, the present study sets out to examine the peculiar correlation between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for senators in the state of Colorado.
One might be inclined to think that the connection between a name and political inclinations is as tenuous as a delicate string of pearls – but our findings tell a different story. Much like a rare pearl discovered unexpectedly, the strong and enduring association uncovered in this research has left many scratching their heads, wondering what this all means. It's almost as surprising as finding a stray oyster in a freshwater river!
The allure of this investigation lies in its unexpected nature, akin to stumbling upon a glimmering pearl in an otherwise mundane shell. Our research team leveraged data from the US Social Security Administration and MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse, to conduct a rigorous analysis spanning the years from 1984 to 2020. The correlation coefficient of 0.9378551 not only raised eyebrows but also elicited a fair share of pearl-clutching astonishment in the academic community.
Delving into the statistical intricacies of this correlation, one cannot help but marvel at the eerily high level of association between the name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado senatorial elections. It's almost as if the name itself possesses an inherent libertarian charm, much like a persuasive political candidate who manages to capture the hearts of voters. In the words of a wise electoral statistician, "When it comes to predicting political behavior, sometimes the statistician needs to dive deep into the ocean of data in search of a hidden Pearl."
The sustained presence of this bond over several election cycles prompts one to ponder the fascinating role of seemingly innocuous factors in shaping political preferences. After all, it is not every day that one stumbles upon a shell containing both a precious pearl and an unexpected ballot. As the old saying goes, "Why did the libertarian vote for the candidate named Pearl? Because, much like a well-crafted statistical model, she exuded an air of confidence interval."

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The results of our analysis revealed a remarkably strong correlation between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado. Over the period from 1984 to 2020, we found a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9378551, indicating an unusually robust relationship between these seemingly unrelated variables. It's as if the name Pearl and libertarian votes were a match made in statistical heaven - or perhaps a match made in a jewelry store!

The correlation coefficient of 0.9378551, with an r-squared value of 0.8795721, suggests that approximately 87.96% of the variation in Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado can be explained by the prevalence of the first name Pearl. This strong relationship raises the question: Are political views influenced by the lustrous allure of a name, much like a mesmerizing pearl captures the eye of an admirer? It's almost as if the name Pearl casts a spell on voters, drawing them toward libertarian ideals, like moths to a flame – or should we say, pearls to a Libertaran flame?

Further underscoring the robustness of this relationship, the p-value of less than 0.01 indicates that the observed correlation is statistically significant. One might say it's more significant than finding a pearl in an oyster – after all, statistical significance is quite a gem in the world of research. This makes the likelihood of the correlation occurring by chance less than 1%, prompting a whirlwind of pondering among researchers akin to unraveling the mystery of a lost pearl in the vast ocean of data.

As indicated by the scatterplot in Fig. 1, one can visually discern the remarkably strong linear relationship between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado. It's almost as clear as a perfectly spherical pearl under the bright lights of a jeweler's display case. This compelling visual representation underscores the magnitude of the correlation, leaving a lasting impression much like an exquisite piece of pearl jewelry.

In light of these findings, it becomes clear that the association between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado senatorial elections is no mere coincidence. It's as if the name itself carries a libertarian charisma, drawing individuals toward the timeless elegance of libertarian ideals. In the end, one can't help but marvel at the unexpected and enchanting connection between a seemingly simple name and the complex world of political preferences. It's almost like finding a rare pearl in a sea of electoral data - a discovery with profound implications and, of course, a great opportunity for a dad joke about precious stones!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Pearl and Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
Pearls and Politics: The Peculiar Correlation Between the Name Pearl and Libertarian Votes for Colorado Senators

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the unexpected link between the popularity of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for senators in Colorado, spanning the years from 1984 to 2020. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse, our research team unearthed a correlation coefficient of 0.9378551, with a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01.

Our findings reveal a striking and robust association between the prevalence of the name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado senatorial elections. The implications of this correlation elicit both surprise and amusement, much like finding a hidden gem in an ordinary setting.

The persistence of this relationship over several decades raises intriguing questions about the potential influence of seemingly innocuous factors on political preferences. One cannot help but wonder if the correlation can be attributed to the name’s lustrous connotations or its association with timeless elegance – a veritable pearl of wisdom in the world of electoral politics.

This study underscores the need for further exploration of the curious interplay between nomenclature and political behavior. As the saying goes, "Why did the libertarian vote for the candidate named Pearl? Because she was an un-Pearl-leled choice."

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
Various studies in nomenclature and political behavior have provided insight into the intriguing ways in which individuals' names may be associated with their political affiliations. In "Smith et al.," the authors find a positive correlation between certain names and conservative voting patterns, suggesting an influence of nomenclature on political ideology. Similarly, "Doe and Johnson" demonstrate an unexpected link between the popularity of specific first names and partisan preferences, shedding light on the potential impact of names on electoral outcomes.
Turning to the intersection of psychology and nomenclature, "Jones and Brown" explore the subconscious effects of names on individuals' decision-making processes. Their research suggests that names can subconsciously influence perceptions and attitudes, thereby potentially shaping political inclinations. These scholarly investigations underscore the complexity of the relationship between nomenclature and political behavior, unraveling a web of connections that goes far beyond mere coincidence.
In the realm of non-fiction literature, works such as "Freakonomics" by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner offer intriguing insights into unconventional correlations and unexpected phenomena. The book delves into the hidden dynamics of human behavior, uncovering surprising relationships that defy conventional wisdom.
On a more whimsical note, fictional works like Jane Austen's "Sense and Sensibility" and "The Pearl" by John Steinbeck provide narratives that touch upon profound human experiences and unexpected discoveries. The themes of societal conventions and the unearthing of hidden treasures resonate with the surprising correlation between the name Pearl and Libertarian voting patterns in Colorado.
Furthermore, popular board games such as "Clue" and "Mystery of the Abbey" invite players to uncover hidden connections and solve enigmatic puzzles. In a similar vein, the unexpected correlation between the name Pearl and political preferences in Colorado presents a captivating puzzle for researchers to unravel – a puzzle that may just be the "pearl" of all political mysteries.
As the old adage goes, "Why did the libertarian vote for the candidate named Pearl? Because she promised to be the 'gem' of the senate."

[[RESULTS]]
The results of our analysis revealed a remarkably strong correlation between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado. Over the period from 1984 to 2020, we found a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9378551, indicating an unusually robust relationship between these seemingly unrelated variables. It's as if the name Pearl and libertarian votes were a match made in statistical heaven - or perhaps a match made in a jewelry store!
The correlation coefficient of 0.9378551, with an r-squared value of 0.8795721, suggests that approximately 87.96% of the variation in Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado can be explained by the prevalence of the first name Pearl. This strong relationship raises the question: Are political views influenced by the lustrous allure of a name, much like a mesmerizing pearl captures the eye of an admirer? It's almost as if the name Pearl casts a spell on voters, drawing them toward libertarian ideals, like moths to a flame – or should we say, pearls to a Libertaran flame?
Further underscoring the robustness of this relationship, the p-value of less than 0.01 indicates that the observed correlation is statistically significant. One might say it's more significant than finding a pearl in an oyster – after all, statistical significance is quite a gem in the world of research. This makes the likelihood of the correlation occurring by chance less than 1%, prompting a whirlwind of pondering among researchers akin to unraveling the mystery of a lost pearl in the vast ocean of data.
As indicated by the scatterplot in Fig. 1, one can visually discern the remarkably strong linear relationship between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado. It's almost as clear as a perfectly spherical pearl under the bright lights of a jeweler's display case. This compelling visual representation underscores the magnitude of the correlation, leaving a lasting impression much like an exquisite piece of pearl jewelry.
In light of these findings, it becomes clear that the association between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado senatorial elections is no mere coincidence. It's as if the name itself carries a libertarian charisma, drawing individuals toward the timeless elegance of libertarian ideals. In the end, one can't help but marvel at the unexpected and enchanting connection between a seemingly simple name and the complex world of political preferences. It's almost like finding a rare pearl in a sea of electoral data - a discovery with profound implications and, of course, a great opportunity for a dad joke about precious stones!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The findings of our study offer compelling evidence for the unexpected correlation between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado. The remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9378551 lends substantial support to prior literature that has explored the intriguing connections between names and political preferences. This correlation is as striking as discovering a flawless pearl in an unexpected location – a rare and precious find indeed!

The substantial alignment between our results and prior research underscores the significance of seemingly trivial factors, such as nomenclature, in shaping political behavior. The association we uncovered is more solid than a well-crafted pearl necklace, reaffirming the notion that names, much like precious gems, possess an unanticipated allure that can influence individuals' decision-making processes and electoral choices.

The persistence of the relationship across several decades reinforces the notion that the influence of nomenclature on political leanings is more than just a whimsical hypothesis. This consistency is as reliable as the steady luster of a genuine pearl, highlighting the enduring impact of a seemingly mundane variable on the complex landscape of political preferences. It's almost as if the name Pearl has been quietly casting its libertarian spell on Colorado voters, akin to the way a pearl exudes its timeless radiance.

The statistically significant p-value further bolsters the credibility of our findings, as it diminishes the likelihood of the observed correlation occurring by mere chance. This robust statistical support is more convincing than a gemologist identifying an authentic pearl, reaffirming the authenticity of the observed association between the prevalence of the name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado.

Moreover, the visual representation of the strong linear relationship in the scatterplot resonates with the vivid clarity of a perfectly crafted pearl, leaving an indelible impression much like a resplendent piece of pearl jewelry. This visual confirmation of the correlation enhances the comprehensibility of our findings, much like a well-displayed pearl accentuating its inherent elegance. It's almost as if the correlation between the name Pearl and libertarian votes has been laid out for all to see, akin to a perfectly showcased pearl in a well-lit jewelry store.

In conclusion, our study not only adds to the burgeoning literature on the intersection of nomenclature and political behavior but also deepens our understanding of the role of seemingly trivial variables in shaping electoral outcomes. The correlation we uncovered is as significant as a flawless pearl in a sea of mundane stones, inviting further investigation and prompting thought-provoking discussions. As we reflect on this unexpected correlation, one could say we've stumbled upon a political "pearl" of great price indeed – both a thought-provoking finding and a perfect opportunity for a dad joke about precious stones.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Pearl and Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
Pearls and Politics: The Peculiar Correlation Between the Name Pearl and Libertarian Votes for Colorado Senators

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the unexpected link between the popularity of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for senators in Colorado, spanning the years from 1984 to 2020. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse, our research team unearthed a correlation coefficient of 0.9378551, with a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01.

Our findings reveal a striking and robust association between the prevalence of the name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado senatorial elections. The implications of this correlation elicit both surprise and amusement, much like finding a hidden gem in an ordinary setting.

The persistence of this relationship over several decades raises intriguing questions about the potential influence of seemingly innocuous factors on political preferences. One cannot help but wonder if the correlation can be attributed to the name’s lustrous connotations or its association with timeless elegance – a veritable pearl of wisdom in the world of electoral politics.

This study underscores the need for further exploration of the curious interplay between nomenclature and political behavior. As the saying goes, "Why did the libertarian vote for the candidate named Pearl? Because she was an un-Pearl-leled choice."

[[INTRDUCTION]]
The relationship between names and political affiliations has long been a subject of curiosity and amusement. From the voting patterns of individuals named Dennis in Ohio to the electoral preferences of Susans in Wisconsin, the interplay between nomenclature and political behavior continues to capture the imagination of researchers and laypersons alike. In this vein, the present study sets out to examine the peculiar correlation between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for senators in the state of Colorado.
One might be inclined to think that the connection between a name and political inclinations is as tenuous as a delicate string of pearls – but our findings tell a different story. Much like a rare pearl discovered unexpectedly, the strong and enduring association uncovered in this research has left many scratching their heads, wondering what this all means. It's almost as surprising as finding a stray oyster in a freshwater river!
The allure of this investigation lies in its unexpected nature, akin to stumbling upon a glimmering pearl in an otherwise mundane shell. Our research team leveraged data from the US Social Security Administration and MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse, to conduct a rigorous analysis spanning the years from 1984 to 2020. The correlation coefficient of 0.9378551 not only raised eyebrows but also elicited a fair share of pearl-clutching astonishment in the academic community.
Delving into the statistical intricacies of this correlation, one cannot help but marvel at the eerily high level of association between the name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado senatorial elections. It's almost as if the name itself possesses an inherent libertarian charm, much like a persuasive political candidate who manages to capture the hearts of voters. In the words of a wise electoral statistician, "When it comes to predicting political behavior, sometimes the statistician needs to dive deep into the ocean of data in search of a hidden Pearl."
The sustained presence of this bond over several election cycles prompts one to ponder the fascinating role of seemingly innocuous factors in shaping political preferences. After all, it is not every day that one stumbles upon a shell containing both a precious pearl and an unexpected ballot. As the old saying goes, "Why did the libertarian vote for the candidate named Pearl? Because, much like a well-crafted statistical model, she exuded an air of confidence interval."

[[RESULTS]]
The results of our analysis revealed a remarkably strong correlation between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado. Over the period from 1984 to 2020, we found a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9378551, indicating an unusually robust relationship between these seemingly unrelated variables. It's as if the name Pearl and libertarian votes were a match made in statistical heaven - or perhaps a match made in a jewelry store!
The correlation coefficient of 0.9378551, with an r-squared value of 0.8795721, suggests that approximately 87.96% of the variation in Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado can be explained by the prevalence of the first name Pearl. This strong relationship raises the question: Are political views influenced by the lustrous allure of a name, much like a mesmerizing pearl captures the eye of an admirer? It's almost as if the name Pearl casts a spell on voters, drawing them toward libertarian ideals, like moths to a flame – or should we say, pearls to a Libertaran flame?
Further underscoring the robustness of this relationship, the p-value of less than 0.01 indicates that the observed correlation is statistically significant. One might say it's more significant than finding a pearl in an oyster – after all, statistical significance is quite a gem in the world of research. This makes the likelihood of the correlation occurring by chance less than 1%, prompting a whirlwind of pondering among researchers akin to unraveling the mystery of a lost pearl in the vast ocean of data.
As indicated by the scatterplot in Fig. 1, one can visually discern the remarkably strong linear relationship between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado. It's almost as clear as a perfectly spherical pearl under the bright lights of a jeweler's display case. This compelling visual representation underscores the magnitude of the correlation, leaving a lasting impression much like an exquisite piece of pearl jewelry.
In light of these findings, it becomes clear that the association between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado senatorial elections is no mere coincidence. It's as if the name itself carries a libertarian charisma, drawing individuals toward the timeless elegance of libertarian ideals. In the end, one can't help but marvel at the unexpected and enchanting connection between a seemingly simple name and the complex world of political preferences. It's almost like finding a rare pearl in a sea of electoral data - a discovery with profound implications and, of course, a great opportunity for a dad joke about precious stones!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our study has unveiled a compelling and robust correlation between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for senators in Colorado, over the span of nearly four decades. The correlation coefficient of 0.9378551, paired with a statistically significant p-value, indicates a connection that is more solid than a well-crafted pearl necklace. It seems that the allure of libertarian ideals and the name Pearl go hand in hand, much like a pearl and an oyster - a match made in statistical heaven!

This unexpected phenomenon opens a veritable treasure trove of questions, sparking both curiosity and amusement. One cannot help but wonder if the name's association with timeless elegance has entranced voters much like a rare and lustrous pearl capturing the eye. It's as if the name Pearl possesses an inherent libertarian charm, drawing voters toward candidates who embody the classic beauty of libertarian values. One might say that the name Pearl has truly become an "un-Pearl-leled" choice among libertarian voters in Colorado - cue the obligatory dad joke!

As we reflect on the findings of this study, it becomes clear that the connection between the prevalence of the first name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado senatorial elections is no mere coincidence. The strength of this relationship is as undeniable as the appeal of a perfectly spherical pearl under bright lights. The statistical significance of this correlation is undoubtedly a gem in the world of research, prompting a whirlwind of pondering among researchers akin to unraveling the mystery of a lost pearl in the vast ocean of data.

In light of these compelling findings, it is safe to say that no further research in this area is needed. The evidence of the curious correlation between the popularity of the name Pearl and Libertarian votes for Senators in Colorado stands as solid as, well, a pearl itself. It's as if the statistical ocean has revealed its prized gem, and it's high time we let this unexpected pearl of wisdom shine on its own!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Pearls and Politics: The Peculiar Correlation Between the Name Pearl and Libertarian Votes for Colorado Senators. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Quirky Sociopolitical Studies

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Pearls and Politics: The Peculiar Correlation Between the Name Pearl and Libertarian Votes for Colorado Senators. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Association for Quirky Sociopolitical Research

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Pearls and Politics: The Peculiar Correlation Between the Name Pearl and Libertarian Votes for Colorado Senators with an abstract of This study delves into the unexpected link between the popularity of the first name Pearl and the Libertarian votes for senators in Colorado, spanning the years from 1984 to 2020. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse, our research team unearthed a correlation coefficient of 0.9378551, with a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01.
Our findings reveal a striking and robust association between the prevalence of the name Pearl and support for Libertarian candidates in Colorado senatorial elections. The implications of this correlation elicit both surprise and amusement, much like finding a hidden gem in an ordinary setting.
The persistence of this relationship over several decades raises intriguing questions about the potential influence of seemingly innocuous factors on political preferences. One cannot help but wonder if the correlation can be attributed to the name’s lustrous connotations or its association with timeless elegance – a veritable pearl of wisdom in the world of electoral politics.
This study underscores the need for further exploration of the curious interplay between nomenclature and political behavior. As the saying goes, "Why did the libertarian vote for the candidate named Pearl? Because she was an un-Pearl-leled choice.

ChatGPT:

pearl name popularity, libertarian votes, Colorado senators, electoral politics, nomenclature influence, social security administration data, MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse, political preferences, correlation coefficient, statistical significance, electoral behavior, political implications of name popularity

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Popularity of the first name Pearl
Detailed data title: Babies of all sexes born in the US named Pearl
Source: US Social Security Administration
See what else correlates with Popularity of the first name Pearl

Votes for Libertarian Senators in Colorado
Detailed data title: Percentage of votes cast for Federal Libertarian Senate candidates in Colorado
Source: MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Harvard Dataverse
See what else correlates with Votes for Libertarian Senators in Colorado

Correlation r = 0.9378551 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.8795721 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 88% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Votes for Libertarian Senators in Colorado) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Popularity of the first name Pearl) over the 9 years from 1984 through 2020.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 0.00019.^Show 0.0001853197212607069800000000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.94 in 0.019% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 5,396 random variables^Note Which I absolutely did.
with the same 8 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 8 because we have two variables measured over a period of 9 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.73, 0.99 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1984	1992	1998	2002	2004	2010	2014	2016	2020
Popularity of the first name Pearl (Babies born)	169	157	164	199	196	267	453	549	351
Votes for Libertarian Senators in Colorado (Percentage of votes)	0.853515	0.00148168	1.05663	1.46715	0.482094	1.27457	2.59062	3.61926	1.73874

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
Very low n: There are not many data points included in this analysis. Even if the p-value is high, we should be suspicious of using so few datapoints in a correlation.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([169,157,164,199,196,267,453,549,351,])
array_2 = np.array([0.853515,0.00148168,1.05663,1.46715,0.482094,1.27457,2.59062,3.61926,1.73874,])
array_1_name = "Popularity of the first name Pearl"
array_2_name = "Votes for Libertarian Senators in Colorado"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Popularity of the first name Pearl
Line chart for only Votes for Libertarian Senators in Colorado
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Pearls and Politics: The Peculiar Correlation Between the Name Pearl and Libertarian Votes for Colorado Senators

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Correlation ID: 4532 · Black Variable ID: 3829 · Red Variable ID: 26358


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