Spurious correlation #4,215 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Wind power generated in Italy and the second variable is Number of Public Library Members in the UK. The chart goes from 2003 to 2014, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Wind power generated in Italy and the second variable is Number of Public Library Members in the UK. The chart goes from 2003 to 2014, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

The Italian wind power must have blown some literary inspiration across the sea to the UK, sparking a novel interest in reading and leading to a whirlwind of new library members! It's like they say, when it comes to harnessing the power of the elements, it's not just about current, it's also about creating a re-volt of book lovers! Remember, with great wind energy comes great reading responsibility.

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: [Whimsical illustration] A coastal town in Italy is depicted, where a row of elegant wind turbines stretches towards the sky, their graceful blades spinning in the gentle breeze. In the distance, across the sea in the UK, a charming public library stands with open doors, inviting a wave of new members to explore its literary treasures. The scene is filled with the harmonious symphony of nature and knowledge, as the sound of pages turning mingles with the soft rustle of the wind. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Wind power generated in Italy and Number of Public Library Members in the UK. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Photorealism Vaporwave a funny image you would see on reddit Whimsical illustration Macabre
ChatGPT: Whimsical illustration

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Wind power generated in Italy and Number of Public Library Members in the UK, in the following situation: The Italian wind power must have blown some literary inspiration across the sea to the UK, sparking a novel interest in reading and leading to a whirlwind of new library members! It's like they say, when it comes to harnessing the power of the elements, it's not just about current, it's also about creating a re-volt of book lovers! Remember, with great wind energy comes great reading responsibility.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In a coastal town in Italy, a row of majestic wind turbines spins gracefully in the breeze, generating clean and sustainable wind power for the country. Across the sea in the UK, a bustling public library with open doors welcomes a surge of new members through its gates, inspired by the literary winds that have blown over from Italy. The sound of pages turning mingles with the gentle rustle of the wind, creating a harmonious symphony of nature and knowledge.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Whimsical illustration ] and depicting this scene: In a coastal town in Italy, a row of majestic wind turbines spins gracefully in the breeze, generating clean and sustainable wind power for the country. Across the sea in the UK, a bustling public library with open doors welcomes a surge of new members through its gates, inspired by the literary winds that have blown over from Italy. The sound of pages turning mingles with the gentle rustle of the wind, creating a harmonious symphony of nature and knowledge. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: [Whimsical illustration] A coastal town in Italy is depicted, where a row of elegant wind turbines stretches towards the sky, their graceful blades spinning in the gentle breeze. In the distance, across the sea in the UK, a charming public library stands with open doors, inviting a wave of new members to explore its literary treasures. The scene is filled with the harmonious symphony of nature and knowledge, as the sound of pages turning mingles with the soft rustle of the wind.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in Wind power generated in Italy caused Number of Public Library Members in the UK to increase. Include one good pun.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

The Breezy Connection: Unraveling the Wind Power and Public Library Membership Relationship

The Journal of Eclectic Sociological Studies

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Wind power generated in Italy and Number of Public Library Members in the UK. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Perhaps you also got inspiration from some board games that are vaugely related.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Breezy Connection: Unraveling the Wind Power and Public Library Membership Relationship

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this paper, we explore the curious correlation between wind power generation in Italy and the number of public library members in the UK. Our research team delved into this uncharted territory to uncover any potential gusty influences on the bookworm population. Utilizing data from the Energy Information Administration and Statista, we uncovered a significant correlation coefficient of 0.9925407 with p < 0.01 for the years 2003 to 2014. Our findings provide an intriguing insight into the possibility of wind-generated energy contributing not only to sustainable power but also to literary enthusiasts across the English Channel. This study not only blows away conventional wisdom but also opens a new chapter in renewable energy research.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
"The windmill turns because of wind and it is a warning to the souls who stay in one place and like to be force-fed." These words spoken by Jerry Spinelli accurately capture the captivating, albeit enigmatic, force of the wind. The whimsical dance of wind turbines harnessing this invisible force has long been associated with sustainability, renewable energy, and, oddly enough, Don Quixote's imaginary battles. But could there be another, much less apparent, connection waiting to be unearthed? We present to you the captivating tale of "The Breezy Connection," where we explore the surprising correlation between wind power generation in Italy and the number of public library members in the UK.
Picture this: A gentle Italian breeze glides through the rolling hills of Tuscany, gathering momentum as it passes through the lush countryside, and then, like a magical whirlwind, influences the number of bibliophiles entering their local libraries across the English Channel. Sounds absurd, right? Well, crack open a window and let some fresh air into your mind, because the winds of change are blowing through the world of renewable energy.
As the world seeks sustainable alternatives to traditional energy sources, the potential impact of wind power on the literary inclinations of a population might just be an overlooked gust of fresh air. To unravel this surprising correlation, our research team ventured into uncharted territory, armed with data from the Energy Information Administration and Statista, and with a handful of "Don Quixote" puns to sprinkle along the way.
We present our findings, not on a silver platter, but on a gust-riddled journey through statistical analyses and whimsical musings. Hold on to your hats! We're about to embark on an unconventional yet thrilling journey through the world of wind power and literary endeavors.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

In "Wind Power and Its Impact on Societal Behavior," Smith et al. delve into the societal implications of wind power generation. While their focus primarily rests on environmental and economic impacts, a passing mention of the potential influence on recreational activities such as reading is made, hinting at the possibility of a broader societal effect. Moving right along, Doe and Jones, in "Sustainable Energy and its Sociocultural Effects," discuss the ways in which sustainable energy sources, including wind power, have influenced societal preferences and behaviors. However, their work barely rustles the pages of public library memberships, leaving a gusty mystery waiting to be unraveled.

Taking a turn into the realm of non-fiction literature, "The Windup Girl" by Paolo Bacigalupi might initially seem out of place in this review, but alas, its title suggests a connection that could blow our minds. Then we have "Gone with the Wind" by Margaret Mitchell, which, despite its romantic premise, probably won't provide much insight into wind power and library memberships, but who knows, perhaps Scarlett O'Hara was a secret fan of renewable energy.

In a windy turn of events, the classic board game "Clue" comes to mind - after all, we are on the hunt for clues to connect wind power in Italy to public library memberships in the UK. Professor Plum may not be of much help, but perhaps Colonel Mustard can shed some light on this mystery. And let's not forget about the game "Jenga," where wooden blocks are carefully stacked, much like the intricate web of factors influencing public library memberships and wind power generation. Balancing precariously like the turbines of wind farms, the connection between the two seems ready to collapse or reveal itself in an unexpected tumble of blocks.

Now, let's batten down the hatches and prepare for the whimsical whirlwind of literary and renewable energy conundrums. Onto the next section, where we dive further into the delightful dichotomy between wind power and bookish endeavors.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Wind power generated in Italy and Number of Public Library Members in the UK. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Energy Information Administration and Statista . You used data from 2003 to 2014

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Breezy Connection: Unraveling the Wind Power and Public Library Membership Relationship

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this paper, we explore the curious correlation between wind power generation in Italy and the number of public library members in the UK. Our research team delved into this uncharted territory to uncover any potential gusty influences on the bookworm population. Utilizing data from the Energy Information Administration and Statista, we uncovered a significant correlation coefficient of 0.9925407 with p < 0.01 for the years 2003 to 2014. Our findings provide an intriguing insight into the possibility of wind-generated energy contributing not only to sustainable power but also to literary enthusiasts across the English Channel. This study not only blows away conventional wisdom but also opens a new chapter in renewable energy research.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
"The windmill turns because of wind and it is a warning to the souls who stay in one place and like to be force-fed." These words spoken by Jerry Spinelli accurately capture the captivating, albeit enigmatic, force of the wind. The whimsical dance of wind turbines harnessing this invisible force has long been associated with sustainability, renewable energy, and, oddly enough, Don Quixote's imaginary battles. But could there be another, much less apparent, connection waiting to be unearthed? We present to you the captivating tale of "The Breezy Connection," where we explore the surprising correlation between wind power generation in Italy and the number of public library members in the UK.
Picture this: A gentle Italian breeze glides through the rolling hills of Tuscany, gathering momentum as it passes through the lush countryside, and then, like a magical whirlwind, influences the number of bibliophiles entering their local libraries across the English Channel. Sounds absurd, right? Well, crack open a window and let some fresh air into your mind, because the winds of change are blowing through the world of renewable energy.
As the world seeks sustainable alternatives to traditional energy sources, the potential impact of wind power on the literary inclinations of a population might just be an overlooked gust of fresh air. To unravel this surprising correlation, our research team ventured into uncharted territory, armed with data from the Energy Information Administration and Statista, and with a handful of "Don Quixote" puns to sprinkle along the way.
We present our findings, not on a silver platter, but on a gust-riddled journey through statistical analyses and whimsical musings. Hold on to your hats! We're about to embark on an unconventional yet thrilling journey through the world of wind power and literary endeavors.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

To uncoil the enigmatic and entangled relationship between wind power generation in Italy and the number of public library members in the UK, our research team undertook a journey more winding than the windy paths of the Italian countryside. While we didn't physically chase after wisps of wind with our data-collection nets, we did harness the power of the internet to capture the elusive data. Our database odyssey led us to sources such as the Energy Information Administration and Statista, where we captured data spanning the years 2003 to 2014, a time frame as breezy as an Italian spring.

Before delving into the specifics of our data collection, it's essential to note that we did not simply rely on the winds of chance to guide our investigation. Instead, we brewed an intricate potion of statistical methodologies to capture the gusty nuances of our research question. Our first step involved quantifying the wind power generation in Italy, taking into account factors such as wind speed, turbine efficiency, and, of course, the occasional appearance of a kite or two. This data was then harmonized with information on the number of public library members in the UK, accounting for the fluctuating tides of literary interest and the occasional upsurge in browsing individuals.

But hold on to your hats, because we didn't stop there! To ensure the robustness of our findings, we performed a harmonious symphony of statistical analyses, including correlation coefficients, regression models, and principal component analysis. We even threw in a spell or two of wizardry to conjure up the most whimsical and solid results.

In this grand quest for knowledge, we harmonized our data like a symphony conductor orchestrating a crescendo, acknowledging that, much like a gust of wind, our data had its fair share of highs and lows. We maneuvered through the data as if navigating a labyrinth of windy alleys, knowing all too well that our quest would be worth the whirl.

Ultimately, our methodology intertwined the robustness of statistical analyses with the wistful audacity to uncover what others might dismiss as the whims of fancy. The journey was not without its obstacles, but with data as our compass and curiosity as our muse, we plunged into the unknown with scholarly abandon.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Wind power generated in Italy and Number of Public Library Members in the UK. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Energy Information Administration and Statista .

For the time period 2003 to 2014, you found a correlation 0.9925407, r-squared of 0.9851371, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Breezy Connection: Unraveling the Wind Power and Public Library Membership Relationship

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this paper, we explore the curious correlation between wind power generation in Italy and the number of public library members in the UK. Our research team delved into this uncharted territory to uncover any potential gusty influences on the bookworm population. Utilizing data from the Energy Information Administration and Statista, we uncovered a significant correlation coefficient of 0.9925407 with p < 0.01 for the years 2003 to 2014. Our findings provide an intriguing insight into the possibility of wind-generated energy contributing not only to sustainable power but also to literary enthusiasts across the English Channel. This study not only blows away conventional wisdom but also opens a new chapter in renewable energy research.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
"The windmill turns because of wind and it is a warning to the souls who stay in one place and like to be force-fed." These words spoken by Jerry Spinelli accurately capture the captivating, albeit enigmatic, force of the wind. The whimsical dance of wind turbines harnessing this invisible force has long been associated with sustainability, renewable energy, and, oddly enough, Don Quixote's imaginary battles. But could there be another, much less apparent, connection waiting to be unearthed? We present to you the captivating tale of "The Breezy Connection," where we explore the surprising correlation between wind power generation in Italy and the number of public library members in the UK.
Picture this: A gentle Italian breeze glides through the rolling hills of Tuscany, gathering momentum as it passes through the lush countryside, and then, like a magical whirlwind, influences the number of bibliophiles entering their local libraries across the English Channel. Sounds absurd, right? Well, crack open a window and let some fresh air into your mind, because the winds of change are blowing through the world of renewable energy.
As the world seeks sustainable alternatives to traditional energy sources, the potential impact of wind power on the literary inclinations of a population might just be an overlooked gust of fresh air. To unravel this surprising correlation, our research team ventured into uncharted territory, armed with data from the Energy Information Administration and Statista, and with a handful of "Don Quixote" puns to sprinkle along the way.
We present our findings, not on a silver platter, but on a gust-riddled journey through statistical analyses and whimsical musings. Hold on to your hats! We're about to embark on an unconventional yet thrilling journey through the world of wind power and literary endeavors.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The results of our study revealed a striking correlation between wind power generated in Italy and the number of public library members in the UK. The correlation coefficient of 0.9925407 indicates a remarkably strong relationship between these seemingly unrelated variables. In other words, it seems that the winds of change blowing through Italy may be influencing the literary habits of our friends across the English Channel. Perhaps the Italian zephyrs are whispering tales of Dante and Machiavelli to eager readers in the UK, or maybe it's just a gusty coincidence.

The scatterplot (Fig. 1) further emphasizes this correlation, depicting a nearly linear relationship between wind power generation and public library membership. The points on the plot are so perfectly aligned, it's as if the wind itself carefully arranged them to showcase its literary influence.

The r-squared value of 0.9851371 suggests that approximately 98.51% of the variation in public library membership can be explained by the variation in wind power generation. This finding leaves only a small margin for the unpredictable and whimsical nature of bookish preferences. It appears that the wind's impact on literary pursuits is hardly a fleeting draft but rather a substantial force to be reckoned with.

With a p-value of less than 0.01, we can confidently reject the null hypothesis and assert that there is indeed a significant relationship between wind power in Italy and public library membership in the UK. This discovery not only breezes through established norms but also adds a gust of intrigue to the ever-expanding realm of renewable energy research.

In conclusion, our study not only uncovers an unexpected association between wind power and literary interest but also invites further exploration of the enchanting "Breezy Connection." The winds of change have spoken, and the world of renewable energy is turning pages in a whole new direction.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Wind power generated in Italy and Number of Public Library Members in the UK. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
The Breezy Connection: Unraveling the Wind Power and Public Library Membership Relationship

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this paper, we explore the curious correlation between wind power generation in Italy and the number of public library members in the UK. Our research team delved into this uncharted territory to uncover any potential gusty influences on the bookworm population. Utilizing data from the Energy Information Administration and Statista, we uncovered a significant correlation coefficient of 0.9925407 with p < 0.01 for the years 2003 to 2014. Our findings provide an intriguing insight into the possibility of wind-generated energy contributing not only to sustainable power but also to literary enthusiasts across the English Channel. This study not only blows away conventional wisdom but also opens a new chapter in renewable energy research.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
In "Wind Power and Its Impact on Societal Behavior," Smith et al. delve into the societal implications of wind power generation. While their focus primarily rests on environmental and economic impacts, a passing mention of the potential influence on recreational activities such as reading is made, hinting at the possibility of a broader societal effect. Moving right along, Doe and Jones, in "Sustainable Energy and its Sociocultural Effects," discuss the ways in which sustainable energy sources, including wind power, have influenced societal preferences and behaviors. However, their work barely rustles the pages of public library memberships, leaving a gusty mystery waiting to be unraveled.
Taking a turn into the realm of non-fiction literature, "The Windup Girl" by Paolo Bacigalupi might initially seem out of place in this review, but alas, its title suggests a connection that could blow our minds. Then we have "Gone with the Wind" by Margaret Mitchell, which, despite its romantic premise, probably won't provide much insight into wind power and library memberships, but who knows, perhaps Scarlett O'Hara was a secret fan of renewable energy.
In a windy turn of events, the classic board game "Clue" comes to mind - after all, we are on the hunt for clues to connect wind power in Italy to public library memberships in the UK. Professor Plum may not be of much help, but perhaps Colonel Mustard can shed some light on this mystery. And let's not forget about the game "Jenga," where wooden blocks are carefully stacked, much like the intricate web of factors influencing public library memberships and wind power generation. Balancing precariously like the turbines of wind farms, the connection between the two seems ready to collapse or reveal itself in an unexpected tumble of blocks.
Now, let's batten down the hatches and prepare for the whimsical whirlwind of literary and renewable energy conundrums. Onto the next section, where we dive further into the delightful dichotomy between wind power and bookish endeavors.

[[RESULTS]]
The results of our study revealed a striking correlation between wind power generated in Italy and the number of public library members in the UK. The correlation coefficient of 0.9925407 indicates a remarkably strong relationship between these seemingly unrelated variables. In other words, it seems that the winds of change blowing through Italy may be influencing the literary habits of our friends across the English Channel. Perhaps the Italian zephyrs are whispering tales of Dante and Machiavelli to eager readers in the UK, or maybe it's just a gusty coincidence.
The scatterplot (Fig. 1) further emphasizes this correlation, depicting a nearly linear relationship between wind power generation and public library membership. The points on the plot are so perfectly aligned, it's as if the wind itself carefully arranged them to showcase its literary influence.
The r-squared value of 0.9851371 suggests that approximately 98.51% of the variation in public library membership can be explained by the variation in wind power generation. This finding leaves only a small margin for the unpredictable and whimsical nature of bookish preferences. It appears that the wind's impact on literary pursuits is hardly a fleeting draft but rather a substantial force to be reckoned with.
With a p-value of less than 0.01, we can confidently reject the null hypothesis and assert that there is indeed a significant relationship between wind power in Italy and public library membership in the UK. This discovery not only breezes through established norms but also adds a gust of intrigue to the ever-expanding realm of renewable energy research.
In conclusion, our study not only uncovers an unexpected association between wind power and literary interest but also invites further exploration of the enchanting "Breezy Connection." The winds of change have spoken, and the world of renewable energy is turning pages in a whole new direction.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

Let's take a moment to let it all sink in – the winds of change blowing through Italy may very well be sweeping through the hearts and minds of library enthusiasts in the UK. Our study not only supports the prior research on wind power's influence on societal behaviors but also adds an unexpected twist, revealing a breezy connection to the world of literature.

Smith et al.'s work nudged us towards the idea of wind energy impacting recreational activities, and lo and behold, our findings suggest just that. It seems wind power isn't merely about turbines and energy production; it's also crafting its own narrative in the world of readers and bookworms. Alternatively, Doe and Jones touched upon the societal impacts of sustainable energy, though somewhat overlooking the intriguing world of public library memberships. Our research fills that void, turning over a new leaf in the wind-power-influenced societal behaviors narrative.

Now, turning to the obscure references in the literature review, let's not overlook the not-so-gentle whispers of "The Windup Girl." Though it seemed an odd fit initially, let's not discount the possibility of literature predicting real-world connections. And as for "Gone with the Wind," well, perhaps Scarlett O'Hara's notorious resilience could parallel the enduring correlation we've discovered – who knew?

Following suit, our scatterplot (Fig. 1) is truly a work of art, much like the winds themselves. It's almost as if the wind meticulously organized the data points, reminiscent of a page-turner carefully laying out its plot twists. Not to mention, our r-squared value left only a tiny fraction for unpredictable bookish quirks, painting a picture of wind power as a dominant protagonist in the library membership saga.

In line with scholarly conventions, our results showcase a robust p-value, confidently giving the null hypothesis a friendly gust goodbye. This discovery doesn't just blow the lid off established norms; it also adds a breath of fresh air to the field of renewable energy research. Our study is a testament to the fact that even the most unexpected relationships can blow open new avenues for investigation in realms as diverse as wind power and literary leisure.

In conclusion, the "Breezy Connection" isn't just a whimsical concept; it's a tangible outcome of meticulous research. As the wind whispers fresh tales and the turbines continue to turn, it's clear that the windy realm of renewable energy is indeed turning pages in a direction we never anticipated.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Wind power generated in Italy and Number of Public Library Members in the UK. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
The Breezy Connection: Unraveling the Wind Power and Public Library Membership Relationship

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this paper, we explore the curious correlation between wind power generation in Italy and the number of public library members in the UK. Our research team delved into this uncharted territory to uncover any potential gusty influences on the bookworm population. Utilizing data from the Energy Information Administration and Statista, we uncovered a significant correlation coefficient of 0.9925407 with p < 0.01 for the years 2003 to 2014. Our findings provide an intriguing insight into the possibility of wind-generated energy contributing not only to sustainable power but also to literary enthusiasts across the English Channel. This study not only blows away conventional wisdom but also opens a new chapter in renewable energy research.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
"The windmill turns because of wind and it is a warning to the souls who stay in one place and like to be force-fed." These words spoken by Jerry Spinelli accurately capture the captivating, albeit enigmatic, force of the wind. The whimsical dance of wind turbines harnessing this invisible force has long been associated with sustainability, renewable energy, and, oddly enough, Don Quixote's imaginary battles. But could there be another, much less apparent, connection waiting to be unearthed? We present to you the captivating tale of "The Breezy Connection," where we explore the surprising correlation between wind power generation in Italy and the number of public library members in the UK.
Picture this: A gentle Italian breeze glides through the rolling hills of Tuscany, gathering momentum as it passes through the lush countryside, and then, like a magical whirlwind, influences the number of bibliophiles entering their local libraries across the English Channel. Sounds absurd, right? Well, crack open a window and let some fresh air into your mind, because the winds of change are blowing through the world of renewable energy.
As the world seeks sustainable alternatives to traditional energy sources, the potential impact of wind power on the literary inclinations of a population might just be an overlooked gust of fresh air. To unravel this surprising correlation, our research team ventured into uncharted territory, armed with data from the Energy Information Administration and Statista, and with a handful of "Don Quixote" puns to sprinkle along the way.
We present our findings, not on a silver platter, but on a gust-riddled journey through statistical analyses and whimsical musings. Hold on to your hats! We're about to embark on an unconventional yet thrilling journey through the world of wind power and literary endeavors.

[[RESULTS]]
The results of our study revealed a striking correlation between wind power generated in Italy and the number of public library members in the UK. The correlation coefficient of 0.9925407 indicates a remarkably strong relationship between these seemingly unrelated variables. In other words, it seems that the winds of change blowing through Italy may be influencing the literary habits of our friends across the English Channel. Perhaps the Italian zephyrs are whispering tales of Dante and Machiavelli to eager readers in the UK, or maybe it's just a gusty coincidence.
The scatterplot (Fig. 1) further emphasizes this correlation, depicting a nearly linear relationship between wind power generation and public library membership. The points on the plot are so perfectly aligned, it's as if the wind itself carefully arranged them to showcase its literary influence.
The r-squared value of 0.9851371 suggests that approximately 98.51% of the variation in public library membership can be explained by the variation in wind power generation. This finding leaves only a small margin for the unpredictable and whimsical nature of bookish preferences. It appears that the wind's impact on literary pursuits is hardly a fleeting draft but rather a substantial force to be reckoned with.
With a p-value of less than 0.01, we can confidently reject the null hypothesis and assert that there is indeed a significant relationship between wind power in Italy and public library membership in the UK. This discovery not only breezes through established norms but also adds a gust of intrigue to the ever-expanding realm of renewable energy research.
In conclusion, our study not only uncovers an unexpected association between wind power and literary interest but also invites further exploration of the enchanting "Breezy Connection." The winds of change have spoken, and the world of renewable energy is turning pages in a whole new direction.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our study has blown the lid off the unsuspecting connection between wind power in Italy and public library membership in the UK. It's as if the wind whispered to us, "Here's a plot twist for you!" The strong correlation coefficient of 0.9925407 has left us in awe, much like a gusty whirlwind leaving a trail of wonder in its wake.

The scatterplot, with its linear relationship, seems almost too perfect, as if the wind itself carefully choreographed each data point to showcase its literary influence. It's like the wind took a page out of a book on statistical elegance and decided to rewrite the rules.

With a p-value of less than 0.01, we can confidently say that this relationship is no fairy tale – it's as real as the wind tousling your hair on a blustery day. This discovery not only blows away conventional wisdom but also invites us to dive deeper into the whimsical world of renewable energy and its unexpected interactions.

This study leaves us with only one logical conclusion: the winds of change are not just a figure of speech but a substantial force influencing literary pursuits. It's as if the wind has become the new favorite author, penning tales of sustainability and stirring up the pages of renewable energy research.

In the end, it's clear that no more research is needed in this area. The winds have spoken, and it's time for us to close this chapter, confident that we've unraveled the enigmatic "Breezy Connection" and left no pun unturned. Now, let's sit back and let the wind turn the pages of our next adventure in scientific inquiry.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited The Breezy Connection: Unraveling the Wind Power and Public Library Membership Relationship. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Eclectic Sociological Studies

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited The Breezy Connection: Unraveling the Wind Power and Public Library Membership Relationship. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Society for Sustainable Energy and Community Engagement

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled The Breezy Connection: Unraveling the Wind Power and Public Library Membership Relationship with an abstract of In this paper, we explore the curious correlation between wind power generation in Italy and the number of public library members in the UK. Our research team delved into this uncharted territory to uncover any potential gusty influences on the bookworm population. Utilizing data from the Energy Information Administration and Statista, we uncovered a significant correlation coefficient of 0.9925407 with p < 0.01 for the years 2003 to 2014. Our findings provide an intriguing insight into the possibility of wind-generated energy contributing not only to sustainable power but also to literary enthusiasts across the English Channel. This study not only blows away conventional wisdom but also opens a new chapter in renewable energy research.

ChatGPT:

wind power, public library membership, correlation, Italy, UK, renewable energy, wind-generated energy, sustainable power, literary enthusiasts, Energy Information Administration, Statista, correlation coefficient

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Wind power generated in Italy
Detailed data title: Total wind power generated in Italy in billion kWh
Source: Energy Information Administration
See what else correlates with Wind power generated in Italy

Number of Public Library Members in the UK
Source: Statista
See what else correlates with Number of Public Library Members in the UK

Correlation r = 0.9925407 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.9851371 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 98.5% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Number of Public Library Members in the UK) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Wind power generated in Italy) over the 12 years from 2003 through 2014.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 1.8E-10.^Show 0.0000000001796055692865058000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.99 in 1.8E-8% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 5,567,756,078 random variables^Note You don't actually need 5 billion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 11 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 11 because we have two variables measured over a period of 12 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.97, 1 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
Wind power generated in Italy (Billion kWh)	1.458	1.847	2.344	2.971	4.034	4.861	6.543	9.048	9.775	13.333	14.812	15.089
Number of Public Library Members in the UK (Members)	59230000	59570000	59860000	60210000	60590000	60970000	61380000	61790000	62260000	63220000	63700000	64100000

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
Y-axis doesn't start at zero: I truncated the Y-axes of the graph above. I also used a line graph, which makes the visual connection stand out more than it deserves. ^Note Nothing against line graphs. They are great at telling a story when you have linear data! But visually it is deceptive because the only data is at the points on the graph, not the lines on the graph. In between each point, the data could have been doing anything. Like going for a random walk by itself!
Mathematically what I showed is true, but it is intentionally misleading. Below is the same chart but with both Y-axes starting at zero.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([1.458,1.847,2.344,2.971,4.034,4.861,6.543,9.048,9.775,13.333,14.812,15.089,])
array_2 = np.array([59230000,59570000,59860000,60210000,60590000,60970000,61380000,61790000,62260000,63220000,63700000,64100000,])
array_1_name = "Wind power generated in Italy"
array_2_name = "Number of Public Library Members in the UK"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Wind power generated in Italy
Line chart for only Number of Public Library Members in the UK
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: The Breezy Connection: Unraveling the Wind Power and Public Library Membership Relationship

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Correlation ID: 4215 · Black Variable ID: 23750 · Red Variable ID: 468


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