Download png, svg
AI explanation
Perhaps it's because with Neptune getting closer, it's feeling more inspired to clean up its act! As the planet of the sea, Neptune's influence on Earth's oceans and air currents could be helping to clear the smog in the Big Apple. After all, a little celestial tidying up never hurt anyone!
Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate an image in the style of parallax art, where the planet Neptune, glowing with celestial energy, is shown against the backdrop of the sun. A bright beam of light extends from Neptune, shooting across the galaxy towards Earth. On Earth, the bustling city of New York is depicted, with towering skyscrapers and busy streets. As the cosmic message reaches the city, a gentle breeze sweeps through, dispersing the smog and pollution into the air. The skyline clears and the atmosphere lightens, symbolizing the relief that the celestial message brings to the city. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.
This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: The distance between Neptune and the Sun and Air pollution in New York City. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Psychedelic A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s Realistic Cutsy art illustration Parallax art
ChatGPT: Parallax art
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both The distance between Neptune and the Sun and Air pollution in New York City, in the following situation: As Neptune got closer to the Sun, it sent a cosmic message to New York City's air pollutants, convincing them to take a break and go bother someone else for a change.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: Neptune, now closer to the Sun, beams a radiant message across the vast expanse of space, reaching the bustling city of New York. As the cosmic message arrives, a gentle breeze sweeps through the streets, carrying away the city's air pollution. The sky clears, and the air feels fresher and lighter, bringing a temporary respite to the city dwellers.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Parallax art ] and depicting this scene: Neptune, now closer to the Sun, beams a radiant message across the vast expanse of space, reaching the bustling city of New York. As the cosmic message arrives, a gentle breeze sweeps through the streets, carrying away the city's air pollution. The sky clears, and the air feels fresher and lighter, bringing a temporary respite to the city dwellers. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate an image in the style of parallax art, where the planet Neptune, glowing with celestial energy, is shown against the backdrop of the sun. A bright beam of light extends from Neptune, shooting across the galaxy towards Earth. On Earth, the bustling city of New York is depicted, with towering skyscrapers and busy streets. As the cosmic message reaches the city, a gentle breeze sweeps through, dispersing the smog and pollution into the air. The skyline clears and the atmosphere lightens, symbolizing the relief that the celestial message brings to the city.
*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.
I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how a decrease in The distance between Neptune and the Sun caused Air pollution in New York City to decrease. Include one good pun.
AI academic paper
 |
Neptune's Neptunian Neutrons: A Study of the Cosmic Connection to Air Pollution in the Big Apple Celestial Ecological Studies Quarterly Jan 2024 Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real! |
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You write titles and abstracts of goofy academic research papers.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, and add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please draft the title and abstract of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The distance between Neptune and the Sun and Air pollution in New York City. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Make the title punny if you can come up with clever pun. If not, just make it sound clever.
Your research team used data from Caclculated using Astropy and Environmental Protection Agency to assess this nagging question. You found a correlation coefficient of 0.9193585 and p < 0.01 for 1980 to 2023.
Please respond in this format (replace "Lorem ipsum dolor sit" with your title and abstract)
[[TITLE]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
[[ABSTRACT]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
ChatGPT:
[[TITLE]]
"Neptune's Neptunian Neutrons: A Study of the Cosmic Connection to Air Pollution in the Big Apple"
[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the celestial realm to explore the potential interstellar influences on urban air pollution. By harnessing data from Astropy on the distance between Neptune and the Sun and combining it with air quality measurements from the Environmental Protection Agency, we embarked on a cosmic journey to unravel the mysteries that linger in the hazy skies of New York City. Surprisingly, our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9193585 and p < 0.01 for the period spanning from 1980 to 2023. Our results not only unveil the cosmic dance of Neptune's gravitational pull and its impact on earthly air quality but also illuminate the quirky and whimsical interconnectedness of the universe. So, the next time New Yorkers grumble about air pollution, they can gaze up at Neptune and ponder the Neptunian influence on their urban atmosphere.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the introduction section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the introduction section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The distance between Neptune and the Sun and Air pollution in New York City. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Neptune's Neptunian Neutrons: A Study of the Cosmic Connection to Air Pollution in the Big Apple"
[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the celestial realm to explore the potential interstellar influences on urban air pollution. By harnessing data from Astropy on the distance between Neptune and the Sun and combining it with air quality measurements from the Environmental Protection Agency, we embarked on a cosmic journey to unravel the mysteries that linger in the hazy skies of New York City. Surprisingly, our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9193585 and p < 0.01 for the period spanning from 1980 to 2023. Our results not only unveil the cosmic dance of Neptune's gravitational pull and its impact on earthly air quality but also illuminate the quirky and whimsical interconnectedness of the universe. So, the next time New Yorkers grumble about air pollution, they can gaze up at Neptune and ponder the Neptunian influence on their urban atmosphere.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
ChatGPT:
INTRODUCTION
The world of academia is known for its exploration of unconventional connections and unlikely correlations, and our current study is no exception. Who would have thought that the distant and enigmatic planet Neptune, with its icy winds and elusive rings, could hold sway over the everyday atmosphere of New York City? It's a celestial case of "distant cousins twice removed" – on one hand, Neptune chilling in the outer realms of the solar system, and on the other hand, the hustle and bustle of the Big Apple, where even the pigeons seem to have a New York state of mind.
With a twinkle in our eye and a telescope aimed not just at the stars, but also at the city skyline, we set out to investigate the potential cosmic influences on urban air pollution. As if plucking data from the heavens and street corners, we gathered information on the distance between Neptune and the Sun from Astropy and paired it with air quality measurements from the Environmental Protection Agency. The result? A cosmic concoction of data that would make even the most skeptical astronomers do a double take.
New York City, with its iconic skyline and brash confidence, stands as a testament to human ingenuity and resilience. But amidst the glittering lights and towering skyscrapers, there lies a less glamorous reality – a persistent haze of air pollution that hangs over the city like a never-ending game of celestial peek-a-boo. Could it be that the quirks of Neptune's orbit, so far from the city that never sleeps, play a role in shaping the quality of air that its inhabitants breathe?
Our journey into the cosmos and the city that never ceases to surprise has unveiled some unexpected findings. You might say we've gazed into the heavens and found a cosmic co-conspirator in the urban drama of air pollution. Is it mere coincidence, or is there a Neptunian hand at play in the atmospheric mix of New York City? We invite you to join us on this cosmic caper, where the mysteries of the universe collide with the smog of the city, and the unexpected connections prove that truth can indeed be stranger than fiction. So, buckle up and prepare for a journey that is truly out of this world – in more ways than one!
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The distance between Neptune and the Sun and Air pollution in New York City. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.
Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.
Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Perhaps you also got inspiration from some board games that are vaugely related.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Neptune's Neptunian Neutrons: A Study of the Cosmic Connection to Air Pollution in the Big Apple"
[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the celestial realm to explore the potential interstellar influences on urban air pollution. By harnessing data from Astropy on the distance between Neptune and the Sun and combining it with air quality measurements from the Environmental Protection Agency, we embarked on a cosmic journey to unravel the mysteries that linger in the hazy skies of New York City. Surprisingly, our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9193585 and p < 0.01 for the period spanning from 1980 to 2023. Our results not only unveil the cosmic dance of Neptune's gravitational pull and its impact on earthly air quality but also illuminate the quirky and whimsical interconnectedness of the universe. So, the next time New Yorkers grumble about air pollution, they can gaze up at Neptune and ponder the Neptunian influence on their urban atmosphere.
-------
And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The world of academia is known for its exploration of unconventional connections and unlikely correlations, and our current study is no exception. Who would have thought that the distant and enigmatic planet Neptune, with its icy winds and elusive rings, could hold sway over the everyday atmosphere of New York City? It's a celestial case of "distant cousins twice removed" – on one hand, Neptune chilling in the outer realms of the solar system, and on the other hand, the hustle and bustle of the Big Apple, where even the pigeons seem to have a New York state of mind.
With a twinkle in our eye and a telescope aimed not just at the stars, but also at the city skyline, we set out to investigate the potential cosmic influences on urban air pollution. As if plucking data from the heavens and street corners, we gathered information on the distance between Neptune and the Sun from Astropy and paired it with air quality measurements from the Environmental Protection Agency. The result? A cosmic concoction of data that would make even the most skeptical astronomers do a double take.
New York City, with its iconic skyline and brash confidence, stands as a testament to human ingenuity and resilience. But amidst the glittering lights and towering skyscrapers, there lies a less glamorous reality – a persistent haze of air pollution that hangs over the city like a never-ending game of celestial peek-a-boo. Could it be that the quirks of Neptune's orbit, so far from the city that never sleeps, play a role in shaping the quality of air that its inhabitants breathe?
Our journey into the cosmos and the city that never ceases to surprise has unveiled some unexpected findings. You might say we've gazed into the heavens and found a cosmic co-conspirator in the urban drama of air pollution. Is it mere coincidence, or is there a Neptunian hand at play in the atmospheric mix of New York City? We invite you to join us on this cosmic caper, where the mysteries of the universe collide with the smog of the city, and the unexpected connections prove that truth can indeed be stranger than fiction. So, buckle up and prepare for a journey that is truly out of this world – in more ways than one!
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
As we venture into the celestial and urban realms, we find ourselves at a crossroads of scientific inquiry and cosmic curiosity. Our quest to uncover the potential interstellar influences on New York City's air quality leads us to a diverse array of literature spanning the fields of astronomy, environmental science, and urban studies. With a characteristic blend of seriousness and whimsy, we now delve into the existing research that paves the way for our Neptunian odyssey.
Smith and Doe (2015), in their study "Planetary Perturbations: Unraveling the Mysteries of Celestial Influence," explore the gravitational tango between distant planets and its potential impact on Earth's atmospheric composition. While their focus remains primarily on the broader implications for climate patterns, their work provides a foundational understanding of the intricate dance of celestial bodies and its potential reverberations on our home planet.
Jones et al. (2018) delve into the meticulous analysis of atmospheric pollutants in urban environments in their publication "Cityscape Chemistry: Unraveling the Ozone Riddle." Their meticulous examination of pollutants, from volatile organic compounds to nitrogen oxides, offers valuable insights into the dynamic chemistry of urban air. Although their work does not explicitly consider extraterrestrial influences, it lays the groundwork for understanding the nuanced interplay between cosmological factors and terrestrial air quality dynamics.
On a more whimsical note, "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" by Douglas Adams presents a satirical and, dare we say, outlandish perspective on the interconnectedness of cosmic phenomena and earthly affairs. While Adams' work may not conform to the traditional standards of academic rigor, its imaginative exploration of the universe as a playground of absurdities challenges readers to consider the cosmic context of everyday existence. Who knows, maybe the answer to New York City's pollution woes lies in a knowing nod to "42" and a vogon constructor fleet.
Meanwhile, "Good Omens" by Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett, a delightful blend of fantasy and satire, offers a tongue-in-cheek portrayal of angelic and demonic machinations that could very well extend to the celestial bodies influencing environmental forces. It may not provide empirical evidence, but it certainly encapsulates the whimsy of considering divine or planetary intervention in earthly affairs.
Drawing inspiration from the world of board games, "Cosmic Encounter" offers a strategic and playful exploration of cosmic conquest and diplomacy. While the game's primary focus is on fostering alliances and conquering alien planets, its thematic elements of celestial interaction and negotiation provide a lighthearted parallel to our own investigation. After all, who's to say that Neptune isn't bartering with Earth for a clearer atmosphere in cosmic showdowns of interplanetary intrigue?
In this eclectic survey of literature, we encounter a spectrum of perspectives that range from scholarly inquiry to fantastical speculation. Join us as we navigate this cosmic carnival, where the serious and the whimsical collide in a quest to unravel the cosmic connection to air pollution in the Big Apple.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The distance between Neptune and the Sun and Air pollution in New York City. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Caclculated using Astropy and Environmental Protection Agency . You used data from 1980 to 2023
Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.
Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Neptune's Neptunian Neutrons: A Study of the Cosmic Connection to Air Pollution in the Big Apple"
[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the celestial realm to explore the potential interstellar influences on urban air pollution. By harnessing data from Astropy on the distance between Neptune and the Sun and combining it with air quality measurements from the Environmental Protection Agency, we embarked on a cosmic journey to unravel the mysteries that linger in the hazy skies of New York City. Surprisingly, our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9193585 and p < 0.01 for the period spanning from 1980 to 2023. Our results not only unveil the cosmic dance of Neptune's gravitational pull and its impact on earthly air quality but also illuminate the quirky and whimsical interconnectedness of the universe. So, the next time New Yorkers grumble about air pollution, they can gaze up at Neptune and ponder the Neptunian influence on their urban atmosphere.
[[INTRODUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The world of academia is known for its exploration of unconventional connections and unlikely correlations, and our current study is no exception. Who would have thought that the distant and enigmatic planet Neptune, with its icy winds and elusive rings, could hold sway over the everyday atmosphere of New York City? It's a celestial case of "distant cousins twice removed" – on one hand, Neptune chilling in the outer realms of the solar system, and on the other hand, the hustle and bustle of the Big Apple, where even the pigeons seem to have a New York state of mind.
With a twinkle in our eye and a telescope aimed not just at the stars, but also at the city skyline, we set out to investigate the potential cosmic influences on urban air pollution. As if plucking data from the heavens and street corners, we gathered information on the distance between Neptune and the Sun from Astropy and paired it with air quality measurements from the Environmental Protection Agency. The result? A cosmic concoction of data that would make even the most skeptical astronomers do a double take.
New York City, with its iconic skyline and brash confidence, stands as a testament to human ingenuity and resilience. But amidst the glittering lights and towering skyscrapers, there lies a less glamorous reality – a persistent haze of air pollution that hangs over the city like a never-ending game of celestial peek-a-boo. Could it be that the quirks of Neptune's orbit, so far from the city that never sleeps, play a role in shaping the quality of air that its inhabitants breathe?
Our journey into the cosmos and the city that never ceases to surprise has unveiled some unexpected findings. You might say we've gazed into the heavens and found a cosmic co-conspirator in the urban drama of air pollution. Is it mere coincidence, or is there a Neptunian hand at play in the atmospheric mix of New York City? We invite you to join us on this cosmic caper, where the mysteries of the universe collide with the smog of the city, and the unexpected connections prove that truth can indeed be stranger than fiction. So, buckle up and prepare for a journey that is truly out of this world – in more ways than one!
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
ChatGPT:
METHODOLOGY
Now, dear reader, it's time to pull back the cosmic curtain and reveal the methods that brought us this unearthly connection between Neptune and New York City's air pollution. We must warn you, these methods are as convoluted as a labyrinth on a starry night, so hold on to your space helmets and brace for impact!
Data Collection:
Our intrepid team of cosmic researchers scoured the depths of the internet, navigating through vast databases, and bravely facing the perils of endless search pages, to collect the most reliable information on Neptune's distance from the Sun. We could almost hear the faint echoes of Neptune's icy winds whispering through the gigabytes of data as we extracted calculations from the esteemed Astropy.
As for our earthly pursuits, we turned to the Environmental Protection Agency, which has valiantly battled the atmospheric denizens to safeguard the air quality of urban habitats. Their air quality measurements served as our earthly anchor, grounding us amidst the celestial chaos.
Data Analysis:
With our data in hand, we summoned the spirits of statistical analysis to reveal the secrets hidden within the numbers. We employed robust statistical methods, including regression analyses and correlation coefficient calculations, to unveil the dance of proximity between Neptune and the Sun and its cosmic resonance with New York City's air pollution.
By scrutinizing the data from 1980 to 2023, we sought to capture the symphony of celestial movements and urban emissions that may have been veiled from mortal eyes until now. Every statistical calculation felt like a celestial waltz, where the Neptunian variables pirouetted with the earthly measures of air quality, creating an unexpected cosmic harmony.
Quality Control:
Our cosmic adventure demanded rigorous adherence to quality control protocols. We scrutinized the integrity and validity of the data with the precision of a star chart, ensuring that our findings remained untainted by cosmic interference or earthly anomalies. After all, we had to distinguish between the gravitational tug of Neptune and mere statistical mirages.
That being said, we couldn't help but appreciate the irony of employing earthly standards to evaluate otherworldly phenomena. It's like using a ruler to measure the expanse of the cosmos – a delightful paradox indeed.
Limitations:
As with any cosmic quest, our research encountered its share of limitations. We acknowledge the inherent complexities of attributing causation to celestial factors in the realm of urban air pollution. Despite our best efforts, the cosmic chaos and earthly intricacies presented formidable challenges that even our intrepid team struggled to fully illuminate.
Nonetheless, with a firm grip on statistical rigor and a keen eye for celestial curiosities, we forged ahead, determined to shed light on this cosmic relationship and its implications for our understanding of urban air quality.
And there you have it, dear reader, the delightfully convoluted methodology that guided our cosmic investigation into the connection between Neptune and New York City's air pollution. As we stand on the precipice of unveiling our findings, let us remember that sometimes, even the most peculiar connections can lead to extraordinary discoveries. Onward, to the cosmic revelations that await!
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The distance between Neptune and the Sun and Air pollution in New York City. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Caclculated using Astropy and Environmental Protection Agency .
For the time period 1980 to 2023, you found a correlation 0.9193585, r-squared of 0.8452200, and p < 0.01.
One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Neptune's Neptunian Neutrons: A Study of the Cosmic Connection to Air Pollution in the Big Apple"
[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the celestial realm to explore the potential interstellar influences on urban air pollution. By harnessing data from Astropy on the distance between Neptune and the Sun and combining it with air quality measurements from the Environmental Protection Agency, we embarked on a cosmic journey to unravel the mysteries that linger in the hazy skies of New York City. Surprisingly, our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9193585 and p < 0.01 for the period spanning from 1980 to 2023. Our results not only unveil the cosmic dance of Neptune's gravitational pull and its impact on earthly air quality but also illuminate the quirky and whimsical interconnectedness of the universe. So, the next time New Yorkers grumble about air pollution, they can gaze up at Neptune and ponder the Neptunian influence on their urban atmosphere.
-------
And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
INTRODUCTION
The world of academia is known for its exploration of unconventional connections and unlikely correlations, and our current study is no exception. Who would have thought that the distant and enigmatic planet Neptune, with its icy winds and elusive rings, could hold sway over the everyday atmosphere of New York City? It's a celestial case of "distant cousins twice removed" – on one hand, Neptune chilling in the outer realms of the solar system, and on the other hand, the hustle and bustle of the Big Apple, where even the pigeons seem to have a New York state of mind.
With a twinkle in our eye and a telescope aimed not just at the stars, but also at the city skyline, we set out to investigate the potential cosmic influences on urban air pollution. As if plucking data from the heavens and street corners, we gathered information on the distance between Neptune and the Sun from Astropy and paired it with air quality measurements from the Environmental Protection Agency. The result? A cosmic concoction of data that would make even the most skeptical astronomers do a double take.
New York City, with its iconic skyline and brash confidence, stands as a testament to human ingenuity and resilience. But amidst the glittering lights and towering skyscrapers, there lies a less glamorous reality – a persistent haze of air pollution that hangs over the city like a never-ending game of celestial peek-a-boo. Could it be that the quirks of Neptune's orbit, so far from the city that never sleeps, play a role in shaping the quality of air that its inhabitants breathe?
Our journey into the cosmos and the city that never ceases to surprise has unveiled some unexpected findings. You might say we've gazed into the heavens and found a cosmic co-conspirator in the urban drama of air pollution. Is it mere coincidence, or is there a Neptunian hand at play in the atmospheric mix of New York City? We invite you to join us on this cosmic caper, where the mysteries of the universe collide with the smog of the city, and the unexpected connections prove that truth can indeed be stranger than fiction. So, buckle up and prepare for a journey that is truly out of this world – in more ways than one!
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[RESULTS]]
ChatGPT:
[[RESULTS]]
Our study delved into the cosmic mysteries to uncover the potential relationship between the distance between Neptune and the Sun and the air quality in New York City. And boy, did we stumble upon some intriguing findings! First off, let's talk stats – because what's an academic paper without a good old dash of statistical jargon? Our data analysis revealed a whopping correlation coefficient of 0.9193585, an r-squared of 0.8452200, and a p-value less than 0.01 for the time period from 1980 to 2023. In simpler terms, there's a pretty strong connection between Neptune's whereabouts in the vast expanse of space and the air pollution shenanigans in the Big Apple.
But you know we academics love our visuals, so we've cooked up a little something extra for you. Behold, Fig. 1 – a scatterplot that visually encapsulates the striking correlation we uncovered. Picture this: a galactic dance between Neptune and the Sun, all the while exerting a cosmic influence on the air quality of New York City. If this isn't a case of "the stars aligning," we don't know what is (figuratively and literally)!
So, what does all this statistical sorcery really mean? Well, it seems that Neptune's celestial waltz has more of an impact on earthly affairs than we could ever imagine. Not only does it have an icy charm and some stunning rings, but it also seems to have a say in the air quality of one of the most bustling cities on this little blue planet. It's as if Neptune's distant presence is like that nosy relative who somehow manages to influence your decisions, even though they live hundreds of miles away.
Our results not only shed light on the quirky and whimsical interconnectedness of the universe but also beckon us to ponder the celestial forces that shape our everyday lives. So, next time someone in New York City grumbles about the air being a bit "Neptunian," they might be onto something more cosmic than they realize. After all, in the grand scheme of things, it seems that Neptune, with all its cosmic charm, might just play a role in the urban drama of air pollution. Keep your telescopes and inhalers handy, folks – it's a wild universe out there!
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The distance between Neptune and the Sun and Air pollution in New York City. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Limit your response to 500 tokens.
Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.
Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.
[[TITLE]]
"Neptune's Neptunian Neutrons: A Study of the Cosmic Connection to Air Pollution in the Big Apple"
[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the celestial realm to explore the potential interstellar influences on urban air pollution. By harnessing data from Astropy on the distance between Neptune and the Sun and combining it with air quality measurements from the Environmental Protection Agency, we embarked on a cosmic journey to unravel the mysteries that linger in the hazy skies of New York City. Surprisingly, our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9193585 and p < 0.01 for the period spanning from 1980 to 2023. Our results not only unveil the cosmic dance of Neptune's gravitational pull and its impact on earthly air quality but also illuminate the quirky and whimsical interconnectedness of the universe. So, the next time New Yorkers grumble about air pollution, they can gaze up at Neptune and ponder the Neptunian influence on their urban atmosphere.
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
As we venture into the celestial and urban realms, we find ourselves at a crossroads of scientific inquiry and cosmic curiosity. Our quest to uncover the potential interstellar influences on New York City's air quality leads us to a diverse array of literature spanning the fields of astronomy, environmental science, and urban studies. With a characteristic blend of seriousness and whimsy, we now delve into the existing research that paves the way for our Neptunian odyssey.
Smith and Doe (2015), in their study "Planetary Perturbations: Unraveling the Mysteries of Celestial Influence," explore the gravitational tango between distant planets and its potential impact on Earth's atmospheric composition. While their focus remains primarily on the broader implications for climate patterns, their work provides a foundational understanding of the intricate dance of celestial bodies and its potential reverberations on our home planet.
Jones et al. (2018) delve into the meticulous analysis of atmospheric pollutants in urban environments in their publication "Cityscape Chemistry: Unraveling the Ozone Riddle." Their meticulous examination of pollutants, from volatile organic compounds to nitrogen oxides, offers valuable insights into the dynamic chemistry of urban air. Although their work does not explicitly consider extraterrestrial influences, it lays the groundwork for understanding the nuanced interplay between cosmological factors and terrestrial air quality dynamics.
On a more whimsical note, "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" by Douglas Adams presents a satirical and, dare we say, outlandish perspective on the interconnectedness of cosmic phenomena and earthly affairs. While Adams' work may not conform to the traditional standards of academic rigor, its imaginative exploration of the universe as a playground of absurdities challenges readers to consider the cosmic context of everyday existence. Who knows, maybe the answer to New York City's pollution woes lies in a knowing nod to "42" and a vogon constructor fleet.
Meanwhile, "Good Omens" by Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett, a delightful blend of fantasy and satire, offers a tongue-in-cheek portrayal of angelic and demonic machinations that could very well extend to the celestial bodies influencing environmental forces. It may not provide empirical evidence, but it certainly encapsulates the whimsy of considering divine or planetary intervention in earthly affairs.
Drawing inspiration from the world of board games, "Cosmic Encounter" offers a strategic and playful exploration of cosmic conquest and diplomacy. While the game's primary focus is on fostering alliances and conquering alien planets, its thematic elements of celestial interaction and negotiation provide a lighthearted parallel to our own investigation. After all, who's to say that Neptune isn't bartering with Earth for a clearer atmosphere in cosmic showdowns of interplanetary intrigue?
In this eclectic survey of literature, we encounter a spectrum of perspectives that range from scholarly inquiry to fantastical speculation. Join us as we navigate this cosmic carnival, where the serious and the whimsical collide in a quest to unravel the cosmic connection to air pollution in the Big Apple.
[[RESULTS]]
Our study delved into the cosmic mysteries to uncover the potential relationship between the distance between Neptune and the Sun and the air quality in New York City. And boy, did we stumble upon some intriguing findings! First off, let's talk stats – because what's an academic paper without a good old dash of statistical jargon? Our data analysis revealed a whopping correlation coefficient of 0.9193585, an r-squared of 0.8452200, and a p-value less than 0.01 for the time period from 1980 to 2023. In simpler terms, there's a pretty strong connection between Neptune's whereabouts in the vast expanse of space and the air pollution shenanigans in the Big Apple.
But you know we academics love our visuals, so we've cooked up a little something extra for you. Behold, Fig. 1 – a scatterplot that visually encapsulates the striking correlation we uncovered. Picture this: a galactic dance between Neptune and the Sun, all the while exerting a cosmic influence on the air quality of New York City. If this isn't a case of "the stars aligning," we don't know what is (figuratively and literally)!
So, what does all this statistical sorcery really mean? Well, it seems that Neptune's celestial waltz has more of an impact on earthly affairs than we could ever imagine. Not only does it have an icy charm and some stunning rings, but it also seems to have a say in the air quality of one of the most bustling cities on this little blue planet. It's as if Neptune's distant presence is like that nosy relative who somehow manages to influence your decisions, even though they live hundreds of miles away.
Our results not only shed light on the quirky and whimsical interconnectedness of the universe but also beckon us to ponder the celestial forces that shape our everyday lives. So, next time someone in New York City grumbles about the air being a bit "Neptunian," they might be onto something more cosmic than they realize. After all, in the grand scheme of things, it seems that Neptune, with all its cosmic charm, might just play a role in the urban drama of air pollution. Keep your telescopes and inhalers handy, folks – it's a wild universe out there!
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Your response should start like this:
[[DISCUSSION]]
ChatGPT:
[[DISCUSSION]]
Our findings showcase an unexpected cosmic connection that may leave us pondering the profound implications of celestial neighbors on our daily urban grind. The striking correlation revealed between the distance of Neptune from the Sun and air pollution in New York City not only supports the existing research but also adds a cosmic quirk to our understanding of environmental dynamics.
Smith and Doe (2015) introduced us to the waltz of celestial bodies and its potential impact on Earth's atmosphere. Little did we anticipate that this gravitational tango could reverberate through the smoggy streets of the Big Apple. Jones et al. (2018) meticulously dissected urban air pollutants, laying the groundwork for our cosmic revelation. What they might not have realized is that while they examined earthly components, Neptune's ghostly presence loomed over the atmospheric symphony they so diligently explored.
Gather 'round, fellow academics and cosmic jesters, for a moment of whimsical reflection. As we jokingly referenced "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" and "Good Omens" in our literature review, who would have thought that these fantastical tales would bear even a hint of empirical relevance in our exploration? Perhaps Douglas Adams and Terry Pratchett were onto something with their comedic cosmic musings, for here we are, uncovering the tangible implications of planetary play in terrestrial affairs.
Picture this: Neptune, the cosmic guardian of the deep, actively negotiating the very molecules that tinge the New York skyline with hues of uncertainty. Such a whimsical thought, but our statistical sorcery affirms the reality of this celestial influence. It's as if the universe is playing a grand joke of its own – a lighthearted nudge from the cosmic comedian, reminding us that even the most distant planets like to have a say in our everyday slog.
In a cosmos filled with mystery and mirth, our findings beckon us to embrace the peculiar dance of celestial forces and earthly phenomena. So, let us continue to gaze at the stars, ponder the whimsies of planetary pull, and remember that amidst the haze of urban tumult, a Neptunian whisper might just be lingering in the wind. After all, when it comes to air pollution, it appears that the celestial neighbors have more than just a passing interest in our earthly affairs.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The distance between Neptune and the Sun and Air pollution in New York City. Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.
Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
"Neptune's Neptunian Neutrons: A Study of the Cosmic Connection to Air Pollution in the Big Apple"
[[ABSTRACT]]
This study delves into the celestial realm to explore the potential interstellar influences on urban air pollution. By harnessing data from Astropy on the distance between Neptune and the Sun and combining it with air quality measurements from the Environmental Protection Agency, we embarked on a cosmic journey to unravel the mysteries that linger in the hazy skies of New York City. Surprisingly, our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9193585 and p < 0.01 for the period spanning from 1980 to 2023. Our results not only unveil the cosmic dance of Neptune's gravitational pull and its impact on earthly air quality but also illuminate the quirky and whimsical interconnectedness of the universe. So, the next time New Yorkers grumble about air pollution, they can gaze up at Neptune and ponder the Neptunian influence on their urban atmosphere.
[[INTRDUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The world of academia is known for its exploration of unconventional connections and unlikely correlations, and our current study is no exception. Who would have thought that the distant and enigmatic planet Neptune, with its icy winds and elusive rings, could hold sway over the everyday atmosphere of New York City? It's a celestial case of "distant cousins twice removed" – on one hand, Neptune chilling in the outer realms of the solar system, and on the other hand, the hustle and bustle of the Big Apple, where even the pigeons seem to have a New York state of mind.
With a twinkle in our eye and a telescope aimed not just at the stars, but also at the city skyline, we set out to investigate the potential cosmic influences on urban air pollution. As if plucking data from the heavens and street corners, we gathered information on the distance between Neptune and the Sun from Astropy and paired it with air quality measurements from the Environmental Protection Agency. The result? A cosmic concoction of data that would make even the most skeptical astronomers do a double take.
New York City, with its iconic skyline and brash confidence, stands as a testament to human ingenuity and resilience. But amidst the glittering lights and towering skyscrapers, there lies a less glamorous reality – a persistent haze of air pollution that hangs over the city like a never-ending game of celestial peek-a-boo. Could it be that the quirks of Neptune's orbit, so far from the city that never sleeps, play a role in shaping the quality of air that its inhabitants breathe?
Our journey into the cosmos and the city that never ceases to surprise has unveiled some unexpected findings. You might say we've gazed into the heavens and found a cosmic co-conspirator in the urban drama of air pollution. Is it mere coincidence, or is there a Neptunian hand at play in the atmospheric mix of New York City? We invite you to join us on this cosmic caper, where the mysteries of the universe collide with the smog of the city, and the unexpected connections prove that truth can indeed be stranger than fiction. So, buckle up and prepare for a journey that is truly out of this world – in more ways than one!
[[RESULTS]]
Our study delved into the cosmic mysteries to uncover the potential relationship between the distance between Neptune and the Sun and the air quality in New York City. And boy, did we stumble upon some intriguing findings! First off, let's talk stats – because what's an academic paper without a good old dash of statistical jargon? Our data analysis revealed a whopping correlation coefficient of 0.9193585, an r-squared of 0.8452200, and a p-value less than 0.01 for the time period from 1980 to 2023. In simpler terms, there's a pretty strong connection between Neptune's whereabouts in the vast expanse of space and the air pollution shenanigans in the Big Apple.
But you know we academics love our visuals, so we've cooked up a little something extra for you. Behold, Fig. 1 – a scatterplot that visually encapsulates the striking correlation we uncovered. Picture this: a galactic dance between Neptune and the Sun, all the while exerting a cosmic influence on the air quality of New York City. If this isn't a case of "the stars aligning," we don't know what is (figuratively and literally)!
So, what does all this statistical sorcery really mean? Well, it seems that Neptune's celestial waltz has more of an impact on earthly affairs than we could ever imagine. Not only does it have an icy charm and some stunning rings, but it also seems to have a say in the air quality of one of the most bustling cities on this little blue planet. It's as if Neptune's distant presence is like that nosy relative who somehow manages to influence your decisions, even though they live hundreds of miles away.
Our results not only shed light on the quirky and whimsical interconnectedness of the universe but also beckon us to ponder the celestial forces that shape our everyday lives. So, next time someone in New York City grumbles about the air being a bit "Neptunian," they might be onto something more cosmic than they realize. After all, in the grand scheme of things, it seems that Neptune, with all its cosmic charm, might just play a role in the urban drama of air pollution. Keep your telescopes and inhalers handy, folks – it's a wild universe out there!
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[CONCLUSION]]
ChatGPT:
[[CONCLUSION]]
In conclusion, our study has uncovered a cosmic collusion between the distance of Neptune from the Sun and the air pollution escapades of New York City. Who would have thought that a planet so distant and mysterious could have such a tangible influence on the daily atmospheric hustle and bustle of the Big Apple? It's like the universe is playing a practical joke on us, with Neptune holding court in the outer realms and New York City grappling with its own array of earthly quandaries.
Our findings not only highlight the unexpected interconnectedness of celestial bodies and urban affairs but also offer a whimsical lens through which to view the cosmic choreography that shapes our world. We can almost imagine Neptune sashaying through the cosmos, nonchalantly waving its icy hand and leaving a trail of influence that reaches all the way to the smoggy streets of New York City.
But fear not, dear readers, for the saga of Neptune's Neptunian Neutrons and their mischievous meddling in urban air quality may have reached its quirky conclusion. After all, how much further can we delve into the cosmic conundrum before it enters the realm of "Neptune-sized" speculation? It's time to put a planetary "lid" on this Neptunian caper and acknowledge that perhaps, just perhaps, Neptune's reach into the smoky skies of New York City is a cosmic punchline waiting to be chuckled at.
So, let's bid adieu to this celestial carnival and leave the smoggy streets of New York to the earthly whirlwind of urban studies. It seems that our Neptunian escapade has run its course, and it's high time to navigate the terrestrial territories of research and leave the cosmic giggles to the stars. After all, it's a big universe out there, and sometimes the most unexpected connections remind us that the grand cosmic ballet is often filled with cosmic comedy.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Neptune's Neptunian Neutrons: A Study of the Cosmic Connection to Air Pollution in the Big Apple. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.
ChatGPT:
Celestial Ecological Studies Quarterly
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Neptune's Neptunian Neutrons: A Study of the Cosmic Connection to Air Pollution in the Big Apple. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.
ChatGPT:
The Galactic Environmental Research Institute
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Neptune's Neptunian Neutrons: A Study of the Cosmic Connection to Air Pollution in the Big Apple with an abstract of This study delves into the celestial realm to explore the potential interstellar influences on urban air pollution. By harnessing data from Astropy on the distance between Neptune and the Sun and combining it with air quality measurements from the Environmental Protection Agency, we embarked on a cosmic journey to unravel the mysteries that linger in the hazy skies of New York City. Surprisingly, our findings revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9193585 and p < 0.01 for the period spanning from 1980 to 2023. Our results not only unveil the cosmic dance of Neptune's gravitational pull and its impact on earthly air quality but also illuminate the quirky and whimsical interconnectedness of the universe. So, the next time New Yorkers grumble about air pollution, they can gaze up at Neptune and ponder the Neptunian influence on their urban atmosphere.
ChatGPT:
Neptune, Neptunian influence, interstellar influences, urban air pollution, cosmic connection, air quality measurements, Astropy data, Environmental Protection Agency, New York City, celestial realm, Neptune's gravitational pull, correlation coefficient, hazy skies, Neptunian neutrons, cosmic journey, earthly air quality, cosmic dance
*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.
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Data details
The distance between Neptune and the SunDetailed data title: The average distance between Neptune and the Sun as measured on the first day of each month
Source: Caclculated using Astropy
Additional Info: I wrote a Python script using Astropy to calculate the distance between the named planets on the first day of each month for every year.
See what else correlates with The distance between Neptune and the Sun
Air pollution in New York City
Detailed data title: Percentage of days 'unhealthy' or worse air quality in New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in New York City
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.
r2 = 0.8452200 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 84.5% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Air pollution in New York City) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., The distance between Neptune and the Sun) over the 44 years from 1980 through 2023.
p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 1.3E-18. 0.0000000000000000012778087771
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme. More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.
But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.
Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.92 in 1.3E-16% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 782,589,709,760,415,104 random variables You don't actually need 782 quadrillion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.
p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.
In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.
Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 43 degrees of freedom, Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 43 because we have two variables measured over a period of 44 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.
[ 0.86, 0.96 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.
This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!
All values for the years included above: If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.
Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.
| 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
| The distance between Neptune and the Sun (Planetary distance (AU)) | 30.2793 | 30.2763 | 30.2725 | 30.2676 | 30.2613 | 30.2535 | 30.2445 | 30.2347 | 30.2248 | 30.2152 | 30.2064 | 30.1985 | 30.1912 | 30.1844 | 30.1774 | 30.1698 | 30.161 | 30.1509 | 30.1396 | 30.1273 | 30.1147 | 30.1024 | 30.0908 | 30.0803 | 30.071 | 30.0627 | 30.055 | 30.0473 | 30.0391 | 30.0301 | 30.02 | 30.0091 | 29.9976 | 29.9861 | 29.9751 | 29.9652 | 29.9565 | 29.9491 | 29.9427 | 29.9369 | 29.931 | 29.9246 | 29.9174 | 29.9091 |
| Air pollution in New York City (Bad air quality days) | 22.6776 | 14.7945 | 15.0685 | 18.3562 | 15.5738 | 19.4521 | 14.5205 | 13.6986 | 14.2077 | 9.58904 | 11.7808 | 15.0685 | 6.01093 | 11.7808 | 9.0411 | 8.49315 | 8.46994 | 8.21918 | 12.6027 | 10.6849 | 4.91803 | 9.58904 | 11.7808 | 4.65753 | 3.00546 | 6.0274 | 5.75342 | 6.30137 | 4.91803 | 0.273973 | 3.28767 | 2.73973 | 1.63934 | 0.821918 | 0.547945 | 0.821918 | 0.546448 | 0.547945 | 0.821918 | 0 | 0 | 0.821918 | 0.273973 | 2.5641 |
Why this works
- Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
- Lack of causal connection: There is probably
Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied. - Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple
Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is. - Y-axis doesn't start at zero: I truncated the Y-axes of the graph above. I also used a line graph, which makes the visual connection stand out more than it deserves.
Nothing against line graphs. They are great at telling a story when you have linear data! But visually it is deceptive because the only data is at the points on the graph, not the lines on the graph. In between each point, the data could have been doing anything. Like going for a random walk by itself!
Mathematically what I showed is true, but it is intentionally misleading. Below is the same chart but with both Y-axes starting at zero.
Try it yourself
You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.
Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"
Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.
Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.
Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.
Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"
If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:
"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."
# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats
# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):
# Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)
# Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
r_squared = correlation**2
return correlation, r_squared, p_value
# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([30.2793,30.2763,30.2725,30.2676,30.2613,30.2535,30.2445,30.2347,30.2248,30.2152,30.2064,30.1985,30.1912,30.1844,30.1774,30.1698,30.161,30.1509,30.1396,30.1273,30.1147,30.1024,30.0908,30.0803,30.071,30.0627,30.055,30.0473,30.0391,30.0301,30.02,30.0091,29.9976,29.9861,29.9751,29.9652,29.9565,29.9491,29.9427,29.9369,29.931,29.9246,29.9174,29.9091,])
array_2 = np.array([22.6776,14.7945,15.0685,18.3562,15.5738,19.4521,14.5205,13.6986,14.2077,9.58904,11.7808,15.0685,6.01093,11.7808,9.0411,8.49315,8.46994,8.21918,12.6027,10.6849,4.91803,9.58904,11.7808,4.65753,3.00546,6.0274,5.75342,6.30137,4.91803,0.273973,3.28767,2.73973,1.63934,0.821918,0.547945,0.821918,0.546448,0.547945,0.821918,0,0,0.821918,0.273973,2.5641,])
array_1_name = "The distance between Neptune and the Sun"
array_2_name = "Air pollution in New York City"
# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)
# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)Reuseable content
You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.
For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."
When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.
Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.
Download images for these variables:
- High resolution line chart
The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.
If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.
Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape. - High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
- Alternative high resolution line chart
- Scatterplot
- Portable line chart (png)
- Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
- Line chart for only The distance between Neptune and the Sun
- Line chart for only Air pollution in New York City
- AI-generated correlation image
- The spurious research paper: Neptune's Neptunian Neutrons: A Study of the Cosmic Connection to Air Pollution in the Big Apple
Cheers to you for rating this correlation!
Correlation ID: 4042 · Black Variable ID: 1932 · Red Variable ID: 20974
