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Spurious correlation #3,712 · View random

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is The distance between Saturn and Earth and the second variable is RTX Corp's stock price (RTX).  The chart goes from 2002 to 2023, and the two variables track closely in value over that time. Small Image
Download png
, svg

AI explanation

As the cosmic gap widened, Saturn's magnetic field inadvertently boosted RTX's production efficiency. This led to a surge in demand for their products, propelling their stock price to new heights. It's space-age economics at its finest!

Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Your prompt has inspired an imaginative and visually rich scene! Here's an enhanced image generation prompt that could result in a captivating output: [ An image that captures a breathtaking vista of the cosmos, resembling a visual from a Pixar movie. The vast expanse of space is resplendent with twinkling stars and distant celestial bodies. In the foreground, Earth and Saturn are depicted at a distance, with their orbits slightly disrupted, conveying a sense of cohesive chaos. Earth is depicted as a striking blue gem, while the majestic rings of Saturn shimmer in the cosmic light. Amidst this awe-inspiring scenery, the scene seamlessly shifts to a bustling stock exchange on Earth. A large digital display prominently features the stock ticker of RTX Corp, its price solid and stable amidst the cosmic chaos. A group of diverse and animated investors is gathered around the display, their expressions reflecting a mix of concern and confidence as they seek refuge in RTX's stock price as an unshakeable anchor in the midst of the disrupted gravitational pull caused by the distant planets. ] This refined prompt aims to infuse the imagery with the vivid and captivating storytelling elements reminiscent of a Pixar movie, enriching the visual components and narrative context for DALLE-3 to interpret and render. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.
This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: The distance between Saturn and Earth and RTX Corp's stock price (RTX). Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Concept art Brutalism Cute 2D animation A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s An image that looks like it is a scene from a Pixar movie
ChatGPT: An image that looks like it is a scene from a Pixar movie

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both The distance between Saturn and Earth and RTX Corp's stock price (RTX), in the following situation: Because the longer distance between Saturn and Earth disrupted the gravitational pull, causing more investors to turn to RTX Corp's stock as a stable anchor in the chaotic space-time continuum.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In the vast expanse of space, Saturn and Earth are seen at a considerable distance from each other, their orbits slightly disrupted. Meanwhile, on Earth, a stock ticker prominently displays RTX Corp's stock price, which is solid and stable amid the chaos. Investors are gathered around, seeking refuge in RTX's stock as a reliable anchor in the midst of the disrupted gravitational pull caused by the distant planets.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ An image that looks like it is a scene from a Pixar movie ] and depicting this scene: In the vast expanse of space, Saturn and Earth are seen at a considerable distance from each other, their orbits slightly disrupted. Meanwhile, on Earth, a stock ticker prominently displays RTX Corp's stock price, which is solid and stable amid the chaos. Investors are gathered around, seeking refuge in RTX's stock as a reliable anchor in the midst of the disrupted gravitational pull caused by the distant planets. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Your prompt has inspired an imaginative and visually rich scene! Here's an enhanced image generation prompt that could result in a captivating output: [ An image that captures a breathtaking vista of the cosmos, resembling a visual from a Pixar movie. The vast expanse of space is resplendent with twinkling stars and distant celestial bodies. In the foreground, Earth and Saturn are depicted at a distance, with their orbits slightly disrupted, conveying a sense of cohesive chaos. Earth is depicted as a striking blue gem, while the majestic rings of Saturn shimmer in the cosmic light. Amidst this awe-inspiring scenery, the scene seamlessly shifts to a bustling stock exchange on Earth. A large digital display prominently features the stock ticker of RTX Corp, its price solid and stable amidst the cosmic chaos. A group of diverse and animated investors is gathered around the display, their expressions reflecting a mix of concern and confidence as they seek refuge in RTX's stock price as an unshakeable anchor in the midst of the disrupted gravitational pull caused by the distant planets. ] This refined prompt aims to infuse the imagery with the vivid and captivating storytelling elements reminiscent of a Pixar movie, enriching the visual components and narrative context for DALLE-3 to interpret and render.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in The distance between Saturn and Earth caused RTX Corp's stock price (RTX) to increase. Make it feel plausible.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)
Planetary Play: Saturn's Distance and RTX Stock Dance

The Interstellar Journal of Cosmological Studies

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!
Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.




Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You write titles and abstracts of goofy academic research papers.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, and add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please draft the title and abstract of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The distance between Saturn and Earth and RTX Corp's stock price (RTX). Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Rhyme words in the title.

Your research team used data from Caclculated using Astropy and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) to assess this nagging question. You found a correlation coefficient of 0.8640900 and p < 0.01 for 2002 to 2023.

Please respond in this format (replace "Lorem ipsum dolor sit" with your title and abstract)

[[TITLE]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit

[[ABSTRACT]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit



ChatGPT:
[[TITLE]]
"Planetary Play: Saturn's Distance and RTX Stock Dance"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The relationship between celestial bodies and earthly matters has long fascinated scholars from different disciplines. In this paper, we investigate the peculiar link between the distance separating the gaseous giant Saturn and our dear home planet Earth, and the stock price of the aerospace and defense juggernaut, RTX Corporation. Employing advanced data analysis techniques and drawing from celestial mechanics and financial economics, we unearth a surprising correlation between the two seemingly disparate entities. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8640900 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, spanning the period from 2002 to 2023. As we delve into this cosmic and financial marvel, we ponder over the astrological implications and the celestial secrets at play, all the while keeping our feet firmly grounded in the realm of empirical evidence and financial theories. Join us on this cosmic caper as we navigate the cosmic conundrum and unearth the celestial connections that may influence earthly fortunes.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the introduction section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the introduction section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The distance between Saturn and Earth and RTX Corp's stock price (RTX). Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Planetary Play: Saturn's Distance and RTX Stock Dance"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The relationship between celestial bodies and earthly matters has long fascinated scholars from different disciplines. In this paper, we investigate the peculiar link between the distance separating the gaseous giant Saturn and our dear home planet Earth, and the stock price of the aerospace and defense juggernaut, RTX Corporation. Employing advanced data analysis techniques and drawing from celestial mechanics and financial economics, we unearth a surprising correlation between the two seemingly disparate entities. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8640900 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, spanning the period from 2002 to 2023. As we delve into this cosmic and financial marvel, we ponder over the astrological implications and the celestial secrets at play, all the while keeping our feet firmly grounded in the realm of empirical evidence and financial theories. Join us on this cosmic caper as we navigate the cosmic conundrum and unearth the celestial connections that may influence earthly fortunes.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[INTRODUCTION]]



ChatGPT:
[[INTRODUCTION]]

The universe is a vast and mysterious place, filled with celestial wonders and cosmic marvels. As we gaze up at the night sky, pondering the enigmatic dance of the planets and stars, we are reminded of the timeless question: what impact do these celestial bodies have on our everyday lives, aside from just providing a romantic backdrop for stargazing? In this paper, we unravel a celestial connection that is truly out of this world – the relationship between the distance separating the ringed gem of our solar system, Saturn, and the stock price of RTX Corporation.

As researchers, we often find ourselves exploring uncharted territories and searching for groundbreaking insights. Our journey in this paper takes us beyond the realms of standard financial analysis and into the ethereal expanse of celestial mechanics. We combine the precision of astrophysics with the rigor of financial economics to investigate the intertwined fate of Saturn's distance and RTX's stock price. It's a cosmic collision of disciplines that promises to enlighten and entertain, much like a celestial comedy of errors, or in this case, a “cosmic conundrum.”

So, dear readers, fasten your seatbelts and prepare to embark on a cosmic caper like no other. We will navigate the cosmic current and break down the statistical stardust that connects our planetary neighbor's whereabouts to earthly fortunes. Join us as we probe this cosmic correlation and uncover the celestial connections that may just hold the key to financial forecasting that is truly out of this world. After all, as the saying goes, "When the stars align, so do the stocks!"


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The distance between Saturn and Earth and RTX Corp's stock price (RTX). Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then cite some social media posts you read that seem to be related.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Planetary Play: Saturn's Distance and RTX Stock Dance"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The relationship between celestial bodies and earthly matters has long fascinated scholars from different disciplines. In this paper, we investigate the peculiar link between the distance separating the gaseous giant Saturn and our dear home planet Earth, and the stock price of the aerospace and defense juggernaut, RTX Corporation. Employing advanced data analysis techniques and drawing from celestial mechanics and financial economics, we unearth a surprising correlation between the two seemingly disparate entities. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8640900 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, spanning the period from 2002 to 2023. As we delve into this cosmic and financial marvel, we ponder over the astrological implications and the celestial secrets at play, all the while keeping our feet firmly grounded in the realm of empirical evidence and financial theories. Join us on this cosmic caper as we navigate the cosmic conundrum and unearth the celestial connections that may influence earthly fortunes.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The universe is a vast and mysterious place, filled with celestial wonders and cosmic marvels. As we gaze up at the night sky, pondering the enigmatic dance of the planets and stars, we are reminded of the timeless question: what impact do these celestial bodies have on our everyday lives, aside from just providing a romantic backdrop for stargazing? In this paper, we unravel a celestial connection that is truly out of this world – the relationship between the distance separating the ringed gem of our solar system, Saturn, and the stock price of RTX Corporation.
As researchers, we often find ourselves exploring uncharted territories and searching for groundbreaking insights. Our journey in this paper takes us beyond the realms of standard financial analysis and into the ethereal expanse of celestial mechanics. We combine the precision of astrophysics with the rigor of financial economics to investigate the intertwined fate of Saturn's distance and RTX's stock price. It's a cosmic collision of disciplines that promises to enlighten and entertain, much like a celestial comedy of errors, or in this case, a “cosmic conundrum.”
So, dear readers, fasten your seatbelts and prepare to embark on a cosmic caper like no other. We will navigate the cosmic current and break down the statistical stardust that connects our planetary neighbor's whereabouts to earthly fortunes. Join us as we probe this cosmic correlation and uncover the celestial connections that may just hold the key to financial forecasting that is truly out of this world. After all, as the saying goes, "When the stars align, so do the stocks!"

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]



ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The scholarly investigation of the link between celestial phenomena and financial matters has garnered considerable attention in recent years. Smith (2017) delves into the gravitational influences of celestial bodies on stock prices, providing a comprehensive overview of the theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence. Meanwhile, Doe and Jones (2019) expand on this notion, examining the market reactions to astronomical events and their potential impact on investment decisions.

In the realm of non-fiction works, "Cosmic Cash: How Celestial Events Influence Financial Markets" by Brown (2020) provides an intriguing exploration of the cosmic connections to economic trends, albeit with occasional moments of skepticism from traditional financial analysts. Similarly, "Astro-Economics: Unraveling the Celestial Code of Market Movements" by White (2018) offers a comprehensive analysis of the influence of cosmic forces on economic variables, drawing parallels between planetary positions and stock market fluctuations. However, the veracity of these claims invites skepticism, akin to a galactic game of "he said, she said."

Venturing into the realm of fiction—all that glitters is not gold, or perhaps in this case, not all that twinkles bears financial tidings. "The Astro-Trader's Almanac" by Starlight (2016) presents a quirky, yet entertaining take on leveraging cosmic alignments for stock market success. Conversely, the renowned cosmic odyssey, "The Celestial Securities Exchange" by Stardust (2014), weaves a whimsical narrative of a stock market on Pluto, emphasizing the interstellar nature of financial transactions. These fictional works add a dash of cosmic humor to the scholarly pursuit of celestial financial correlations, providing a star-studded account of the topic at hand.

Notably, social media platforms have witnessed a surge in amateur astrologers offering celestial insights into financial market movements. A tweet by @StellarInvestor proclaimed, "When Saturn retrogrades, expect stock prices to stagnate – it's written in the stars! #AstroFinance #CelestialStocks," highlighting the widespread fascination with cosmic conjectures in financial forecasting. Such social media posts, while lacking empirical rigor, underscore the pervasive interest in infusing astronomical patterns with stock market predictions – perhaps a celestial spin on "mind over matter" or, in this case, "nebulae over NASDAQ."

Collectively, these diverse sources reflect the interdisciplinary interest in the cosmic and financial confluence, prompting a mix of curiosity and skepticism akin to deciphering stardust from statistical noise. As we proceed with our study, we aim to sift through this celestial symphony of literature and data, separating the twinkling truths from the cosmic conjectures.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The distance between Saturn and Earth and RTX Corp's stock price (RTX). Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Caclculated using Astropy and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) . You used data from 2002 to 2023

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Planetary Play: Saturn's Distance and RTX Stock Dance"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The relationship between celestial bodies and earthly matters has long fascinated scholars from different disciplines. In this paper, we investigate the peculiar link between the distance separating the gaseous giant Saturn and our dear home planet Earth, and the stock price of the aerospace and defense juggernaut, RTX Corporation. Employing advanced data analysis techniques and drawing from celestial mechanics and financial economics, we unearth a surprising correlation between the two seemingly disparate entities. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8640900 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, spanning the period from 2002 to 2023. As we delve into this cosmic and financial marvel, we ponder over the astrological implications and the celestial secrets at play, all the while keeping our feet firmly grounded in the realm of empirical evidence and financial theories. Join us on this cosmic caper as we navigate the cosmic conundrum and unearth the celestial connections that may influence earthly fortunes.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
The universe is a vast and mysterious place, filled with celestial wonders and cosmic marvels. As we gaze up at the night sky, pondering the enigmatic dance of the planets and stars, we are reminded of the timeless question: what impact do these celestial bodies have on our everyday lives, aside from just providing a romantic backdrop for stargazing? In this paper, we unravel a celestial connection that is truly out of this world – the relationship between the distance separating the ringed gem of our solar system, Saturn, and the stock price of RTX Corporation.
As researchers, we often find ourselves exploring uncharted territories and searching for groundbreaking insights. Our journey in this paper takes us beyond the realms of standard financial analysis and into the ethereal expanse of celestial mechanics. We combine the precision of astrophysics with the rigor of financial economics to investigate the intertwined fate of Saturn's distance and RTX's stock price. It's a cosmic collision of disciplines that promises to enlighten and entertain, much like a celestial comedy of errors, or in this case, a “cosmic conundrum.”
So, dear readers, fasten your seatbelts and prepare to embark on a cosmic caper like no other. We will navigate the cosmic current and break down the statistical stardust that connects our planetary neighbor's whereabouts to earthly fortunes. Join us as we probe this cosmic correlation and uncover the celestial connections that may just hold the key to financial forecasting that is truly out of this world. After all, as the saying goes, "When the stars align, so do the stocks!"

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]



ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

To embark on this cosmic caper, we first gathered data on the distance between Saturn and Earth, as well as the stock price of RTX Corporation, spanning the period from 2002 to 2023. Our celestial data hunting took us to the corners of the internet, where we sifted through astronomical databases and financial platforms. Calculated using Astropy and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), our datasets were curated with the precision of an astronomer tracing the path of a shooting star and the acumen of a financial analyst eyeing market trends. We then...leveraged existing research on celestial mechanics and financial economics, adapting and augmenting traditional statistical methods to probe the cosmic correlation.

Employing an array of statistical and econometric techniques that would make even the most stellar mathematician's head spin, we carefully scrutinized the data. We analyzed the time series of Saturn's distance from Earth and RTX's stock price using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, and conducted Granger causality tests to untangle the direction of any potential causality. Our statistical toolkit resembled a celestial jigsaw puzzle, with pieces of regression analysis, cointegration tests, and Dickey-Fuller tests serendipitously fitting together to reveal the broader cosmic picture.

Furthermore, our celestial investigation called for a deep dive into the world of correlation analysis. We computed the Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman rank correlation coefficient between Saturn's distance and RTX's stock price. While most correlations may seem as distant as Jupiter's moons, ours proved to be as close as Earth to its moon, with a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8640900 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01. It was as if the cosmic forces themselves were aligning to reveal the hidden harmony between the celestial movements and financial fluctuations.

In our quest to unravel this cosmic conundrum, we embraced the quirks of statistical inference and the whims of celestial mechanics, crafting a methodological tapestry that intertwined the rigor of empirical analysis with the enchanting allure of celestial storytelling. As we unveil the results of this cosmic correlation, we invite our readers to contemplate the intersection of statistical stardust and celestial secrets, for in the cosmic dance of data and stars, there may lie the key to unlocking celestial certainties in the unpredictable world of finance.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The distance between Saturn and Earth and RTX Corp's stock price (RTX). Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Caclculated using Astropy and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) .

For the time period 2002 to 2023, you found a correlation 0.8640900, r-squared of 0.7466516, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Planetary Play: Saturn's Distance and RTX Stock Dance"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The relationship between celestial bodies and earthly matters has long fascinated scholars from different disciplines. In this paper, we investigate the peculiar link between the distance separating the gaseous giant Saturn and our dear home planet Earth, and the stock price of the aerospace and defense juggernaut, RTX Corporation. Employing advanced data analysis techniques and drawing from celestial mechanics and financial economics, we unearth a surprising correlation between the two seemingly disparate entities. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8640900 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, spanning the period from 2002 to 2023. As we delve into this cosmic and financial marvel, we ponder over the astrological implications and the celestial secrets at play, all the while keeping our feet firmly grounded in the realm of empirical evidence and financial theories. Join us on this cosmic caper as we navigate the cosmic conundrum and unearth the celestial connections that may influence earthly fortunes.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
The universe is a vast and mysterious place, filled with celestial wonders and cosmic marvels. As we gaze up at the night sky, pondering the enigmatic dance of the planets and stars, we are reminded of the timeless question: what impact do these celestial bodies have on our everyday lives, aside from just providing a romantic backdrop for stargazing? In this paper, we unravel a celestial connection that is truly out of this world – the relationship between the distance separating the ringed gem of our solar system, Saturn, and the stock price of RTX Corporation.
As researchers, we often find ourselves exploring uncharted territories and searching for groundbreaking insights. Our journey in this paper takes us beyond the realms of standard financial analysis and into the ethereal expanse of celestial mechanics. We combine the precision of astrophysics with the rigor of financial economics to investigate the intertwined fate of Saturn's distance and RTX's stock price. It's a cosmic collision of disciplines that promises to enlighten and entertain, much like a celestial comedy of errors, or in this case, a “cosmic conundrum.”
So, dear readers, fasten your seatbelts and prepare to embark on a cosmic caper like no other. We will navigate the cosmic current and break down the statistical stardust that connects our planetary neighbor's whereabouts to earthly fortunes. Join us as we probe this cosmic correlation and uncover the celestial connections that may just hold the key to financial forecasting that is truly out of this world. After all, as the saying goes, "When the stars align, so do the stocks!"

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]



ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

Our investigation into the relationship between the distance separating Saturn and the stock price of RTX Corporation has uncovered some truly cosmic findings. From 2002 to 2023, our analysis revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8640900, indicating a strong and positive relationship between these two variables. This correlation coefficient suggests that as the distance between Saturn and Earth changes, RTX's stock price follows suit, much like the celestial bodies themselves in their cosmic dance.

Further bolstering the strength of this relationship, the r-squared value of 0.7466516 indicates that a significant proportion of the variability in RTX's stock price can be explained by changes in Saturn's distance. In other words, there's more to this celestial tango than mere chance – the movements of the markets seem to echo the movements of the planets in ways that are truly astronomical!

Moreover, the statistical analyses have yielded a robust p-value of less than 0.01, underscoring the statistical significance of our findings. This indicates that the observed correlation is unlikely to have occurred by mere cosmic coincidence, lending substantial weight to the theory that Saturn's whereabouts might indeed hold sway over the earthly fortunes of RTX Corporation.

To visually capture the essence of this cosmic correlation, we present Figure 1, a scatterplot showcasing the tightly interconnected nature of Saturn's distance and RTX's stock price. When observing this graphic representation, it's difficult not to marvel at the cosmic forces at play, seemingly guiding the ups and downs of RTX's stock price in sync with the ebb and flow of Saturn's distant presence.

In navigating this cosmic conundrum, we remain acutely aware of the broader implications of our findings, not only for financial forecasting but also for our understanding of the cosmic ballet that shapes our world. This investigation has, in a manner of speaking, allowed us to bridge the gap between the celestial and the terrestrial, shedding light on the mystical ties that bind the movements of the cosmos with our financial fortunes. As we continue to unravel the cosmic mysteries that permeate our daily lives, we are reminded that sometimes, the answers we seek may be hidden among the stars, waiting to be discovered by intrepid researchers willing to embark on this cosmic caper of knowledge and illumination.


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The distance between Saturn and Earth and RTX Corp's stock price (RTX). Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
"Planetary Play: Saturn's Distance and RTX Stock Dance"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The relationship between celestial bodies and earthly matters has long fascinated scholars from different disciplines. In this paper, we investigate the peculiar link between the distance separating the gaseous giant Saturn and our dear home planet Earth, and the stock price of the aerospace and defense juggernaut, RTX Corporation. Employing advanced data analysis techniques and drawing from celestial mechanics and financial economics, we unearth a surprising correlation between the two seemingly disparate entities. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8640900 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, spanning the period from 2002 to 2023. As we delve into this cosmic and financial marvel, we ponder over the astrological implications and the celestial secrets at play, all the while keeping our feet firmly grounded in the realm of empirical evidence and financial theories. Join us on this cosmic caper as we navigate the cosmic conundrum and unearth the celestial connections that may influence earthly fortunes.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The scholarly investigation of the link between celestial phenomena and financial matters has garnered considerable attention in recent years. Smith (2017) delves into the gravitational influences of celestial bodies on stock prices, providing a comprehensive overview of the theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence. Meanwhile, Doe and Jones (2019) expand on this notion, examining the market reactions to astronomical events and their potential impact on investment decisions.
In the realm of non-fiction works, "Cosmic Cash: How Celestial Events Influence Financial Markets" by Brown (2020) provides an intriguing exploration of the cosmic connections to economic trends, albeit with occasional moments of skepticism from traditional financial analysts. Similarly, "Astro-Economics: Unraveling the Celestial Code of Market Movements" by White (2018) offers a comprehensive analysis of the influence of cosmic forces on economic variables, drawing parallels between planetary positions and stock market fluctuations. However, the veracity of these claims invites skepticism, akin to a galactic game of "he said, she said."
Venturing into the realm of fiction—all that glitters is not gold, or perhaps in this case, not all that twinkles bears financial tidings. "The Astro-Trader's Almanac" by Starlight (2016) presents a quirky, yet entertaining take on leveraging cosmic alignments for stock market success. Conversely, the renowned cosmic odyssey, "The Celestial Securities Exchange" by Stardust (2014), weaves a whimsical narrative of a stock market on Pluto, emphasizing the interstellar nature of financial transactions. These fictional works add a dash of cosmic humor to the scholarly pursuit of celestial financial correlations, providing a star-studded account of the topic at hand.
Notably, social media platforms have witnessed a surge in amateur astrologers offering celestial insights into financial market movements. A tweet by @StellarInvestor proclaimed, "When Saturn retrogrades, expect stock prices to stagnate – it's written in the stars! #AstroFinance #CelestialStocks," highlighting the widespread fascination with cosmic conjectures in financial forecasting. Such social media posts, while lacking empirical rigor, underscore the pervasive interest in infusing astronomical patterns with stock market predictions – perhaps a celestial spin on "mind over matter" or, in this case, "nebulae over NASDAQ."
Collectively, these diverse sources reflect the interdisciplinary interest in the cosmic and financial confluence, prompting a mix of curiosity and skepticism akin to deciphering stardust from statistical noise. As we proceed with our study, we aim to sift through this celestial symphony of literature and data, separating the twinkling truths from the cosmic conjectures.

[[RESULTS]]
Our investigation into the relationship between the distance separating Saturn and the stock price of RTX Corporation has uncovered some truly cosmic findings. From 2002 to 2023, our analysis revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8640900, indicating a strong and positive relationship between these two variables. This correlation coefficient suggests that as the distance between Saturn and Earth changes, RTX's stock price follows suit, much like the celestial bodies themselves in their cosmic dance.
Further bolstering the strength of this relationship, the r-squared value of 0.7466516 indicates that a significant proportion of the variability in RTX's stock price can be explained by changes in Saturn's distance. In other words, there's more to this celestial tango than mere chance – the movements of the markets seem to echo the movements of the planets in ways that are truly astronomical!
Moreover, the statistical analyses have yielded a robust p-value of less than 0.01, underscoring the statistical significance of our findings. This indicates that the observed correlation is unlikely to have occurred by mere cosmic coincidence, lending substantial weight to the theory that Saturn's whereabouts might indeed hold sway over the earthly fortunes of RTX Corporation.
To visually capture the essence of this cosmic correlation, we present Figure 1, a scatterplot showcasing the tightly interconnected nature of Saturn's distance and RTX's stock price. When observing this graphic representation, it's difficult not to marvel at the cosmic forces at play, seemingly guiding the ups and downs of RTX's stock price in sync with the ebb and flow of Saturn's distant presence.
In navigating this cosmic conundrum, we remain acutely aware of the broader implications of our findings, not only for financial forecasting but also for our understanding of the cosmic ballet that shapes our world. This investigation has, in a manner of speaking, allowed us to bridge the gap between the celestial and the terrestrial, shedding light on the mystical ties that bind the movements of the cosmos with our financial fortunes. As we continue to unravel the cosmic mysteries that permeate our daily lives, we are reminded that sometimes, the answers we seek may be hidden among the stars, waiting to be discovered by intrepid researchers willing to embark on this cosmic caper of knowledge and illumination.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]



ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

Our study has unearthed a celestial treasure trove of findings that not only bolster the existing literature on the cosmic and financial confluence but also add a celestial sizzle to the world of stock market analysis. The robust correlation coefficient of 0.8640900, which we obtained between the distance separating Saturn and RTX Corporation's stock price, lends credence to the notion that celestial bodies may indeed exert a tangible influence on earthly financial matters.

Drawing on the prior scholarly investigations, Smith (2017) and Doe and Jones (2019), which probed the gravitational influences of celestial bodies and market reactions to astronomical events, our results provide empirical support for these galactic speculations. It seems that the stars, in their celestial wisdom, may hold more sway over our earthly fortunes than previously imagined. This revelation certainly adds a whole new dimension to the term "stellar performance" in the stock market!

Furthermore, our findings align with the offbeat insights presented in "Cosmic Cash" by Brown (2020) and "Astro-Economics" by White (2018). While these works may have initially prompted skepticism akin to a cosmic game of "he said, she said," our research has lent credence to the notion that the cosmic and the financial may indeed share a celestial code of market movements. Perhaps, we should coin the term "astro-economics" for this cosmic twist in the financial tale!

Even as we delved into the realm of fiction, the quirky yet entertaining narratives in "The Astro-Trader's Almanac" by Starlight (2016) and "The Celestial Securities Exchange" by Stardust (2014) seem to bear a tinge of reality in light of our findings. It appears that in the cosmic casino of stock market fortunes, the celestial roulette wheel might just be spinning beyond the bounds of our Earthly understanding.

As for the social media musings of @StellarInvestor, the tweet suggesting that "When Saturn retrogrades, expect stock prices to stagnate – it's written in the stars!" now seems less like celestial hyperbole and more like a celestial pearl of wisdom in the financially foggy skies. After all, who are we to dismiss the vast cosmic perspectives that social media occasionally showers upon us?

In conclusion, our findings not only validate the cosmic and financial intrigues put forth by prior works but also shed light on the mystical ties between our Earthly fortunes and the movements of the celestial dance floor. Indeed, it seems that in the cosmic rumba of celestial and financial matters, the stars themselves may hold the key to unlocking the celestial secrets that influence our financial fate. As we navigate this celestial tango of knowledge and enlightenment, we remain mindful of the priceless cosmic wisdom that not all stock market movements are mere happenstance—some truly are written in the stars!


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The distance between Saturn and Earth and RTX Corp's stock price (RTX). Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
"Planetary Play: Saturn's Distance and RTX Stock Dance"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The relationship between celestial bodies and earthly matters has long fascinated scholars from different disciplines. In this paper, we investigate the peculiar link between the distance separating the gaseous giant Saturn and our dear home planet Earth, and the stock price of the aerospace and defense juggernaut, RTX Corporation. Employing advanced data analysis techniques and drawing from celestial mechanics and financial economics, we unearth a surprising correlation between the two seemingly disparate entities. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8640900 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, spanning the period from 2002 to 2023. As we delve into this cosmic and financial marvel, we ponder over the astrological implications and the celestial secrets at play, all the while keeping our feet firmly grounded in the realm of empirical evidence and financial theories. Join us on this cosmic caper as we navigate the cosmic conundrum and unearth the celestial connections that may influence earthly fortunes.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
The universe is a vast and mysterious place, filled with celestial wonders and cosmic marvels. As we gaze up at the night sky, pondering the enigmatic dance of the planets and stars, we are reminded of the timeless question: what impact do these celestial bodies have on our everyday lives, aside from just providing a romantic backdrop for stargazing? In this paper, we unravel a celestial connection that is truly out of this world – the relationship between the distance separating the ringed gem of our solar system, Saturn, and the stock price of RTX Corporation.
As researchers, we often find ourselves exploring uncharted territories and searching for groundbreaking insights. Our journey in this paper takes us beyond the realms of standard financial analysis and into the ethereal expanse of celestial mechanics. We combine the precision of astrophysics with the rigor of financial economics to investigate the intertwined fate of Saturn's distance and RTX's stock price. It's a cosmic collision of disciplines that promises to enlighten and entertain, much like a celestial comedy of errors, or in this case, a “cosmic conundrum.”
So, dear readers, fasten your seatbelts and prepare to embark on a cosmic caper like no other. We will navigate the cosmic current and break down the statistical stardust that connects our planetary neighbor's whereabouts to earthly fortunes. Join us as we probe this cosmic correlation and uncover the celestial connections that may just hold the key to financial forecasting that is truly out of this world. After all, as the saying goes, "When the stars align, so do the stocks!"

[[RESULTS]]
Our investigation into the relationship between the distance separating Saturn and the stock price of RTX Corporation has uncovered some truly cosmic findings. From 2002 to 2023, our analysis revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8640900, indicating a strong and positive relationship between these two variables. This correlation coefficient suggests that as the distance between Saturn and Earth changes, RTX's stock price follows suit, much like the celestial bodies themselves in their cosmic dance.
Further bolstering the strength of this relationship, the r-squared value of 0.7466516 indicates that a significant proportion of the variability in RTX's stock price can be explained by changes in Saturn's distance. In other words, there's more to this celestial tango than mere chance – the movements of the markets seem to echo the movements of the planets in ways that are truly astronomical!
Moreover, the statistical analyses have yielded a robust p-value of less than 0.01, underscoring the statistical significance of our findings. This indicates that the observed correlation is unlikely to have occurred by mere cosmic coincidence, lending substantial weight to the theory that Saturn's whereabouts might indeed hold sway over the earthly fortunes of RTX Corporation.
To visually capture the essence of this cosmic correlation, we present Figure 1, a scatterplot showcasing the tightly interconnected nature of Saturn's distance and RTX's stock price. When observing this graphic representation, it's difficult not to marvel at the cosmic forces at play, seemingly guiding the ups and downs of RTX's stock price in sync with the ebb and flow of Saturn's distant presence.
In navigating this cosmic conundrum, we remain acutely aware of the broader implications of our findings, not only for financial forecasting but also for our understanding of the cosmic ballet that shapes our world. This investigation has, in a manner of speaking, allowed us to bridge the gap between the celestial and the terrestrial, shedding light on the mystical ties that bind the movements of the cosmos with our financial fortunes. As we continue to unravel the cosmic mysteries that permeate our daily lives, we are reminded that sometimes, the answers we seek may be hidden among the stars, waiting to be discovered by intrepid researchers willing to embark on this cosmic caper of knowledge and illumination.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]



ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our cosmic caper has shed light on the intriguing connection between Saturn's distance and the stock price of RTX Corporation. Our findings have unveiled a stellar correlation coefficient of 0.8640900 and a statistically significant p-value, emphasizing the celestial sway over earthly fortunes. It seems that as Saturn makes its majestic journey through the cosmos, RTX's stock price follows suit in a manner reminiscent of celestial choreography.

Our research journey has been akin to navigating a cosmic maze, deciphering the planetary puzzles that leave even the most seasoned financial analysts starry-eyed. The statistical stardust has revealed a cosmic dance that not only intrigues the mind but also tickles the imagination, much like a cosmic comedy of errors unfolding in the vastness of space. As we delve into the depths of this celestial correlation, we cannot help but be reminded of Newton's law of universal gravitation: what goes up must come down, be it an apple or a stock price.

Yet, let us not eclipse the gravity of our findings with celestial jests. As we bid adieu to this analysis, we are compelled to acknowledge that our research journey has reached the cosmic crossroads of conclusive evidence. We can confidently state that there is a cosmic connection, a stellar synchrony, between the distance of Saturn and the earthly fortunes of RTX. It appears that in the cosmic tussle between gravity and market forces, the celestial ballet has its own role to play.

This revelatory voyage into the celestial and financial overlap marks the culmination of our investigation, as we pause to reflect on the cosmic conundrum we have unraveled. Our exploratory leap into the celestial realm has illustrated the profound implications of planetary phenomena on earthly matters, stirring fond associations with the timeless quest for wisdom hidden among the stars, or perhaps more fittingly, among the stock tickers.

In light of these cosmic revelations, it is with a cosmic degree of confidence that we firmly assert: no further research is needed in this celestial and financial voyage. For now, we shall bid adieu to our cosmic partner, Saturn, and turn our gaze elsewhere in the cosmos for the next financial frontier to uncover.

In the grand tradition of academic conclusions, let's conclude with a space-themed pun: "When it comes to the cosmic dance of planets and stock prices, it's all about finding that celestial rhythm and riding the financial meteoroids without getting lost in the black hole of uncertainty."


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Planetary Play: Saturn's Distance and RTX Stock Dance. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Interstellar Journal of Cosmological Studies


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Planetary Play: Saturn's Distance and RTX Stock Dance. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

Cosmic Cognition Consortium


Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Planetary Play: Saturn's Distance and RTX Stock Dance with an abstract of The relationship between celestial bodies and earthly matters has long fascinated scholars from different disciplines. In this paper, we investigate the peculiar link between the distance separating the gaseous giant Saturn and our dear home planet Earth, and the stock price of the aerospace and defense juggernaut, RTX Corporation. Employing advanced data analysis techniques and drawing from celestial mechanics and financial economics, we unearth a surprising correlation between the two seemingly disparate entities. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8640900 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, spanning the period from 2002 to 2023. As we delve into this cosmic and financial marvel, we ponder over the astrological implications and the celestial secrets at play, all the while keeping our feet firmly grounded in the realm of empirical evidence and financial theories. Join us on this cosmic caper as we navigate the cosmic conundrum and unearth the celestial connections that may influence earthly fortunes.

ChatGPT:

Saturn's distance, Earth-Saturn distance, RTX Corporation, stock price correlation, celestial bodies and stock prices, celestial mechanics, financial economics, stock price analysis, astrology and finance, cosmic correlation, planetary influence on stocks, empirical evidence and financial theories

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.



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Data details

The distance between Saturn and Earth
Detailed data title: The average distance between Saturn and Earth as measured on the first day of each month
Source: Caclculated using Astropy
Additional Info: I wrote a Python script using Astropy to calculate the distance between the named planets on the first day of each month for every year.

See what else correlates with The distance between Saturn and Earth

RTX Corp's stock price (RTX)
Detailed data title: Opening price of RTX Corp (RTX) on the first trading day of the year
Source: LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv)
Additional Info: Via Microsoft Excel Stockhistory function

See what else correlates with RTX Corp's stock price (RTX)

Correlation r = 0.8640900 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r2 = 0.7466516 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 74.7% of the change in the one variable (i.e., RTX Corp's stock price (RTX)) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., The distance between Saturn and Earth) over the 22 years from 2002 through 2023.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 2.2E-7. 0.0000002188479412876848000000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme. More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.86 in 2.2E-5% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 4,569,383 random variables You don't actually need 4 million variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 21 degrees of freedom, Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 21 because we have two variables measured over a period of 22 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.7, 0.94 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!


All values for the years included above: If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.
2002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023
The distance between Saturn and Earth (Planetary distance (AU))9.138459.123519.129559.158599.207289.274069.357969.447669.544549.642029.738949.822079.896849.9577210.004510.029410.03710.02479.992439.941529.873999.79254
RTX Corp's stock price (RTX) (Stock price)32.3531.1547.4251.6156.4562.676.6453.4670.2179.1974.9183.43112.9115.1494.45110.39127.9105.16149.7471.3886.08100.99




Why this works

  1. Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
  2. Lack of causal connection: There is probably Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
    no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
  3. Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
    p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
  4. Y-axis doesn't start at zero: I truncated the Y-axes of the graph above. I also used a line graph, which makes the visual connection stand out more than it deserves. Nothing against line graphs. They are great at telling a story when you have linear data! But visually it is deceptive because the only data is at the points on the graph, not the lines on the graph. In between each point, the data could have been doing anything. Like going for a random walk by itself!
    Mathematically what I showed is true, but it is intentionally misleading. Below is the same chart but with both Y-axes starting at zero.




Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."


# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([9.13845,9.12351,9.12955,9.15859,9.20728,9.27406,9.35796,9.44766,9.54454,9.64202,9.73894,9.82207,9.89684,9.95772,10.0045,10.0294,10.037,10.0247,9.99243,9.94152,9.87399,9.79254,])
array_2 = np.array([32.35,31.15,47.42,51.61,56.45,62.6,76.64,53.46,70.21,79.19,74.91,83.43,112.9,115.14,94.45,110.39,127.9,105.16,149.74,71.38,86.08,100.99,])
array_1_name = "The distance between Saturn and Earth"
array_2_name = "RTX Corp's stock price (RTX)"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)



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You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

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Correlation ID: 3712 · Black Variable ID: 1942 · Red Variable ID: 1627
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