Spurious correlation #3,701 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Toledo and the second variable is Kerosene used in United States. The chart goes from 1980 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Toledo and the second variable is Kerosene used in United States. The chart goes from 1980 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

The cleaner air in Toledo led to an increase in the population of rare, air-purifying bacteria. These bacteria emitted a gas that just happened to neutralize kerosene molecules. As a result, the demand for kerosene decreased across the United States. Who would have thought that microscopic organisms could have such a big impact on the energy industry?

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Create an image of a city skyline featuring Toledo, where the buildings and landmarks are towering against a crisp, pollution-free sky. In the foreground, depict a store shelf with noticeably reduced kerosene containers. In the sky, illustrate flying pigs equipped with jetpacks soaring gracefully through the air. The scene should capture the juxtaposition of environmental clarity and whimsical fantasy in a vibrant, dynamic composition. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Air pollution in Toledo and Kerosene used in United States. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Cute cartoon Art nouveau Minimalism Symbolism A Discovery magazine cover image
ChatGPT: A Discovery magazine cover image

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Air pollution in Toledo and Kerosene used in United States, in the following situation: Because the decrease in air pollution in Toledo led to an increase in flying pigs, the demand for kerosene in the United States decreased as pigs started using jetpacks instead of traditional transportation.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In Toledo, the city skyline is clearer as a result of decreased air pollution. In the United States, there are fewer kerosene containers on store shelves, while flying pigs equipped with jetpacks soar through the sky.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A Discovery magazine cover image ] and depicting this scene: In Toledo, the city skyline is clearer as a result of decreased air pollution. In the United States, there are fewer kerosene containers on store shelves, while flying pigs equipped with jetpacks soar through the sky. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Create an image of a city skyline featuring Toledo, where the buildings and landmarks are towering against a crisp, pollution-free sky. In the foreground, depict a store shelf with noticeably reduced kerosene containers. In the sky, illustrate flying pigs equipped with jetpacks soaring gracefully through the air. The scene should capture the juxtaposition of environmental clarity and whimsical fantasy in a vibrant, dynamic composition.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how a decrease in Air pollution in Toledo caused Kerosene used in United States to decrease.\Make it sound serious until the end.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Clearing the Air: The Gas-tly Link Between Air Pollution in Toledo and Kerosene Use in the United States

The International Journal of Environmental Emissions and Epidemiology

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Toledo and Kerosene used in United States. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name some cartoons and childrens' shows that you watched that are related to the topic.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Clearing the Air: The Gas-tly Link Between Air Pollution in Toledo and Kerosene Use in the United States"

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we set out to investigate the surprising correlation between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene usage in the United States. As we delved into this smoky subject, we couldn't help but wonder, are these seemingly unrelated factors actually tied together, or are we just blowing hot air?

Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we examined air pollution levels in Toledo and nationwide kerosene consumption from 1980 to 2022. Our findings revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.7725021 and p < 0.01, indicating a strong statistically significant relationship between the two variables. It seems that when it comes to air quality, kerosene may be playing a more illuminating role than previously thought!

Now, before you start getting too fired up about these results, let's not jump to conclusions and ignite a frenzy. While our findings suggest a noteworthy association, it's important to consider other factors that could be contributing to the observed correlation. Nevertheless, our study sheds light on the potential impact of kerosene usage on air pollution in Toledo and the wider United States.

In conclusion, this research illuminates a burning question in the field of environmental science and energy economics. So, the next time you're pondering the connection between air pollution and kerosene, remember that sometimes the answers are right under your nose – or should we say, in the air!

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
As we strive to understand the complex web of factors contributing to air pollution, we are often left in a haze of uncertainty. However, in the pursuit of clarity, we stumble upon unexpected connections that leave us gasping for breath – both from surprise and, well, the air quality. It's like trying to find your way through a foggy room, only to realize that the fog itself is the key to unlocking the mystery. Dad joke alert: If you're feeling a bit lost in the haze of air pollution research, just remember, every cloud has a silver lining – or in this case, a silver lining of data!
The correlation between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene usage in the United States is a prime example of such an unexpected connection. It's as if these two variables were playing a game of hide-and-seek, and we just happened to stumble upon them hiding behind the same tree. Talk about a breath-taking revelation! Dad joke alert: Discovering the link between air pollution and kerosene use is like finding out that your neighbor’s dog is actually a secret opera singer – unexpected and intriguing.
In this study, we dive headfirst into the realm of environmental science and energy economics to unravel the enigmatic relationship between air quality and kerosene consumption. It's like peeling back the layers of an onion, except instead of tears, we uncover statistical patterns and meaningful insights. Dad joke alert: Unraveling the connection between air pollution and kerosene usage is like peeling an onion – it makes you cry a little, but in the end, you've got something that adds flavor to your research!
Our investigation takes us on a journey through decades of data, where we sift through the particles of information to piece together a clearer picture of how these seemingly disparate elements are intertwined. It's like trying to solve a puzzle without a picture on the box – challenging, yet incredibly rewarding when the pieces finally come together. Dad joke alert: Investigating the link between air pollution and kerosene use is like tackling a puzzle; it may seem puzzling at first, but once you see the big picture, it’s a gas!
So, join us as we embark on this enlightening quest to untangle the gas-tly link between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene use in the United States. It's a journey filled with unexpected twists, surprising connections, and of course, a few puns along the way. In the words of Shakespeare, "All the world's a stage, and all the air’s a pollutant" – okay, we may have taken some creative liberties with that quote!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

As we traverse the murky territory of air pollution research, we first turn to the study by Smith et al. in "Air Quality and Public Health" to lay the groundwork for our exploration. In their comprehensive analysis, the authors find compelling evidence that air pollutants, including particulate matter and volatile organic compounds, pose significant health risks to populations exposed to them. This study serves as a sobering reminder that the air we breathe isn't always as fresh as a daisy. Dad joke alert: When it comes to air pollution, it's like the saying goes – "Take a deep breath...and regret it."

Expanding our scope to include the realm of energy economics, Doe and Jones delve into the intricate dynamics of kerosene consumption in "Energy Trends: Past, Present, and Future." Their research illuminates the multifaceted factors influencing the demand for kerosene, from historical usage patterns to the impact of market fluctuations. It's like peering into a crystal ball to predict the future of energy consumption – but instead of a crystal ball, it's an economic model. Dad joke alert: Predicting kerosene consumption trends is like trying to predict the weather – it's always changing, and sometimes it leaves you in the dark!

Now, let's spice things up a bit and sprinkle in some non-fiction books related to our subject matter. In "Choked: Life and Breath in the Age of Air Pollution," Beth Gardiner offers a poignant exploration of the global air pollution crisis. Her work reminds us that air pollution is a universal challenge, affecting communities far and wide. It's like a wake-up call to the world – or should we say, a "smoke alarm" for our planet? Dad joke alert: Reading about air pollution is like a breath of fresh air – it makes you appreciate the clean air you have, and it also makes you want to open a window!

Turning to the fiction aisle, we can't overlook "Breathless" by Jennifer Niven, a novel that intertwines themes of love, loss, and environmental activism. While the characters' romantic entanglements take center stage, the backdrop of a polluted city serves as a stark reminder of the real-world implications of air quality degradation. It's like a love story with an air of environmental consciousness – a match made in literary heaven! Dad joke alert: "Breathless" isn't just a romance novel – it's a breath of fresh air in the world of environmental fiction!

As we continue our literary journey, we stumble upon the animated world of "Captain Planet and the Planeteers." This classic cartoon series instills environmental values in young viewers, promoting the idea that individuals can make a difference in protecting the Earth. It's like a superhero saga where the true power lies in environmental stewardship – Captain Planet, saving the day one eco-friendly action at a time! Dad joke alert: Watching "Captain Planet" is like a breath of fresh air – literally, because the characters are always striving to improve air quality!

And let's not forget "The Magic School Bus," a beloved children's show that takes young audiences on educational adventures across various scientific domains. In the episode "Taking Flight," Ms. Frizzle and her students explore air quality and its impact on living organisms. It's like a crash course in environmental science – with a whimsical school bus as the mode of transportation! Dad joke alert: Watching "The Magic School Bus" is like a breath of fresh air – it's educational and full of air-related puns!

In our quest to untangle the web of connections between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene use in the United States, we draw inspiration from a diverse array of literary works, both factual and fictional. These sources provide valuable insights, reminding us that the intersection of environmental science and energy economics can be as enlightening as it is entertaining. After all, who said academic research couldn't be a breath of fresh air?

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Toledo and Kerosene used in United States. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration . You used data from 1980 to 2022

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Clearing the Air: The Gas-tly Link Between Air Pollution in Toledo and Kerosene Use in the United States"

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we set out to investigate the surprising correlation between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene usage in the United States. As we delved into this smoky subject, we couldn't help but wonder, are these seemingly unrelated factors actually tied together, or are we just blowing hot air?

Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we examined air pollution levels in Toledo and nationwide kerosene consumption from 1980 to 2022. Our findings revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.7725021 and p < 0.01, indicating a strong statistically significant relationship between the two variables. It seems that when it comes to air quality, kerosene may be playing a more illuminating role than previously thought!

Now, before you start getting too fired up about these results, let's not jump to conclusions and ignite a frenzy. While our findings suggest a noteworthy association, it's important to consider other factors that could be contributing to the observed correlation. Nevertheless, our study sheds light on the potential impact of kerosene usage on air pollution in Toledo and the wider United States.

In conclusion, this research illuminates a burning question in the field of environmental science and energy economics. So, the next time you're pondering the connection between air pollution and kerosene, remember that sometimes the answers are right under your nose – or should we say, in the air!

[[INTRODUCTION]]
As we strive to understand the complex web of factors contributing to air pollution, we are often left in a haze of uncertainty. However, in the pursuit of clarity, we stumble upon unexpected connections that leave us gasping for breath – both from surprise and, well, the air quality. It's like trying to find your way through a foggy room, only to realize that the fog itself is the key to unlocking the mystery. Dad joke alert: If you're feeling a bit lost in the haze of air pollution research, just remember, every cloud has a silver lining – or in this case, a silver lining of data!
The correlation between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene usage in the United States is a prime example of such an unexpected connection. It's as if these two variables were playing a game of hide-and-seek, and we just happened to stumble upon them hiding behind the same tree. Talk about a breath-taking revelation! Dad joke alert: Discovering the link between air pollution and kerosene use is like finding out that your neighbor’s dog is actually a secret opera singer – unexpected and intriguing.
In this study, we dive headfirst into the realm of environmental science and energy economics to unravel the enigmatic relationship between air quality and kerosene consumption. It's like peeling back the layers of an onion, except instead of tears, we uncover statistical patterns and meaningful insights. Dad joke alert: Unraveling the connection between air pollution and kerosene usage is like peeling an onion – it makes you cry a little, but in the end, you've got something that adds flavor to your research!
Our investigation takes us on a journey through decades of data, where we sift through the particles of information to piece together a clearer picture of how these seemingly disparate elements are intertwined. It's like trying to solve a puzzle without a picture on the box – challenging, yet incredibly rewarding when the pieces finally come together. Dad joke alert: Investigating the link between air pollution and kerosene use is like tackling a puzzle; it may seem puzzling at first, but once you see the big picture, it’s a gas!
So, join us as we embark on this enlightening quest to untangle the gas-tly link between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene use in the United States. It's a journey filled with unexpected twists, surprising connections, and of course, a few puns along the way. In the words of Shakespeare, "All the world's a stage, and all the air’s a pollutant" – okay, we may have taken some creative liberties with that quote!

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

To investigate the intriguing relationship between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene usage in the United States, we embarked on a research endeavor that was both meticulously rigorous and somewhat whimsical. Our approach combined traditional statistical analysis with a dash of creativity and a sprinkle of curiosity, akin to concocting the perfect recipe for a scientific experiment – think of it as baking a cake, but instead of flour and sugar, we used data and hypotheses. And a pinch of humor, of course, because what's a research project without a little lightheartedness?

First, we scoured the depths of the internet, metaphorical magnifying glass in hand, to gather data on air pollution levels in Toledo and nationwide kerosene consumption. It was like embarking on a digital treasure hunt, seeking out the nuggets of information that would eventually piece together the puzzle of this peculiar correlation. Dad joke alert: It's a bit like going on a data scavenger hunt – except instead of finding hidden treasures, we stumbled upon hidden correlations!

The bulk of our data was sourced from authoritative databases, with the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration serving as the main suppliers of our research materials. We perused through decades of data, diligently sifting through the digital haystack to find the proverbial needles that would help us unravel the enigmatic relationship between air quality and kerosene consumption. It's like searching for a needle in a data stack, with the added challenge of making sure that the needle wasn't accidentally switched with a statistical anomaly. Dad joke alert: Parsing through decades of data is no easy task – it's like trying to find a needle in a haystack, but instead of straw, it's made of numbers and graphs!

Now, here comes the fun part – well, fun for us, maybe not so much for the statistician in the room – where we employed a range of analytical methods to discern the patterns and correlations within the collected data. From the classic correlation analysis to more sophisticated time-series modeling, we left no statistical stone unturned in our quest to extract meaningful insights from the sea of numbers. It's like being detectives of data, piecing together clues to solve the mystery of the interconnectedness of air pollution and kerosene use. Dad joke alert: Analyzing the data is like being a detective – except instead of solving crimes, we solve statistical puzzles. Call us the Sherlock Holmes of statistical analysis!

Additionally, we employed a series of control variables to ensure that our findings weren't simply blowing smoke. By factoring in variables such as population density, economic activity, and meteorological factors, we aimed to rule out any confounding influences that could muddy the waters of our analysis. It's like playing a game of environmental science Clue, where the culprit could be anything from industrial emissions to a sudden gust of wind. Dad joke alert: Introducing control variables is like playing a game of Clue – except instead of Colonel Mustard with a lead pipe, it's population density with a side of economic activity!

Lastly, to validate our findings and ensure the robustness of our conclusions, we subjected the data to rigorous testing and cross-validation exercises. This involved splitting the data into training and testing sets, performing sensitivity analyses, and conducting Monte Carlo simulations to assess the stability of the observed correlations. It's like stress-testing a hypothesis, making sure that it can withstand the rigorous scrutiny of statistical examination. Dad joke alert: Validating our findings is like stress-testing a hypothesis – we push it to its limits, but at the end of the day, it holds up like a champ!

In summary, our methodology encompassed a blend of traditional statistical techniques, creative data sleuthing, and a touch of whimsy. We approached the investigation with both scientific rigor and a sense of adventure, because who says academic research can't have a sprinkle of fun? After all, a little laughter makes the statistical analyses more bearable – just ask any statistician with a good sense of humor!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Toledo and Kerosene used in United States. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
"Clearing the Air: The Gas-tly Link Between Air Pollution in Toledo and Kerosene Use in the United States"

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we set out to investigate the surprising correlation between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene usage in the United States. As we delved into this smoky subject, we couldn't help but wonder, are these seemingly unrelated factors actually tied together, or are we just blowing hot air?

Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we examined air pollution levels in Toledo and nationwide kerosene consumption from 1980 to 2022. Our findings revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.7725021 and p < 0.01, indicating a strong statistically significant relationship between the two variables. It seems that when it comes to air quality, kerosene may be playing a more illuminating role than previously thought!

Now, before you start getting too fired up about these results, let's not jump to conclusions and ignite a frenzy. While our findings suggest a noteworthy association, it's important to consider other factors that could be contributing to the observed correlation. Nevertheless, our study sheds light on the potential impact of kerosene usage on air pollution in Toledo and the wider United States.

In conclusion, this research illuminates a burning question in the field of environmental science and energy economics. So, the next time you're pondering the connection between air pollution and kerosene, remember that sometimes the answers are right under your nose – or should we say, in the air!

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
As we traverse the murky territory of air pollution research, we first turn to the study by Smith et al. in "Air Quality and Public Health" to lay the groundwork for our exploration. In their comprehensive analysis, the authors find compelling evidence that air pollutants, including particulate matter and volatile organic compounds, pose significant health risks to populations exposed to them. This study serves as a sobering reminder that the air we breathe isn't always as fresh as a daisy. Dad joke alert: When it comes to air pollution, it's like the saying goes – "Take a deep breath...and regret it."
Expanding our scope to include the realm of energy economics, Doe and Jones delve into the intricate dynamics of kerosene consumption in "Energy Trends: Past, Present, and Future." Their research illuminates the multifaceted factors influencing the demand for kerosene, from historical usage patterns to the impact of market fluctuations. It's like peering into a crystal ball to predict the future of energy consumption – but instead of a crystal ball, it's an economic model. Dad joke alert: Predicting kerosene consumption trends is like trying to predict the weather – it's always changing, and sometimes it leaves you in the dark!
Now, let's spice things up a bit and sprinkle in some non-fiction books related to our subject matter. In "Choked: Life and Breath in the Age of Air Pollution," Beth Gardiner offers a poignant exploration of the global air pollution crisis. Her work reminds us that air pollution is a universal challenge, affecting communities far and wide. It's like a wake-up call to the world – or should we say, a "smoke alarm" for our planet? Dad joke alert: Reading about air pollution is like a breath of fresh air – it makes you appreciate the clean air you have, and it also makes you want to open a window!
Turning to the fiction aisle, we can't overlook "Breathless" by Jennifer Niven, a novel that intertwines themes of love, loss, and environmental activism. While the characters' romantic entanglements take center stage, the backdrop of a polluted city serves as a stark reminder of the real-world implications of air quality degradation. It's like a love story with an air of environmental consciousness – a match made in literary heaven! Dad joke alert: "Breathless" isn't just a romance novel – it's a breath of fresh air in the world of environmental fiction!
As we continue our literary journey, we stumble upon the animated world of "Captain Planet and the Planeteers." This classic cartoon series instills environmental values in young viewers, promoting the idea that individuals can make a difference in protecting the Earth. It's like a superhero saga where the true power lies in environmental stewardship – Captain Planet, saving the day one eco-friendly action at a time! Dad joke alert: Watching "Captain Planet" is like a breath of fresh air – literally, because the characters are always striving to improve air quality!
And let's not forget "The Magic School Bus," a beloved children's show that takes young audiences on educational adventures across various scientific domains. In the episode "Taking Flight," Ms. Frizzle and her students explore air quality and its impact on living organisms. It's like a crash course in environmental science – with a whimsical school bus as the mode of transportation! Dad joke alert: Watching "The Magic School Bus" is like a breath of fresh air – it's educational and full of air-related puns!
In our quest to untangle the web of connections between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene use in the United States, we draw inspiration from a diverse array of literary works, both factual and fictional. These sources provide valuable insights, reminding us that the intersection of environmental science and energy economics can be as enlightening as it is entertaining. After all, who said academic research couldn't be a breath of fresh air?

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis of the data collected from the Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration revealed a striking correlation between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene usage in the United States. The correlation coefficient of 0.7725021 and an r-squared value of 0.5967594 indicated a strong linear relationship between these two variables. It's as if they were two peas in a pod, or perhaps more accurately, two pollutants in the atmosphere! (Sorry, I couldn't resist slipping in a cheesy comparison.)
The statistically significant relationship between air pollution and kerosene use suggests that there may be more to this connection than meets the eye. It's like finding out that your old toaster has a hidden bagel setting – surprising yet strangely fitting. (Okay, enough with the appliance analogies... for now.)
Our findings imply that kerosene usage in the United States may have a notable impact on air pollution levels in Toledo and potentially across the nation. It's like discovering that the light at the end of the tunnel is actually a neon sign advertising "Cleaner Air Ahead" – a beacon of hope in the fight against pollution.
Furthermore, the scatterplot (Fig. 1) visually depicts the strong correlation between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene use in the United States. The data points form a clear, upward-sloping pattern, resembling an arrow pointing directly from kerosene consumption to air pollution. It's as if the plot itself is saying, "Look, there's the connection – right there in black and white, or rather, in data points and axes."
The impressive correlation coefficient and visually compelling scatterplot provide compelling evidence of the gas-tly link between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene use in the United States. These findings not only shed light on the intertwined relationship between these variables but also open the door to further investigations and potential policy considerations aimed at addressing air quality concerns.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

Our investigation into the correlation between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene usage in the United States has brought to light some illuminating findings. It seems that the connection between these two factors is as concrete as a sidewalk – or should we say, as gaseous as a fog?

The results of our study not only confirm but also amplify the previous research conducted in the fields of environmental science and energy economics. Harking back to the literature review, the work of Smith et al. highlighted the dire health risks associated with air pollutants, painting a picture of an atmosphere less inviting than a smoky jazz club. Our results reinforce this somber reality, underscoring the pressing need to address air quality concerns and, dare I say, clear the air.

Similarly, the insights provided by Doe and Jones regarding the multifaceted factors influencing kerosene consumption in the United States align with our findings. Their exploration of historical usage patterns and market dynamics parallels our own discovery of the tangible impact of kerosene use on air pollution. It's as if our research and theirs are two sides of the same coin – or in this case, two sides of an environmental concern that warrants attention.

Drawing inspiration from a range of literary works in the literature review, we see that our study has not only added to the body of knowledge but also brought a breath of fresh air to the discourse surrounding air pollution and energy economics. It's as if our research has breathed new life into the dialogue – much like a witty dad joke enlivens a stale conversation.

In analyzing the data, our results revealed a substantial correlation coefficient and r-squared value, indicating a robust relationship between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene use in the United States. It's like the statistical analysis has laid bare a connection that was previously floating in the air, waiting to be captured and quantified.

The visually striking scatterplot not only adds a compelling visual element to our findings but also serves as a clear, upward-sloping roadmap leading from kerosene consumption to air pollution. It's as if the data points themselves are cheerfully pointing toward the evidence of this association, much like a group of excited tourists spotting a famous landmark.

In advancing the conversation on this intriguing correlation, our study encourages further exploration and consideration of potential policy interventions aimed at addressing air quality challenges. It's as if our research is lighting the way toward a clearer, more sustainable future – a shining beacon in the fog of environmental concerns.

So, in the spirit of our findings, let's not leave these results up in the air but instead continue to fan the flames of inquiry, seeking to cultivate a brighter, cleaner atmosphere for generations to come. And remember, when it comes to tackling environmental issues, sometimes the solution is just a dad joke away!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Toledo and Kerosene used in United States. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
"Clearing the Air: The Gas-tly Link Between Air Pollution in Toledo and Kerosene Use in the United States"

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we set out to investigate the surprising correlation between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene usage in the United States. As we delved into this smoky subject, we couldn't help but wonder, are these seemingly unrelated factors actually tied together, or are we just blowing hot air?

Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we examined air pollution levels in Toledo and nationwide kerosene consumption from 1980 to 2022. Our findings revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.7725021 and p < 0.01, indicating a strong statistically significant relationship between the two variables. It seems that when it comes to air quality, kerosene may be playing a more illuminating role than previously thought!

Now, before you start getting too fired up about these results, let's not jump to conclusions and ignite a frenzy. While our findings suggest a noteworthy association, it's important to consider other factors that could be contributing to the observed correlation. Nevertheless, our study sheds light on the potential impact of kerosene usage on air pollution in Toledo and the wider United States.

In conclusion, this research illuminates a burning question in the field of environmental science and energy economics. So, the next time you're pondering the connection between air pollution and kerosene, remember that sometimes the answers are right under your nose – or should we say, in the air!

[[INTRDUCTION]]
As we strive to understand the complex web of factors contributing to air pollution, we are often left in a haze of uncertainty. However, in the pursuit of clarity, we stumble upon unexpected connections that leave us gasping for breath – both from surprise and, well, the air quality. It's like trying to find your way through a foggy room, only to realize that the fog itself is the key to unlocking the mystery. Dad joke alert: If you're feeling a bit lost in the haze of air pollution research, just remember, every cloud has a silver lining – or in this case, a silver lining of data!
The correlation between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene usage in the United States is a prime example of such an unexpected connection. It's as if these two variables were playing a game of hide-and-seek, and we just happened to stumble upon them hiding behind the same tree. Talk about a breath-taking revelation! Dad joke alert: Discovering the link between air pollution and kerosene use is like finding out that your neighbor’s dog is actually a secret opera singer – unexpected and intriguing.
In this study, we dive headfirst into the realm of environmental science and energy economics to unravel the enigmatic relationship between air quality and kerosene consumption. It's like peeling back the layers of an onion, except instead of tears, we uncover statistical patterns and meaningful insights. Dad joke alert: Unraveling the connection between air pollution and kerosene usage is like peeling an onion – it makes you cry a little, but in the end, you've got something that adds flavor to your research!
Our investigation takes us on a journey through decades of data, where we sift through the particles of information to piece together a clearer picture of how these seemingly disparate elements are intertwined. It's like trying to solve a puzzle without a picture on the box – challenging, yet incredibly rewarding when the pieces finally come together. Dad joke alert: Investigating the link between air pollution and kerosene use is like tackling a puzzle; it may seem puzzling at first, but once you see the big picture, it’s a gas!
So, join us as we embark on this enlightening quest to untangle the gas-tly link between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene use in the United States. It's a journey filled with unexpected twists, surprising connections, and of course, a few puns along the way. In the words of Shakespeare, "All the world's a stage, and all the air’s a pollutant" – okay, we may have taken some creative liberties with that quote!

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis of the data collected from the Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration revealed a striking correlation between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene usage in the United States. The correlation coefficient of 0.7725021 and an r-squared value of 0.5967594 indicated a strong linear relationship between these two variables. It's as if they were two peas in a pod, or perhaps more accurately, two pollutants in the atmosphere! (Sorry, I couldn't resist slipping in a cheesy comparison.)
The statistically significant relationship between air pollution and kerosene use suggests that there may be more to this connection than meets the eye. It's like finding out that your old toaster has a hidden bagel setting – surprising yet strangely fitting. (Okay, enough with the appliance analogies... for now.)
Our findings imply that kerosene usage in the United States may have a notable impact on air pollution levels in Toledo and potentially across the nation. It's like discovering that the light at the end of the tunnel is actually a neon sign advertising "Cleaner Air Ahead" – a beacon of hope in the fight against pollution.
Furthermore, the scatterplot (Fig. 1) visually depicts the strong correlation between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene use in the United States. The data points form a clear, upward-sloping pattern, resembling an arrow pointing directly from kerosene consumption to air pollution. It's as if the plot itself is saying, "Look, there's the connection – right there in black and white, or rather, in data points and axes."
The impressive correlation coefficient and visually compelling scatterplot provide compelling evidence of the gas-tly link between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene use in the United States. These findings not only shed light on the intertwined relationship between these variables but also open the door to further investigations and potential policy considerations aimed at addressing air quality concerns.

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Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our research has brought to light a striking connection between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene usage in the United States. It seems that when it comes to air quality, kerosene has been playing a more illuminating role than previously thought – and I'm not just talking about its use in lanterns! (Excuse the pun; I couldn't resist.)

Our findings indicate a significant linear relationship between air pollution and kerosene use, much like the unbreakable bond between a barbecue grill and the aroma of summer. It's a match made in statistical heaven, or perhaps statistical purgatory depending on your air quality standards.

It's clear that kerosene usage in the U.S. could be contributing to air pollution levels in Toledo and beyond, much like how a leaky pen contributes to unexpected ink stains on your favorite shirt – you never saw it coming, but there it is.

The results from our study highlight the need for further exploration of the implications of kerosene use on air quality, but let's face it – we've already uncovered a gas-tly interesting connection. It's like trying to find a needle in a haystack, only to realize that the needle was actually a causative link between kerosene and air pollution all along.

In the words of Galileo Galilei, "And yet it moves" – a phrase he used to describe the Earth's movement around the sun, but one that also encapsulates the undeniable correlation we've uncovered in this research. And speaking of moving, it's time to move on from this subject because, let's face it, we've cleared the air.

Therefore, based on the comprehensive evidence presented in this study, it is safe to say that no more research is needed in this area. After all, we've already "kerosene" up the topic quite thoroughly.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Clearing the Air: The Gas-tly Link Between Air Pollution in Toledo and Kerosene Use in the United States. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The International Journal of Environmental Emissions and Epidemiology

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Clearing the Air: The Gas-tly Link Between Air Pollution in Toledo and Kerosene Use in the United States. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

Society for Environmental Advancements and Research (SEAR)

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Clearing the Air: The Gas-tly Link Between Air Pollution in Toledo and Kerosene Use in the United States with an abstract of In this study, we set out to investigate the surprising correlation between air pollution in Toledo and kerosene usage in the United States. As we delved into this smoky subject, we couldn't help but wonder, are these seemingly unrelated factors actually tied together, or are we just blowing hot air?
Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we examined air pollution levels in Toledo and nationwide kerosene consumption from 1980 to 2022. Our findings revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.7725021 and p < 0.01, indicating a strong statistically significant relationship between the two variables. It seems that when it comes to air quality, kerosene may be playing a more illuminating role than previously thought!
Now, before you start getting too fired up about these results, let's not jump to conclusions and ignite a frenzy. While our findings suggest a noteworthy association, it's important to consider other factors that could be contributing to the observed correlation. Nevertheless, our study sheds light on the potential impact of kerosene usage on air pollution in Toledo and the wider United States.
In conclusion, this research illuminates a burning question in the field of environmental science and energy economics. So, the next time you're pondering the connection between air pollution and kerosene, remember that sometimes the answers are right under your nose – or should we say, in the air!

ChatGPT:

air pollution, kerosene use, United States, Toledo, environmental impact, correlation, air quality, energy consumption, Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Information Administration, environmental science, energy economics

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Air pollution in Toledo
Detailed data title: Percentage of days with air quality at 'unhealthy for sensitive groups' or worse in Toledo, OH
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in Toledo

Kerosene used in United States
Detailed data title: Volume of kerosene used consumed in United States in millions of barrels per day
Source: Energy Information Administration
See what else correlates with Kerosene used in United States

Correlation r = 0.7725021 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.5967594 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 59.7% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Kerosene used in United States) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Air pollution in Toledo) over the 43 years from 1980 through 2022.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 1.3E-9.^Show 0.0000000012956260971130670000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.77 in 1.3E-7% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 771,827,615 random variables^Note You don't actually need 771 million variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 42 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 42 because we have two variables measured over a period of 43 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.61, 0.87 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Air pollution in Toledo (Bad air quality days)	13.1148	13.1507	16.7123	12.6027	4.16667	5.75342	5.47945	8.21918	15.0273	5.47945	7.12329	7.39726	3.83562	5.20548	7.39726	7.12329	8.19672	5.75342	8.21918	10.6849	5.20548	11.2329	10.137	8.76712	4.09836	9.86301	2.73973	6.0274	3.55191	1.91781	2.22222	3.0137	7.10383	0.277008	1.38122	0.273973	1.49701	1.10497	2.87356	0.2849	2.25989	1.36986	1.38122
Kerosene used in United States (Million Barrels/Day)	158	126.882	128.559	127.008	115.123	113.836	98.3589	94.5699	96.1175	84.1425	42.5671	46.3699	41.4235	49.6466	49.0329	54.063	61.7896	66.0301	78.0986	73.1123	67.3279	72.2904	43.3479	54.6274	64.2951	69.8083	53.6826	32.1391	14.2286	17.5474	19.9292	12.2408	5.27591	5.19713	8.99604	6.38585	8.67062	5.17747	5.41261	6.77142	7.49362	5.94343	5.25028

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([13.1148,13.1507,16.7123,12.6027,4.16667,5.75342,5.47945,8.21918,15.0273,5.47945,7.12329,7.39726,3.83562,5.20548,7.39726,7.12329,8.19672,5.75342,8.21918,10.6849,5.20548,11.2329,10.137,8.76712,4.09836,9.86301,2.73973,6.0274,3.55191,1.91781,2.22222,3.0137,7.10383,0.277008,1.38122,0.273973,1.49701,1.10497,2.87356,0.2849,2.25989,1.36986,1.38122,])
array_2 = np.array([158,126.882,128.559,127.008,115.123,113.836,98.3589,94.5699,96.1175,84.1425,42.5671,46.3699,41.4235,49.6466,49.0329,54.063,61.7896,66.0301,78.0986,73.1123,67.3279,72.2904,43.3479,54.6274,64.2951,69.8083,53.6826,32.1391,14.2286,17.5474,19.9292,12.2408,5.27591,5.19713,8.99604,6.38585,8.67062,5.17747,5.41261,6.77142,7.49362,5.94343,5.25028,])
array_1_name = "Air pollution in Toledo"
array_2_name = "Kerosene used in United States"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
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Line chart for only Air pollution in Toledo
Line chart for only Kerosene used in United States
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Clearing the Air: The Gas-tly Link Between Air Pollution in Toledo and Kerosene Use in the United States

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Correlation ID: 3701 · Black Variable ID: 21341 · Red Variable ID: 25053


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