Spurious correlation #3,673 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Miami and the second variable is Kerosene used in Portugal. The chart goes from 1980 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Miami and the second variable is Kerosene used in Portugal. The chart goes from 1980 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

As the air over Miami cleared up, it created a ripple effect in the atmosphere, leading to a kerosene-cooling phenomenon specifically targeted at Portugal. Less pollution in Miami meant less atmospheric interference with the kerosene molecules' travel plans, resulting in an overall decrease in kerosene used in Portugal. Clearly, Mother Nature is a fan of international energy conservation!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Create an image of a futuristic Miami skyline, with sleek, geometric buildings in a low poly style. The cityscape is bathed in a warm, sunset glow, and a few ships can be seen in the harbor, loading kerosene containers. In the distance, the outline of a modernized Portuguese port can be seen, with containers being unloaded. The entire scene should exude a sense of environmental progress and global cooperation. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Air pollution in Miami and Kerosene used in Portugal. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: inspired by bauhaus High-tech Low poly A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s Cutsy art illustration
ChatGPT: Low poly

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Air pollution in Miami and Kerosene used in Portugal, in the following situation: Because as air pollution decreased in Miami, the demand for large industrial fans decreased, leading to a surplus of kerosene previously used to power those fans. This surplus kerosene was then exported to Portugal, resulting in a decrease in the need for kerosene imports from other sources.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In Miami, the air is cleaner as fewer large industrial fans blow amidst the city. The surplus kerosene that once powered those fans is now being loaded onto ships and sent to Portugal. In Portugal, the reliance on kerosene imports from other sources has lessened, as the surplus from Miami docks onto the shore.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Low poly ] and depicting this scene: In Miami, the air is cleaner as fewer large industrial fans blow amidst the city. The surplus kerosene that once powered those fans is now being loaded onto ships and sent to Portugal. In Portugal, the reliance on kerosene imports from other sources has lessened, as the surplus from Miami docks onto the shore. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Create an image of a futuristic Miami skyline, with sleek, geometric buildings in a low poly style. The cityscape is bathed in a warm, sunset glow, and a few ships can be seen in the harbor, loading kerosene containers. In the distance, the outline of a modernized Portuguese port can be seen, with containers being unloaded. The entire scene should exude a sense of environmental progress and global cooperation.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how a decrease in Air pollution in Miami caused Kerosene used in Portugal to decrease.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

From Miami to Portugal: The Hazy Connection Between Air Pollution and Kerosene Consumption

The Journal of Atmospheric Anecdotes

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Miami and Kerosene used in Portugal. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name some movies that you watched that are tangentially related to the topic.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"From Miami to Portugal: The Hazy Connection Between Air Pollution and Kerosene Consumption"

[[ABSTRACT]]
This research delves into the intriguing correlation between air pollution levels in Miami and the consumption of kerosene in Portugal. While the link between these geographically distant phenomena may seem as puzzling as finding a needle in a haystack, our study illuminates a surprisingly strong connection.

Using data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we meticulously analyzed air quality trends in Miami alongside the consumption patterns of kerosene in Portugal from 1980 to 2022. The statistical analysis unveiled a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8665697 and p < 0.01, providing solid evidence to support our findings.

The results of our study not only shed light on the relationship between these seemingly unrelated factors but also offer a breath of fresh air in the research community. As Sir Isaac Newton famously said, "What goes up must come down," and our findings suggest that what's in the air in Miami may have an uncanny connection to what's being burned in Portugal. This unexpected correlation might just be the fuel for future investigations into global air quality and energy consumption, making it a topic to keep an eye on—one might even say it's an insight worth "kerosene."

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
Air pollution is a pressing environmental issue that affects countless communities around the world, including the vibrant city of Miami. Meanwhile, the consumption of kerosene has long been intertwined with various facets of daily life, from lighting to cooking, particularly in Portugal. The seemingly disparate nature of these two phenomena sparks curiosity and raises the question, "Could there be an unexpected connection between air pollution in Miami and the usage of kerosene in Portugal?" It's a conundrum that gives a whole new meaning to the term "airfare."
Our study aims to unravel this enigmatic relationship and provide valuable insights into the potential factors at play, much like unraveling a tangled ball of yarn—only instead of yarn, it's the twisted knot of causation between air pollution and kerosene consumption. As we embark on this investigative endeavor, we keep in mind the wise words of Mark Twain: "The secret of getting ahead is getting started," and so, armed with data and a touch of humor, we begin our journey into the hazy abyss of air quality and energy consumption.
The fusion of these two seemingly unrelated elements, like attempting to mix oil and water, begs the question of whether there's a hidden catalyst at work, steering both air pollution levels in Miami and the demand for kerosene in Portugal. This investigation not only breaks new ground in interdisciplinary research but also bears the potential to ignite further studies—pun very much intended. After all, who would have thought that the air in one locale could have an impact on the burning desires of another? It's a revelation that might just leave you gasping for breath—both from the air pollution and from the unexpected link it shares with kerosene consumption.
With this study, we hope to fan the flames of curiosity, kindling a deeper understanding of the intricate web connecting environmental factors and energy usage. As we delve into the data, let us keep in mind the words of Benjamin Franklin: "Energy and persistence conquer all things," even the seemingly insurmountable task of uncovering the ties between distant elements. So, fasten your seatbelts, as we embark on this journey through smoggy skies and illuminating revelations, discovering that the truth may indeed be up in the air. Keep your dad jokes ready because, as we'll find, sometimes the most unlikely connections can light the way to a brighter, pun-ier future.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The link between air pollution and energy consumption has been the subject of extensive research in various disciplines. Smith et al. (2016) explored the impact of air quality on public health in urban areas, while Doe and Jones (2018) delved into the complexities of energy consumption patterns in different regions. These studies lay the groundwork for understanding the interconnectedness between environmental factors and energy usage, providing a solid foundation for our investigation into the curious correlation between air pollution in Miami and kerosene consumption in Portugal.

In "The Air We Breathe: Understanding Pollution and Its Effects" by Karen A. Smith, the authors find compelling evidence supporting the detrimental effects of air pollution on respiratory health—truly taking the phrase "breathe easy" to a whole new level. Meanwhile, "Energy Trends: A Global Perspective" by John M. Doe and Emily K. Jones offers a comprehensive analysis of energy consumption patterns across various countries, setting the stage for exploring the relationship between energy dynamics and environmental impact.

Moving beyond conventional academic sources, we turn to a range of non-fiction works that provide valuable insights into the broader context of environmental issues and energy consumption. "An Inconvenient Truth" by Al Gore offers a compelling narrative on climate change and its far-reaching implications, painting a vivid picture of the interconnectedness of environmental phenomena.

In a parallel world of fiction, literary works such as "The Poisonwood Bible" by Barbara Kingsolver and "The Overstory" by Richard Powers invite readers to ponder the intricate relationship between human activity and the natural world. While these works may not focus specifically on air pollution and energy consumption, their exploration of environmental themes serves as a thought-provoking backdrop to our study—making us wonder if we're barking up the wrong tree or onto something truly enlightening.

On a lighter note, we venture into the realm of cinema, where movies such as "The Lorax" and "FernGully: The Last Rainforest" offer whimsical interpretations of environmental advocacy. While these films may take a more fantastical approach to ecological themes, they nevertheless underscore the importance of understanding the interplay between human actions and environmental outcomes.

As we navigate through this eclectic spectrum of sources, let's remember that even in the world of serious research, there's always room for a witty interjection or an unexpected twist—a bit like finding a hidden treasure in a sea of data. And speaking of hidden treasures, did you hear about the atmospheric scientist who became a magician? He specialized in disappearing aerosols.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Miami and Kerosene used in Portugal. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration . You used data from 1980 to 2022

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"From Miami to Portugal: The Hazy Connection Between Air Pollution and Kerosene Consumption"

[[ABSTRACT]]
This research delves into the intriguing correlation between air pollution levels in Miami and the consumption of kerosene in Portugal. While the link between these geographically distant phenomena may seem as puzzling as finding a needle in a haystack, our study illuminates a surprisingly strong connection.

Using data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we meticulously analyzed air quality trends in Miami alongside the consumption patterns of kerosene in Portugal from 1980 to 2022. The statistical analysis unveiled a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8665697 and p < 0.01, providing solid evidence to support our findings.

The results of our study not only shed light on the relationship between these seemingly unrelated factors but also offer a breath of fresh air in the research community. As Sir Isaac Newton famously said, "What goes up must come down," and our findings suggest that what's in the air in Miami may have an uncanny connection to what's being burned in Portugal. This unexpected correlation might just be the fuel for future investigations into global air quality and energy consumption, making it a topic to keep an eye on—one might even say it's an insight worth "kerosene."

[[INTRODUCTION]]
Air pollution is a pressing environmental issue that affects countless communities around the world, including the vibrant city of Miami. Meanwhile, the consumption of kerosene has long been intertwined with various facets of daily life, from lighting to cooking, particularly in Portugal. The seemingly disparate nature of these two phenomena sparks curiosity and raises the question, "Could there be an unexpected connection between air pollution in Miami and the usage of kerosene in Portugal?" It's a conundrum that gives a whole new meaning to the term "airfare."
Our study aims to unravel this enigmatic relationship and provide valuable insights into the potential factors at play, much like unraveling a tangled ball of yarn—only instead of yarn, it's the twisted knot of causation between air pollution and kerosene consumption. As we embark on this investigative endeavor, we keep in mind the wise words of Mark Twain: "The secret of getting ahead is getting started," and so, armed with data and a touch of humor, we begin our journey into the hazy abyss of air quality and energy consumption.
The fusion of these two seemingly unrelated elements, like attempting to mix oil and water, begs the question of whether there's a hidden catalyst at work, steering both air pollution levels in Miami and the demand for kerosene in Portugal. This investigation not only breaks new ground in interdisciplinary research but also bears the potential to ignite further studies—pun very much intended. After all, who would have thought that the air in one locale could have an impact on the burning desires of another? It's a revelation that might just leave you gasping for breath—both from the air pollution and from the unexpected link it shares with kerosene consumption.
With this study, we hope to fan the flames of curiosity, kindling a deeper understanding of the intricate web connecting environmental factors and energy usage. As we delve into the data, let us keep in mind the words of Benjamin Franklin: "Energy and persistence conquer all things," even the seemingly insurmountable task of uncovering the ties between distant elements. So, fasten your seatbelts, as we embark on this journey through smoggy skies and illuminating revelations, discovering that the truth may indeed be up in the air. Keep your dad jokes ready because, as we'll find, sometimes the most unlikely connections can light the way to a brighter, pun-ier future.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

To unravel the hazy connection between air pollution in Miami and kerosene consumption in Portugal, our research team employed a multi-faceted approach that can be best described as a blend of Sherlock Holmes' detective work and a mad scientist's experimentation—minus the creepy laboratory and deerstalker hat, but with just as much enthusiasm. After all, we were in pursuit of answers that were as elusive as a sock in a washing machine.

First and foremost, we scoured the depths of the internet like intrepid explorers on a quest for buried treasure, except our bounty consisted of copious amounts of data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration. It was like panning for gold, but instead of nuggets, we uncovered statistical nuggets that would make any data enthusiast's heart skip a beat. Perhaps we should have taken a lesson from Goldilocks and the Three Bears and called it "data mining," but that would've been one "beary" corny pun.

After amassing this treasure trove of data, we meticulously sifted through it like a scholar poring over ancient manuscripts, separating the signal from the noise with a discerning eye. We performed rigorous statistical analyses using cutting-edge methods to ensure that our findings were as robust as an Olympic weightlifter on leg day. Our analysis was so thorough that even Sherlock Holmes would have been impressed—though he might have raised an eyebrow at our less conventional method of tracking down clues.

To establish a comprehensive understanding of air pollution levels in Miami, we examined a wide array of factors, including ozone levels, particulate matter, and nitrogen dioxide concentrations. It was akin to peering through a kaleidoscope of environmental data, where each piece added color to the intricate portrait of air quality in Miami. Our approach was so meticulous that it would have made even the most fastidious of cleaners envious—after all, we were dealing with air pollution, so we had to leave no stone unturned.

Simultaneously, we delved into the consumption patterns of kerosene in Portugal with the same level of precision, leaving no wick unlit in our quest to understand the dynamics of energy usage. Much like a nosy neighbor peeking through curtains, we scrutinized the trends in kerosene consumption with unwavering attention to detail, ultimately painting a vivid picture of Portugal's relationship with this versatile hydrocarbon fuel.

Our analysis covered a time span from 1980 to 2022, providing an extensive window into the historical trends and fluctuations of both air pollution in Miami and kerosene consumption in Portugal. This breadth of data allowed us to capture the ebb and flow of these phenomena, akin to a time-lapse of nature's rhythms—except instead of flowers blooming, we were observing the waxing and waning of air pollutants and kerosene usage. If only we could time-lapse reality like we do on our phones, life would be a lot more entertaining.

In the end, our methodology combined the rigor of academic research with the vigor of a zealous explorer, resulting in findings that not only shed light on the connection between air pollution in Miami and kerosene consumption in Portugal but also instilled a newfound sense of wonder in the intricate dance of environmental and energy factors. As we navigated this convoluted web of data, we heeded the wise words of Albert Einstein: "Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler." After all, sometimes you need to embrace complexity to uncover the unexpected—and in our case, it turned out to be a breath of fresh air, but with a hint of kerosene.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Miami and Kerosene used in Portugal. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration .

For the time period 1980 to 2022, you found a correlation 0.8665697, r-squared of 0.7509431, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"From Miami to Portugal: The Hazy Connection Between Air Pollution and Kerosene Consumption"

[[ABSTRACT]]
This research delves into the intriguing correlation between air pollution levels in Miami and the consumption of kerosene in Portugal. While the link between these geographically distant phenomena may seem as puzzling as finding a needle in a haystack, our study illuminates a surprisingly strong connection.

Using data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we meticulously analyzed air quality trends in Miami alongside the consumption patterns of kerosene in Portugal from 1980 to 2022. The statistical analysis unveiled a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8665697 and p < 0.01, providing solid evidence to support our findings.

The results of our study not only shed light on the relationship between these seemingly unrelated factors but also offer a breath of fresh air in the research community. As Sir Isaac Newton famously said, "What goes up must come down," and our findings suggest that what's in the air in Miami may have an uncanny connection to what's being burned in Portugal. This unexpected correlation might just be the fuel for future investigations into global air quality and energy consumption, making it a topic to keep an eye on—one might even say it's an insight worth "kerosene."

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
Air pollution is a pressing environmental issue that affects countless communities around the world, including the vibrant city of Miami. Meanwhile, the consumption of kerosene has long been intertwined with various facets of daily life, from lighting to cooking, particularly in Portugal. The seemingly disparate nature of these two phenomena sparks curiosity and raises the question, "Could there be an unexpected connection between air pollution in Miami and the usage of kerosene in Portugal?" It's a conundrum that gives a whole new meaning to the term "airfare."
Our study aims to unravel this enigmatic relationship and provide valuable insights into the potential factors at play, much like unraveling a tangled ball of yarn—only instead of yarn, it's the twisted knot of causation between air pollution and kerosene consumption. As we embark on this investigative endeavor, we keep in mind the wise words of Mark Twain: "The secret of getting ahead is getting started," and so, armed with data and a touch of humor, we begin our journey into the hazy abyss of air quality and energy consumption.
The fusion of these two seemingly unrelated elements, like attempting to mix oil and water, begs the question of whether there's a hidden catalyst at work, steering both air pollution levels in Miami and the demand for kerosene in Portugal. This investigation not only breaks new ground in interdisciplinary research but also bears the potential to ignite further studies—pun very much intended. After all, who would have thought that the air in one locale could have an impact on the burning desires of another? It's a revelation that might just leave you gasping for breath—both from the air pollution and from the unexpected link it shares with kerosene consumption.
With this study, we hope to fan the flames of curiosity, kindling a deeper understanding of the intricate web connecting environmental factors and energy usage. As we delve into the data, let us keep in mind the words of Benjamin Franklin: "Energy and persistence conquer all things," even the seemingly insurmountable task of uncovering the ties between distant elements. So, fasten your seatbelts, as we embark on this journey through smoggy skies and illuminating revelations, discovering that the truth may indeed be up in the air. Keep your dad jokes ready because, as we'll find, sometimes the most unlikely connections can light the way to a brighter, pun-ier future.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The results of our analysis revealed a robust correlation coefficient of 0.8665697 between air pollution levels in Miami and the consumption of kerosene in Portugal from 1980 to 2022. The high coefficient value indicates a strong positive relationship between the two variables, leaving us feeling lighter than air—pun intended.

Furthermore, the r-squared value of 0.7509431 suggests that approximately 75% of the variance in air pollution levels in Miami can be explained by the variation in kerosene consumption in Portugal. It's quite a gas to see such a strong relationship between these seemingly unrelated factors.

The significance level (p < 0.01) further confirms the reliability of the association we uncovered. With a p-value lower than the recommended threshold, we can confidently reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis, affirming that there is indeed an intriguing link between air pollution in Miami and the utilization of kerosene in Portugal.

Figure 1 illustrates the strong positive correlation between air pollution levels in Miami and kerosene consumption in Portugal. The scatterplot, akin to a well-crafted joke, clearly depicts the upward trend between the two variables, leaving little room for doubt. It's a visual representation that speaks volumes—almost as much as our dad jokes.

In conclusion, our study not only establishes a tangible connection between airborne pollution and kerosene consumption but also showcases the power of interdisciplinary research. We've uncovered a correlation that some might find "up in the air," but the data speaks for itself, even if it's a bit hazy at times. This unexpected relationship can ignite further inquiry into the global dynamics of air quality and energy usage, presenting a bright spark of potential for future investigations.

So, as we close this section, let's not forget the wise words of Thomas Edison: "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." And indeed, we've found a way that does work—an unexpected link between Miami's air pollution and Portugal's kerosene consumption that sheds light on the interconnectedness of our world.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Miami and Kerosene used in Portugal. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
"From Miami to Portugal: The Hazy Connection Between Air Pollution and Kerosene Consumption"

[[ABSTRACT]]
This research delves into the intriguing correlation between air pollution levels in Miami and the consumption of kerosene in Portugal. While the link between these geographically distant phenomena may seem as puzzling as finding a needle in a haystack, our study illuminates a surprisingly strong connection.

Using data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we meticulously analyzed air quality trends in Miami alongside the consumption patterns of kerosene in Portugal from 1980 to 2022. The statistical analysis unveiled a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8665697 and p < 0.01, providing solid evidence to support our findings.

The results of our study not only shed light on the relationship between these seemingly unrelated factors but also offer a breath of fresh air in the research community. As Sir Isaac Newton famously said, "What goes up must come down," and our findings suggest that what's in the air in Miami may have an uncanny connection to what's being burned in Portugal. This unexpected correlation might just be the fuel for future investigations into global air quality and energy consumption, making it a topic to keep an eye on—one might even say it's an insight worth "kerosene."

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The link between air pollution and energy consumption has been the subject of extensive research in various disciplines. Smith et al. (2016) explored the impact of air quality on public health in urban areas, while Doe and Jones (2018) delved into the complexities of energy consumption patterns in different regions. These studies lay the groundwork for understanding the interconnectedness between environmental factors and energy usage, providing a solid foundation for our investigation into the curious correlation between air pollution in Miami and kerosene consumption in Portugal.
In "The Air We Breathe: Understanding Pollution and Its Effects" by Karen A. Smith, the authors find compelling evidence supporting the detrimental effects of air pollution on respiratory health—truly taking the phrase "breathe easy" to a whole new level. Meanwhile, "Energy Trends: A Global Perspective" by John M. Doe and Emily K. Jones offers a comprehensive analysis of energy consumption patterns across various countries, setting the stage for exploring the relationship between energy dynamics and environmental impact.
Moving beyond conventional academic sources, we turn to a range of non-fiction works that provide valuable insights into the broader context of environmental issues and energy consumption. "An Inconvenient Truth" by Al Gore offers a compelling narrative on climate change and its far-reaching implications, painting a vivid picture of the interconnectedness of environmental phenomena.
In a parallel world of fiction, literary works such as "The Poisonwood Bible" by Barbara Kingsolver and "The Overstory" by Richard Powers invite readers to ponder the intricate relationship between human activity and the natural world. While these works may not focus specifically on air pollution and energy consumption, their exploration of environmental themes serves as a thought-provoking backdrop to our study—making us wonder if we're barking up the wrong tree or onto something truly enlightening.
On a lighter note, we venture into the realm of cinema, where movies such as "The Lorax" and "FernGully: The Last Rainforest" offer whimsical interpretations of environmental advocacy. While these films may take a more fantastical approach to ecological themes, they nevertheless underscore the importance of understanding the interplay between human actions and environmental outcomes.
As we navigate through this eclectic spectrum of sources, let's remember that even in the world of serious research, there's always room for a witty interjection or an unexpected twist—a bit like finding a hidden treasure in a sea of data. And speaking of hidden treasures, did you hear about the atmospheric scientist who became a magician? He specialized in disappearing aerosols.

[[RESULTS]]
The results of our analysis revealed a robust correlation coefficient of 0.8665697 between air pollution levels in Miami and the consumption of kerosene in Portugal from 1980 to 2022. The high coefficient value indicates a strong positive relationship between the two variables, leaving us feeling lighter than air—pun intended.
Furthermore, the r-squared value of 0.7509431 suggests that approximately 75% of the variance in air pollution levels in Miami can be explained by the variation in kerosene consumption in Portugal. It's quite a gas to see such a strong relationship between these seemingly unrelated factors.
The significance level (p < 0.01) further confirms the reliability of the association we uncovered. With a p-value lower than the recommended threshold, we can confidently reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis, affirming that there is indeed an intriguing link between air pollution in Miami and the utilization of kerosene in Portugal.
Figure 1 illustrates the strong positive correlation between air pollution levels in Miami and kerosene consumption in Portugal. The scatterplot, akin to a well-crafted joke, clearly depicts the upward trend between the two variables, leaving little room for doubt. It's a visual representation that speaks volumes—almost as much as our dad jokes.
In conclusion, our study not only establishes a tangible connection between airborne pollution and kerosene consumption but also showcases the power of interdisciplinary research. We've uncovered a correlation that some might find "up in the air," but the data speaks for itself, even if it's a bit hazy at times. This unexpected relationship can ignite further inquiry into the global dynamics of air quality and energy usage, presenting a bright spark of potential for future investigations.
So, as we close this section, let's not forget the wise words of Thomas Edison: "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." And indeed, we've found a way that does work—an unexpected link between Miami's air pollution and Portugal's kerosene consumption that sheds light on the interconnectedness of our world.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

Our research has revealed an unexpectedly robust correlation between air pollution levels in Miami and the kerosene consumption in Portugal, supporting the prior research that has emphasized the interconnectedness between environmental factors and energy usage. The correlation coefficient of 0.8665697 and significance level of p < 0.01 provide empirical evidence for the surprising link between these geographically distant phenomena. It's as if Miami and Portugal are in a long-distance relationship, communicating through the medium of atmospheric pollutants—truly a breath of fresh air in the field of interdisciplinary studies.

Our findings align with the existing literature on air pollution and energy consumption, reaffirming the intricate relationship between environmental factors and energy dynamics. Just as Karen A. Smith emphasized the adverse effects of air pollution on respiratory health, our study underscores the importance of understanding the global implications of airborne pollutants. It's a reminder that air pollution doesn't adhere to national borders—it's like a rude neighbor blasting music at a party, except the party is the Earth's atmosphere.

Similarly, the comprehensive analysis of energy consumption patterns across various countries by Doe and Jones prepared the groundwork for our investigation, highlighting the need to consider global energy dynamics in the context of environmental impact. Our research adds another layer to this narrative, suggesting that what's being burned in one place can have tangible consequences in another. It's like a game of environmental dominoes—except instead of falling, the dominoes are emitting carbon dioxide.

As for the unexpected twists and magical interjections we encountered in our literature review, it's remarkable how our study has become a part of that colorful spectrum. Far from barking up the wrong tree, we seem to have stumbled upon a goldmine of unexpected connections. It's like finding a rare Pokémon in a forest—except instead of a Pokémon, it's a compelling correlation between two seemingly disparate variables.

Overall, our research not only supports the prior literature but also opens up new avenues for exploring the global dynamics of air quality and energy usage. Our unexpected findings highlight the need for continued interdisciplinary inquiry, because who knows what other surprising connections are waiting to be unearthed? It's like a treasure hunt for data nerds—except instead of coins, the treasure is knowledge.

With a chuckle and a nod to the unexpected nature of our research, it's clear that the unexpected often holds the most illuminating discoveries—much like finding a hidden cheese stash in a maze. Keep your nose to the ground, and who knows what surprising links we'll uncover next?

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Miami and Kerosene used in Portugal. You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
"From Miami to Portugal: The Hazy Connection Between Air Pollution and Kerosene Consumption"

[[ABSTRACT]]
This research delves into the intriguing correlation between air pollution levels in Miami and the consumption of kerosene in Portugal. While the link between these geographically distant phenomena may seem as puzzling as finding a needle in a haystack, our study illuminates a surprisingly strong connection.

Using data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we meticulously analyzed air quality trends in Miami alongside the consumption patterns of kerosene in Portugal from 1980 to 2022. The statistical analysis unveiled a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8665697 and p < 0.01, providing solid evidence to support our findings.

The results of our study not only shed light on the relationship between these seemingly unrelated factors but also offer a breath of fresh air in the research community. As Sir Isaac Newton famously said, "What goes up must come down," and our findings suggest that what's in the air in Miami may have an uncanny connection to what's being burned in Portugal. This unexpected correlation might just be the fuel for future investigations into global air quality and energy consumption, making it a topic to keep an eye on—one might even say it's an insight worth "kerosene."

[[INTRDUCTION]]
Air pollution is a pressing environmental issue that affects countless communities around the world, including the vibrant city of Miami. Meanwhile, the consumption of kerosene has long been intertwined with various facets of daily life, from lighting to cooking, particularly in Portugal. The seemingly disparate nature of these two phenomena sparks curiosity and raises the question, "Could there be an unexpected connection between air pollution in Miami and the usage of kerosene in Portugal?" It's a conundrum that gives a whole new meaning to the term "airfare."
Our study aims to unravel this enigmatic relationship and provide valuable insights into the potential factors at play, much like unraveling a tangled ball of yarn—only instead of yarn, it's the twisted knot of causation between air pollution and kerosene consumption. As we embark on this investigative endeavor, we keep in mind the wise words of Mark Twain: "The secret of getting ahead is getting started," and so, armed with data and a touch of humor, we begin our journey into the hazy abyss of air quality and energy consumption.
The fusion of these two seemingly unrelated elements, like attempting to mix oil and water, begs the question of whether there's a hidden catalyst at work, steering both air pollution levels in Miami and the demand for kerosene in Portugal. This investigation not only breaks new ground in interdisciplinary research but also bears the potential to ignite further studies—pun very much intended. After all, who would have thought that the air in one locale could have an impact on the burning desires of another? It's a revelation that might just leave you gasping for breath—both from the air pollution and from the unexpected link it shares with kerosene consumption.
With this study, we hope to fan the flames of curiosity, kindling a deeper understanding of the intricate web connecting environmental factors and energy usage. As we delve into the data, let us keep in mind the words of Benjamin Franklin: "Energy and persistence conquer all things," even the seemingly insurmountable task of uncovering the ties between distant elements. So, fasten your seatbelts, as we embark on this journey through smoggy skies and illuminating revelations, discovering that the truth may indeed be up in the air. Keep your dad jokes ready because, as we'll find, sometimes the most unlikely connections can light the way to a brighter, pun-ier future.

[[RESULTS]]
The results of our analysis revealed a robust correlation coefficient of 0.8665697 between air pollution levels in Miami and the consumption of kerosene in Portugal from 1980 to 2022. The high coefficient value indicates a strong positive relationship between the two variables, leaving us feeling lighter than air—pun intended.
Furthermore, the r-squared value of 0.7509431 suggests that approximately 75% of the variance in air pollution levels in Miami can be explained by the variation in kerosene consumption in Portugal. It's quite a gas to see such a strong relationship between these seemingly unrelated factors.
The significance level (p < 0.01) further confirms the reliability of the association we uncovered. With a p-value lower than the recommended threshold, we can confidently reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis, affirming that there is indeed an intriguing link between air pollution in Miami and the utilization of kerosene in Portugal.
Figure 1 illustrates the strong positive correlation between air pollution levels in Miami and kerosene consumption in Portugal. The scatterplot, akin to a well-crafted joke, clearly depicts the upward trend between the two variables, leaving little room for doubt. It's a visual representation that speaks volumes—almost as much as our dad jokes.
In conclusion, our study not only establishes a tangible connection between airborne pollution and kerosene consumption but also showcases the power of interdisciplinary research. We've uncovered a correlation that some might find "up in the air," but the data speaks for itself, even if it's a bit hazy at times. This unexpected relationship can ignite further inquiry into the global dynamics of air quality and energy usage, presenting a bright spark of potential for future investigations.
So, as we close this section, let's not forget the wise words of Thomas Edison: "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." And indeed, we've found a way that does work—an unexpected link between Miami's air pollution and Portugal's kerosene consumption that sheds light on the interconnectedness of our world.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In concluding our research, we have shed light on the intriguing correlation between air pollution in Miami and kerosene consumption in Portugal, leaving us feeling lighter than air – pun intended. Our findings not only unveil this unexpected relationship but also highlight the potential for further investigations into global air quality and energy consumption. It's a discovery that has us feeling pretty "fueled up" about the future of interdisciplinary research.

With a robust correlation coefficient of 0.8665697 and a significance level of p < 0.01, our results point to a strong positive link between the two seemingly disparate factors. We've certainly managed to connect these dots, though some might say we've also managed to "kerosene" the wheels of curiosity.

The r-squared value of 0.7509431 further solidifies our findings, indicating that approximately 75% of the variance in air pollution levels in Miami can be explained by the variation in kerosene consumption in Portugal. It's a gas-tastic result that has us breathing a sigh of relief, albeit not too deeply given the air pollution implications.

As we wrap up this section, it's clear that there's no need for further research in this area. We've established a link that's strong enough to clear the air, and we don't want to "kerosene" the flames of curiosity too much. It seems that for now, we've reached the end of the line in our quest to uncover the unexpected ties between Miami's air pollution and Portugal's kerosene consumption. Or to put it simply, we've successfully "kerosene"-ly connected the dots!

There you have it – a conclusion that's both informative and fuelled with humor. It's safe to say that our findings have ignited a new spark of interest in interdisciplinary research, leaving us grinning like Cheshire cats at the unexpected connections we've uncovered. It's a bright future ahead, one that's as clear as the air we hope to protect. And with that, we confidently declare that no more research is needed in this area. It's time to clear the air and move on to the next scientific conundrum!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited From Miami to Portugal: The Hazy Connection Between Air Pollution and Kerosene Consumption. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Atmospheric Anecdotes

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited From Miami to Portugal: The Hazy Connection Between Air Pollution and Kerosene Consumption. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Society for Intercontinental Air Quality Studies (SIAQS)

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled From Miami to Portugal: The Hazy Connection Between Air Pollution and Kerosene Consumption with an abstract of This research delves into the intriguing correlation between air pollution levels in Miami and the consumption of kerosene in Portugal. While the link between these geographically distant phenomena may seem as puzzling as finding a needle in a haystack, our study illuminates a surprisingly strong connection.
Using data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we meticulously analyzed air quality trends in Miami alongside the consumption patterns of kerosene in Portugal from 1980 to 2022. The statistical analysis unveiled a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8665697 and p < 0.01, providing solid evidence to support our findings.
The results of our study not only shed light on the relationship between these seemingly unrelated factors but also offer a breath of fresh air in the research community. As Sir Isaac Newton famously said, "What goes up must come down," and our findings suggest that what's in the air in Miami may have an uncanny connection to what's being burned in Portugal. This unexpected correlation might just be the fuel for future investigations into global air quality and energy consumption, making it a topic to keep an eye on—one might even say it's an insight worth "kerosene.

ChatGPT:

Miami air pollution, kerosene consumption, correlation, environmental impact, energy consumption, air quality trends, statistical analysis, Portugal energy consumption, EPA data, EIA data, global air quality, geographical correlation

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Air pollution in Miami
Detailed data title: Percentage of days 'unhealthy' or worse air quality in Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in Miami

Kerosene used in Portugal
Detailed data title: Volume of kerosene used consumed in Portugal in millions of barrels per day
Source: Energy Information Administration
See what else correlates with Kerosene used in Portugal

Correlation r = 0.8665697 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.7509431 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 75.1% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Kerosene used in Portugal) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Air pollution in Miami) over the 43 years from 1980 through 2022.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 6.0E-14.^Show 0.0000000000000596935352304762
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.87 in 6.0E-12% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 16,752,232,819,501 random variables^Note You don't actually need 16 trillion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 42 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 42 because we have two variables measured over a period of 43 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.77, 0.93 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Air pollution in Miami (Bad air quality days)	5.19126	4.38356	1.91781	0.821918	0.546448	1.36986	1.64384	1.64384	2.45902	1.91781	0.547945	0	1.0929	1.91781	0.547945	0.821918	0.273224	0.547945	2.46575	2.19178	0.273224	0.547945	0.547945	0.273973	0.819672	0.273973	0.547945	0.821918	0.546448	0	0	0.273973	0	0	0	0	0.275482	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kerosene used in Portugal (Million Barrels/Day)	2	2	1	1	0.808743	0.734247	0.734247	0.717808	0.63388	0.632877	0.627397	0.539726	0.502732	0.405479	0.361644	0.284932	0.311475	0.580822	0.646575	0.427397	0.202186	0.156164	0.120548	0.09863	0.076503	0.054795	0.032877	0.032877	0.032787	0.032877	0.032877	0.032877	0.032787	0.032877	0.032877	0.032877	0.032787	0.032877	0.032877	0.032877	0.032787	0.032836	0.032787

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([5.19126,4.38356,1.91781,0.821918,0.546448,1.36986,1.64384,1.64384,2.45902,1.91781,0.547945,0,1.0929,1.91781,0.547945,0.821918,0.273224,0.547945,2.46575,2.19178,0.273224,0.547945,0.547945,0.273973,0.819672,0.273973,0.547945,0.821918,0.546448,0,0,0.273973,0,0,0,0,0.275482,0,0,0,0,0,0,])
array_2 = np.array([2,2,1,1,0.808743,0.734247,0.734247,0.717808,0.63388,0.632877,0.627397,0.539726,0.502732,0.405479,0.361644,0.284932,0.311475,0.580822,0.646575,0.427397,0.202186,0.156164,0.120548,0.09863,0.076503,0.054795,0.032877,0.032877,0.032787,0.032877,0.032877,0.032877,0.032787,0.032877,0.032877,0.032877,0.032787,0.032877,0.032877,0.032877,0.032787,0.032836,0.032787,])
array_1_name = "Air pollution in Miami"
array_2_name = "Kerosene used in Portugal"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
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Line chart for only Air pollution in Miami
Line chart for only Kerosene used in Portugal
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The spurious research paper: From Miami to Portugal: The Hazy Connection Between Air Pollution and Kerosene Consumption

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Correlation ID: 3673 · Black Variable ID: 20894 · Red Variable ID: 24825


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