Spurious correlation #3,209 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and the second variable is Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion. The chart goes from 1987 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and the second variable is Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion. The chart goes from 1987 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

As the air in Port Angeles became more polluted, it created a unique smoky flavor that wafted through the atmosphere and settled on the hotdogs, making them irresistible to the reigning champion. The combination of car exhaust and industrial emissions somehow turned those hotdogs into the most delectable delicacies, propelling the champion to consume record-breaking numbers in the competition. Who knew that a little air pollution could add a hint of flavor that even the most seasoned eaters couldn't resist!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: [ Photorealism ] Imagine a detailed, lifelike scene where Port Angeles, Washington is depicted in thick smog, hanging eerily above the harbor. Amidst the pollution, a factory emits fumes, causing the surrounding area to be shrouded in haze. Meanwhile, at the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition, a champion stands triumphantly, surrounded by an extraordinary array of mutant, super-sized hot dogs. The crowd watches in awe as the champion devours the enormous hot dogs, breaking records with each bite. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Cute cartoon Celtic art Art nouveau inspired by bauhaus Photorealism
ChatGPT: Photorealism

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion, in the following situation: Increase in air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington led to a surplus of mutant, super-sized hot dogs, which were then shipped to Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition, resulting in record-breaking consumption by the champion.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In Port Angeles, Washington, thick smog hangs in the air, obscuring the view of the harbor. Amidst the pollution, a factory emits fumes, causing the surrounding area to be shrouded in haze. Meanwhile, at the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition, the champion stands triumphantly, surrounded by an extraordinary array of mutant, super-sized hot dogs. The crowd watches in awe as the champion devours the enormous hot dogs, breaking records with each bite.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Photorealism ] and depicting this scene: In Port Angeles, Washington, thick smog hangs in the air, obscuring the view of the harbor. Amidst the pollution, a factory emits fumes, causing the surrounding area to be shrouded in haze. Meanwhile, at the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition, the champion stands triumphantly, surrounded by an extraordinary array of mutant, super-sized hot dogs. The crowd watches in awe as the champion devours the enormous hot dogs, breaking records with each bite. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: [ Photorealism ] Imagine a detailed, lifelike scene where Port Angeles, Washington is depicted in thick smog, hanging eerily above the harbor. Amidst the pollution, a factory emits fumes, causing the surrounding area to be shrouded in haze. Meanwhile, at the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition, a champion stands triumphantly, surrounded by an extraordinary array of mutant, super-sized hot dogs. The crowd watches in awe as the champion devours the enormous hot dogs, breaking records with each bite.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington caused Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion to increase.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

A Link Between Sausage and Smog: Assessing the Relationship Between Air Pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and the Consumption of Hotdogs by the Champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition

The Journal of Gastronomic Geoscience

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then cite some social media posts you read that seem to be related.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
A Link Between Sausage and Smog: Assessing the Relationship Between Air Pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and the Consumption of Hotdogs by the Champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study endeavors to unearth the potential link between air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington, and the astonishingly high number of hotdogs consumed by the champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and Wikipedia, we conducted a thorough analysis covering the years 1987 to 2022. Our findings reveal a notably strong correlation coefficient of 0.6697900 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a robust association between these seemingly unrelated phenomena. Further investigation may delve into the potential mechanisms underlying this peculiar relationship and explore the implications for both public health and competitive eating events.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The search for unexpected correlations often leads researchers down unconventional paths, and the peculiar juxtaposition of air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington, and the consumption of hotdogs by the champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition is a prime example. While one might initially dismiss the idea of a connection between these two seemingly unrelated variables as mere whimsy, this study delves into the intriguing possibility of an underlying relationship.
The allure of this investigation lies in the unexpected nature of the variables involved. On one hand, we have the atmospheric contamination contributed by industrial activities, vehicular emissions, and natural sources in the scenic region of Port Angeles. On the other hand, we encounter the remarkable feats of gastrointestinal prowess displayed by the titleholder of the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition, an event that has captured the fascination of viewers worldwide. The confluence of these divergent elements serves as the backdrop against which we aim to unravel a potential association.
In the realm of empirical research, unconventional hypotheses often hold the most promise for groundbreaking discoveries. The investigation of seemingly unrelated phenomena seeks to challenge convention, provoke curiosity, and, on occasion, produce unexpected laughter. With this spirit in mind, the present study rigorously examines the premise that air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington, may wield an influence on the prodigious hotdog consumption habits of the esteemed champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The exploration of a potential link between air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington, and the consumption of hotdogs by the champion of the renowned Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition yields a collection of diverse and seemingly unrelated literature. The pursuit of this peculiar correlation calls for a comprehensive survey of scholarly works and relevant sources.

Smith et al. (2015) investigated the impacts of industrial air pollution on human health, discerning adverse respiratory outcomes and heightened cardiovascular risks. The authors' work, however, stops short of examining any potential influence on competitive eating behavior. Doe and Jones (2018) provided a comprehensive assessment of dietary patterns and nutritional correlates, but their study did not extend to the examination of competitive eating champions. These traditional works set the stage for the unorthodox exploration that follows.

Turning attention to non-fiction books related to dietary habits and environmental influences, "Eating the Earth: Environmental Ethics and Dietary Choice" by Book (2010) and "Smoke and Sausage: A Guide to Air Quality and Culinary Delights" by Lorem (2013) offer insightful perspectives that, although not directly addressing the specific nexus under examination, provide broader contextual understanding. In a surprising turn, the fictional works "Hotdogs in the Mist" by Ipsum (2005) and "The Sausage Smog Saga" by Ipsum (2017) offer whimsical narratives that, while not grounded in empirical research, provoke thought on the intersection of air pollution and hotdog consumption.

Furthermore, anecdotal evidence gleaned from social media platforms revealed intriguing discussions surrounding the potential overlaps between air pollution and competitive eating. Notable posts include a tweet by @HotdogQueen1987 claiming, "I swear the smog in Port Angeles makes those hotdogs taste like victory," and an Instagram post by @AirQualityAesthetics juxtaposing images of savory sausages with atmospheric haze and the caption, "Embracing the fusion of flavor and fog in the pacific northwest."

The sources reviewed thus far present a varied tapestry of perspectives and insights, setting the stage for a lighthearted yet rigorous exploration of the potential relationship between atmospheric pollution and the remarkable capacity for hotdog consumption demonstrated by the champion of the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Wikipedia . You used data from 1987 to 2022

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
A Link Between Sausage and Smog: Assessing the Relationship Between Air Pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and the Consumption of Hotdogs by the Champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study endeavors to unearth the potential link between air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington, and the astonishingly high number of hotdogs consumed by the champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and Wikipedia, we conducted a thorough analysis covering the years 1987 to 2022. Our findings reveal a notably strong correlation coefficient of 0.6697900 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a robust association between these seemingly unrelated phenomena. Further investigation may delve into the potential mechanisms underlying this peculiar relationship and explore the implications for both public health and competitive eating events.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
The search for unexpected correlations often leads researchers down unconventional paths, and the peculiar juxtaposition of air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington, and the consumption of hotdogs by the champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition is a prime example. While one might initially dismiss the idea of a connection between these two seemingly unrelated variables as mere whimsy, this study delves into the intriguing possibility of an underlying relationship.
The allure of this investigation lies in the unexpected nature of the variables involved. On one hand, we have the atmospheric contamination contributed by industrial activities, vehicular emissions, and natural sources in the scenic region of Port Angeles. On the other hand, we encounter the remarkable feats of gastrointestinal prowess displayed by the titleholder of the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition, an event that has captured the fascination of viewers worldwide. The confluence of these divergent elements serves as the backdrop against which we aim to unravel a potential association.
In the realm of empirical research, unconventional hypotheses often hold the most promise for groundbreaking discoveries. The investigation of seemingly unrelated phenomena seeks to challenge convention, provoke curiosity, and, on occasion, produce unexpected laughter. With this spirit in mind, the present study rigorously examines the premise that air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington, may wield an influence on the prodigious hotdog consumption habits of the esteemed champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

The methodology employed in this study involved a multifaceted approach to capture and analyze the data relevant to the air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington, and the consumption of hotdogs by the champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition. The data collection process combined the rigor of statistical analysis with the lightheartedness of gastronomic curiosity.

Data Collection:
The primary source of air pollution data was the Environmental Protection Agency's Air Quality System database, providing comprehensive information on various pollutants including particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide. These data points were extracted from 1987 to 2022, encompassing a span of time marked by dynamic shifts in environmental policies and industrial activities. Notably, we utilized advanced web scraping techniques to gather auxiliary data from environmental monitoring stations, ensuring the inclusivity of our analysis.

As for the consumption of hotdogs by the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition champion, we turned to the vast repository of information on the world wide web, with particular reliance on reliable sources such as Wikipedia. The meticulous curation of competitive eating records, combined with a discerning eye for pseudoscience, facilitated the extraction of consumption quantities and trends over the same time period. The veracity of the data was verified through cross-referencing with reputable news sources and peer-reviewed articles, shedding light on the extraordinary hotdog intake of the reigning champion.

Preprocessing and Transformation:
The raw air pollution data underwent rigorous preprocessing to rectify missing values, outlier detection, and standardization across pollutants. This process sought to minimize the impact of confounding variables such as meteorological influences and seasonal fluctuations. Concurrently, the hotdog consumption data was subjected to meticulous scrutiny, excluding any spurious claims of hotdog chomping excellence and focusing solely on the performances of the recognized Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition victor.

Statistical Analysis:
The relationship between air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington, and hotdog consumption was examined through a twofold statistical approach. Firstly, linear regression models were employed to quantify the potential association between air pollutant concentrations and the annual consumption of hotdogs by the designated champion. Subsequently, time-series analysis was employed to discern long-term trends and seasonal patterns that might offer insights into the temporal dynamics of this peculiar correlation.

Ethical Considerations:
It is worth noting the ethical considerations inherent in this study, particularly regarding the public disclosure of competitive eating statistics. To navigate this delicate terrain, our research team abstained from disclosing individual eating habits and instead focused on aggregate data, ensuring the privacy and dignity of the human subjects involved.

Sensitivity Analysis:
In an effort to gauge the robustness of our findings, sensitivity analyses were conducted to account for variations in statistical assumptions and data handling. These examinations further underscored the legitimacy of the ostensibly improbable relationship under investigation.

The programming framework R, enriched with numerous specialized libraries, served as the primary tool for data manipulation and statistical computations, thereby imbuing the analysis with computational finesse. The confluence of scientific rigor and gastronomic curiosity germinated a novel approach to unearth correlations that defy conventional wisdom.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
A Link Between Sausage and Smog: Assessing the Relationship Between Air Pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and the Consumption of Hotdogs by the Champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study endeavors to unearth the potential link between air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington, and the astonishingly high number of hotdogs consumed by the champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and Wikipedia, we conducted a thorough analysis covering the years 1987 to 2022. Our findings reveal a notably strong correlation coefficient of 0.6697900 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a robust association between these seemingly unrelated phenomena. Further investigation may delve into the potential mechanisms underlying this peculiar relationship and explore the implications for both public health and competitive eating events.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The exploration of a potential link between air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington, and the consumption of hotdogs by the champion of the renowned Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition yields a collection of diverse and seemingly unrelated literature. The pursuit of this peculiar correlation calls for a comprehensive survey of scholarly works and relevant sources.
Smith et al. (2015) investigated the impacts of industrial air pollution on human health, discerning adverse respiratory outcomes and heightened cardiovascular risks. The authors' work, however, stops short of examining any potential influence on competitive eating behavior. Doe and Jones (2018) provided a comprehensive assessment of dietary patterns and nutritional correlates, but their study did not extend to the examination of competitive eating champions. These traditional works set the stage for the unorthodox exploration that follows.
Turning attention to non-fiction books related to dietary habits and environmental influences, "Eating the Earth: Environmental Ethics and Dietary Choice" by Book (2010) and "Smoke and Sausage: A Guide to Air Quality and Culinary Delights" by Lorem (2013) offer insightful perspectives that, although not directly addressing the specific nexus under examination, provide broader contextual understanding. In a surprising turn, the fictional works "Hotdogs in the Mist" by Ipsum (2005) and "The Sausage Smog Saga" by Ipsum (2017) offer whimsical narratives that, while not grounded in empirical research, provoke thought on the intersection of air pollution and hotdog consumption.
Furthermore, anecdotal evidence gleaned from social media platforms revealed intriguing discussions surrounding the potential overlaps between air pollution and competitive eating. Notable posts include a tweet by @HotdogQueen1987 claiming, "I swear the smog in Port Angeles makes those hotdogs taste like victory," and an Instagram post by @AirQualityAesthetics juxtaposing images of savory sausages with atmospheric haze and the caption, "Embracing the fusion of flavor and fog in the pacific northwest."
The sources reviewed thus far present a varied tapestry of perspectives and insights, setting the stage for a lighthearted yet rigorous exploration of the potential relationship between atmospheric pollution and the remarkable capacity for hotdog consumption demonstrated by the champion of the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition.

[[RESULTS]]
The investigation revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.6697900 between air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington and the consumption of hotdogs by the champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition. This correlation suggests a moderately strong relationship between the two variables. The r-squared value of 0.4486187 indicates that approximately 44.9% of the variance in hotdog consumption can be explained by the variation in air pollution levels. The statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 further underlines the robustness of this association, dismissing the possibility of this being a mere fluke or a sausage of error.
As shown in Figure 1, the scatterplot visually displays the pronounced correlation between air pollution and hotdog consumption. The ascending trend line seems to suggest that as air pollution levels rise, so does the number of hotdogs consumed by the competition champion. Perhaps one could say that the champion is particularly skilled at "inhaling" hotdogs, much like the residents of Port Angeles may inadvertently "inhale" the pollutants in their environment. These findings urge further contemplation on whether the champion's remarkable hotdog-eating abilities are buoyed by the ambient air conditions of Port Angeles.
The results of this study not only underscore the potential linkage between air quality and competitive eating but also unveil the unexpected intersections between disparate fields of inquiry. The confluence of gastronomic feats and atmospheric conditions offers a fertile ground for future explorations, as it invites speculation about the physiological, psychological, and even gustatory implications of this peculiar relationship. This discovery serves as a reminder that in the realm of scientific inquiry, the most tantalizing connections may not always be those that initially meet the eye. The surprises within the sausage of science await those willing to indulge in unconventional musings and relish the unforeseen.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The results of the current investigation substantiate and further underline the unexpected association between air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and the exceptional hotdog consumption prowess demonstrated by the champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition. The moderately strong correlation coefficient of 0.6697900 aligns with prior studies that have sought to elucidate the synergies between seemingly incongruous environmental and gastronomic phenomena. Notably, the poignant rapport discerned in this study echoes the whimsical narratives expounded in "Hotdogs in the Mist" and "The Sausage Smog Saga," emphasizing the potential for the fusion of flavor and fog in the Pacific Northwest to transcend the realm of fiction and cascade into empirical inquiry.

The pronounced ascendancy in hotdog consumption as air pollution levels in Port Angeles escalate invites contemplation on the possible mechanisms driving this compelling relationship. As postulated by @HotdogQueen1987, the amalgamation of smog and savory sausages may indeed confer an aura of triumph to the consumption of hotdogs, hinting at the emergence of a gustatory superpower potentiated by atmospheric conditions. Additionally, the juxtaposition of atmospheric haze and the champion's remarkable feat on the competitive eating stage evokes a peculiar synergy akin to the fusion of volatile organic compounds and particulate matter in the air, lending a piquant tinge of irony to this unusual alliance between respiratory hazards and gustatory triumphs.

Further nuanced investigation may delve into the potential physiological and psychological underpinnings of this nexus, engaging with the somatic repercussions of prolonged exposure to ambient pollutants and its implications for esophageal motility, satiety mechanisms, and digestive efficiency. The discovery of the robust association between air pollution and competitive eating not only broadens the horizons of interdisciplinary inquiry but also underscores the serendipitous confluence of diverse fields, pointing to the unforeseen gastronomic implications embedded within the air quality of Port Angeles.

As the tantalizing connections between atmospheric conditions and competitive eating unfold, it becomes increasingly evident that the most savory revelations may spring from the most unlikely of sources. The unanticipated linkage unveiled in this study serves as a poignant reminder of the manifold layers awaiting unraveling within the sausage of science, imploring us to relish the serendipitous and celebrate the unforeseen while navigating the savory yet unforeseen avenues of interdisciplinary inquiry.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
A Link Between Sausage and Smog: Assessing the Relationship Between Air Pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and the Consumption of Hotdogs by the Champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition

[[ABSTRACT]]
This study endeavors to unearth the potential link between air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington, and the astonishingly high number of hotdogs consumed by the champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and Wikipedia, we conducted a thorough analysis covering the years 1987 to 2022. Our findings reveal a notably strong correlation coefficient of 0.6697900 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a robust association between these seemingly unrelated phenomena. Further investigation may delve into the potential mechanisms underlying this peculiar relationship and explore the implications for both public health and competitive eating events.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
The search for unexpected correlations often leads researchers down unconventional paths, and the peculiar juxtaposition of air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington, and the consumption of hotdogs by the champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition is a prime example. While one might initially dismiss the idea of a connection between these two seemingly unrelated variables as mere whimsy, this study delves into the intriguing possibility of an underlying relationship.
The allure of this investigation lies in the unexpected nature of the variables involved. On one hand, we have the atmospheric contamination contributed by industrial activities, vehicular emissions, and natural sources in the scenic region of Port Angeles. On the other hand, we encounter the remarkable feats of gastrointestinal prowess displayed by the titleholder of the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition, an event that has captured the fascination of viewers worldwide. The confluence of these divergent elements serves as the backdrop against which we aim to unravel a potential association.
In the realm of empirical research, unconventional hypotheses often hold the most promise for groundbreaking discoveries. The investigation of seemingly unrelated phenomena seeks to challenge convention, provoke curiosity, and, on occasion, produce unexpected laughter. With this spirit in mind, the present study rigorously examines the premise that air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington, may wield an influence on the prodigious hotdog consumption habits of the esteemed champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition.

[[RESULTS]]
The investigation revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.6697900 between air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington and the consumption of hotdogs by the champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition. This correlation suggests a moderately strong relationship between the two variables. The r-squared value of 0.4486187 indicates that approximately 44.9% of the variance in hotdog consumption can be explained by the variation in air pollution levels. The statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 further underlines the robustness of this association, dismissing the possibility of this being a mere fluke or a sausage of error.
As shown in Figure 1, the scatterplot visually displays the pronounced correlation between air pollution and hotdog consumption. The ascending trend line seems to suggest that as air pollution levels rise, so does the number of hotdogs consumed by the competition champion. Perhaps one could say that the champion is particularly skilled at "inhaling" hotdogs, much like the residents of Port Angeles may inadvertently "inhale" the pollutants in their environment. These findings urge further contemplation on whether the champion's remarkable hotdog-eating abilities are buoyed by the ambient air conditions of Port Angeles.
The results of this study not only underscore the potential linkage between air quality and competitive eating but also unveil the unexpected intersections between disparate fields of inquiry. The confluence of gastronomic feats and atmospheric conditions offers a fertile ground for future explorations, as it invites speculation about the physiological, psychological, and even gustatory implications of this peculiar relationship. This discovery serves as a reminder that in the realm of scientific inquiry, the most tantalizing connections may not always be those that initially meet the eye. The surprises within the sausage of science await those willing to indulge in unconventional musings and relish the unforeseen.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, the results of this investigation lend credence to the notion that there exists a compelling association between air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington, and the prodigious consumption of hotdogs by the champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition. The notably strong correlation coefficient and the statistically significant p-value highlight the robustness of this peculiar relationship. While one might be tempted to dismiss this finding as mere coincidence, the data tell a different story, one that links the inhalation of pollutants in the air with the champion's remarkable feat of ingesting an impressive number of hotdogs.

The visual depiction of the correlation in the scatterplot serves as a poignant reminder that in the realm of scientific inquiry, unexpected connections may emerge, much like the unanticipated link between air quality and competitive eating uncovered in this study. As with any novel discovery, the implications of this peculiar relationship warrant further exploration, teasing the taste buds of inquisitive minds in the scientific community.

It would be remiss not to acknowledge the element of surprise and amusement that arises from the unearthing of such an unconventional association. Perhaps, in the spirit of good humor, we could liken this discovery to a surprising blend of fine wine and hotdogs – unexpected, yet oddly compelling.

In light of these findings, it is evident that the relationship between air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington, and the consumption of hotdogs by the champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition is a topic worthy of scientific investigation. Nonetheless, it is asserted with confidence that no further research in this area is warranted, as the sausage of science has been thoroughly grilled on this matter, and no additional condiments are necessary to enhance our understanding of this intriguing association.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited A Link Between Sausage and Smog: Assessing the Relationship Between Air Pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and the Consumption of Hotdogs by the Champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Gastronomic Geoscience

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited A Link Between Sausage and Smog: Assessing the Relationship Between Air Pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and the Consumption of Hotdogs by the Champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The International Institute for Sausage Studies

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled A Link Between Sausage and Smog: Assessing the Relationship Between Air Pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and the Consumption of Hotdogs by the Champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition with an abstract of This study endeavors to unearth the potential link between air pollution levels in Port Angeles, Washington, and the astonishingly high number of hotdogs consumed by the champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition. Utilizing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and Wikipedia, we conducted a thorough analysis covering the years 1987 to 2022. Our findings reveal a notably strong correlation coefficient of 0.6697900 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a robust association between these seemingly unrelated phenomena. Further investigation may delve into the potential mechanisms underlying this peculiar relationship and explore the implications for both public health and competitive eating events.

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air pollution, Port Angeles, Washington, hotdog consumption, Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition, correlation, Environmental Protection Agency, statistical analysis, association, public health, competitive eating events

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington
Detailed data title: Percentage of days with moderate or worse air quality in Port Angeles, WA
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington

Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion
Detailed data title: Hotdog Consumption by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion
Source: Wikipedia
See what else correlates with Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion

Correlation r = 0.6697900 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.4486187 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 44.9% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington) over the 36 years from 1987 through 2022.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 7.91E-6.^Show 0.0000079061285587021300000000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.67 in 0.000791% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 126,484 random variables^Note You don't actually need 126 thousand variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 35 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 35 because we have two variables measured over a period of 36 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.44, 0.82 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington (Bad air quality days)	0.00829875	0	0.00662252	0.00842697	0.00564972	0.0070922	0.00290698	0	0.00566572	0	0	0	0.0167131	0.058642	0.0196629	0.17033	0.216438	0.174863	0.246575	0.31044	0.201102	0.202186	0.164835	0.0383562	0.126027	0.15847	0.115068	0.123288	0.126374	0.103825	0.19726	0.186301	0.0657534	0.0846995	0.0493151	0.117808
Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion (Hotdogs eaten)	13.5	10	15.5	16	21.5	19	17	20	19.5	22.25	24.5	19	20.25	25	50	50.5	44.5	53.33	49	53.75	66	59	68	54	62	68	69	61	62	70	72	74	71	75	76	63

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([0.00829875,0,0.00662252,0.00842697,0.00564972,0.0070922,0.00290698,0,0.00566572,0,0,0,0.0167131,0.058642,0.0196629,0.17033,0.216438,0.174863,0.246575,0.31044,0.201102,0.202186,0.164835,0.0383562,0.126027,0.15847,0.115068,0.123288,0.126374,0.103825,0.19726,0.186301,0.0657534,0.0846995,0.0493151,0.117808,])
array_2 = np.array([13.5,10,15.5,16,21.5,19,17,20,19.5,22.25,24.5,19,20.25,25,50,50.5,44.5,53.33,49,53.75,66,59,68,54,62,68,69,61,62,70,72,74,71,75,76,63,])
array_1_name = "Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington"
array_2_name = "Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Air pollution in Port Angeles, Washington
Line chart for only Hotdogs consumed by Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition Champion
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: A Link Between Sausage and Smog: Assessing the Relationship Between Air Pollution in Port Angeles, Washington and the Consumption of Hotdogs by the Champion of Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Competition

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Correlation ID: 3209 · Black Variable ID: 21955 · Red Variable ID: 500


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