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AI explanation
As the air quality in Cincinnati improved, it led to a decrease in smog. This, in turn, meant that there were fewer impurities in the air to react with, ultimately reducing the demand for kerosene in the United States. It's a classic case of cleaner air not only being good for the environment, but also for diminishing the nation's reliance on kerosene. Who would have thought that Cincinnati's clearer skies could have such far-reaching effects on kerosene usage!
Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate an image inspired by a Discovery magazine cover, depicting a vibrant Cincinnati skyline with drastically reduced air pollution. Visualize the city bathed in clear, bright light, showcasing the absence of excessive kerosene lamps that once lined the streets. The reduction in kerosene demand across the United States is evident, creating a cleaner, fresher urban environment. Capture the essence of a transformed cityscape, where the need for kerosene-related activities has significantly diminished. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.
This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Air pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene used in United States. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Symbolism A Discovery magazine cover image Low poly a funny image macro Woodblock painting
ChatGPT: A Discovery magazine cover image
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Air pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene used in United States, in the following situation: Because as air pollution in Cincinnati decreased, people no longer needed to light up the town with so much kerosene-soaked shenanigans. As a result, the demand for kerosene across the United States decreased, leading to a noticeable drop in its usage. After all, with cleaner air, there's no need for "lighter" fuel antics, right?. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In Cincinnati, the skyline is clear and bright as the air pollution decreases. The streets are no longer lit up with excessive kerosene lamps, and the demand for kerosene across the United States has noticeably dropped. The city is now filled with clean, fresh air and the need for kerosene-soaked shenanigans has diminished.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A Discovery magazine cover image ] and depicting this scene: In Cincinnati, the skyline is clear and bright as the air pollution decreases. The streets are no longer lit up with excessive kerosene lamps, and the demand for kerosene across the United States has noticeably dropped. The city is now filled with clean, fresh air and the need for kerosene-soaked shenanigans has diminished. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate an image inspired by a Discovery magazine cover, depicting a vibrant Cincinnati skyline with drastically reduced air pollution. Visualize the city bathed in clear, bright light, showcasing the absence of excessive kerosene lamps that once lined the streets. The reduction in kerosene demand across the United States is evident, creating a cleaner, fresher urban environment. Capture the essence of a transformed cityscape, where the need for kerosene-related activities has significantly diminished.
*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.
I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how a decrease in Air pollution in Cincinnati caused Kerosene used in United States to decrease.\Make it sound serious until the end.
AI academic paper
 |
Clearing the Air: A Burning Connection Between Air Pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene Usage in the United States The Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Social Practices Jan 2024 Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real! |
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You write titles and abstracts of goofy academic research papers.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, and add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please draft the title and abstract of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene used in United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Make the title a clever pun.
Your research team used data from Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration to assess this nagging question. You found a correlation coefficient of 0.8205646 and p < 0.01 for 1980 to 2022.
Please respond in this format (replace "Lorem ipsum dolor sit" with your title and abstract)
[[TITLE]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
[[ABSTRACT]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
ChatGPT:
[[TITLE]]
Clearing the Air: A Burning Connection Between Air Pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene Usage in the United States
[[ABSTRACT]]
This study investigates the relationship between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene used in the United States, employing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration. Through rigorous statistical analysis, a notable correlation coefficient of 0.8205646 was established for the period spanning from 1980 to 2022, with p < 0.01. The findings suggest a striking link between air quality in Cincinnati and kerosene consumption nationwide, highlighting the importance of recognizing the pervasive impact of kerosene usage on local and regional air pollution. While the results may seem illuminating, further research is needed to shed light on the nuanced factors contributing to this association and to ignite discussions exploring potential policy interventions for a brighter, cleaner future.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the introduction section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the introduction section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene used in United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Clearing the Air: A Burning Connection Between Air Pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene Usage in the United States
[[ABSTRACT]]
This study investigates the relationship between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene used in the United States, employing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration. Through rigorous statistical analysis, a notable correlation coefficient of 0.8205646 was established for the period spanning from 1980 to 2022, with p < 0.01. The findings suggest a striking link between air quality in Cincinnati and kerosene consumption nationwide, highlighting the importance of recognizing the pervasive impact of kerosene usage on local and regional air pollution. While the results may seem illuminating, further research is needed to shed light on the nuanced factors contributing to this association and to ignite discussions exploring potential policy interventions for a brighter, cleaner future.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
ChatGPT:
INTRODUCTION
The correlation between air pollution and kerosene usage has long hovered on the periphery of scholarly inquiry, much like a faint smog hanging over a city skyline. Nevertheless, the recent emergence of data and technological advancements has allowed researchers to delve into this hazy connection with unprecedented clarity. It's a bit like finally wiping the fog off your glasses and realizing the world is a lot murkier than you thought.
The city of Cincinnati offers an intriguing backdrop for our investigation, not only for its vibrant culture and chili-spiced culinary delights but also for its historically significant role in the kerosene industry. As this study unfolds, we aim to untangle the knotty skein of factors contributing to the disconcerting air quality in Cincinnati, connecting the dots to illuminate the role of kerosene usage in the broader context of the United States.
Air pollution, a pervasive byproduct of industrial advancement, almost seems to hang in the air like a particularly insistent dinner guest who has long overstayed their welcome. The impact of this pollution extends beyond visible smog and into the lung-choking realm of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds—quite the unwelcome party crashers in the delicate ecosystem of atmospheric chemistry.
At the same time, kerosene, often associated with quaint lanterns and romantic candlelit dinners, has quietly been seeping into the fabric of our daily lives, much like an uninvited but oddly persistent aroma. From lighting up rural homes to fueling aircraft, kerosene has carved out a niche for itself, acting as a silent protagonist in the grand narrative of modern energy consumption.
In this paper, we embark on a journey to unravel the mysterious dance between air pollution in Cincinnati and the seemingly innocuous, unassuming kerosene consumed across the United States. Our goal is to shine a light on this perplexing relationship, not unlike illuminating the shadowy corners of a dimly lit room, and to spark discussions on potential interventions that could clear the air for generations to come.
Join us as we venture into the nuanced world of statistical analysis and data interpretation, where we don the metaphorical lab coat and wield the statistical scalpel to dissect the intricate web of variables that tie together air quality and kerosene usage. It's all in the spirit of unraveling mysteries and dispelling myths, much like peeling an onion to reveal the pungent layers beneath.
So, as we embark on this intellectual expedition, let us not lose sight of the forest for the trees or the proverbial clean air for the smog. The findings of this study may hold more weight than a barrel of kerosene and have the potential to ignite the flames of change in the realm of environmental policy. But of course, as with any illuminating journey, we must proceed with caution and a healthy appreciation for the unexpected twists and turns that often accompany the pursuit of knowledge.
In the words of Benjamin Franklin, "Energy and persistence alter all things." With a dash of wit and a generous measure of scholarly rigor, let us set forth on this captivating exploration, seeking to alter our understanding of the intricate interplay between air pollution in Cincinnati and the use of kerosene in the United States.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene used in United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.
Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.
Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then you might move on to cartoons and children's shows that you watched for research.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Clearing the Air: A Burning Connection Between Air Pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene Usage in the United States
[[ABSTRACT]]
This study investigates the relationship between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene used in the United States, employing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration. Through rigorous statistical analysis, a notable correlation coefficient of 0.8205646 was established for the period spanning from 1980 to 2022, with p < 0.01. The findings suggest a striking link between air quality in Cincinnati and kerosene consumption nationwide, highlighting the importance of recognizing the pervasive impact of kerosene usage on local and regional air pollution. While the results may seem illuminating, further research is needed to shed light on the nuanced factors contributing to this association and to ignite discussions exploring potential policy interventions for a brighter, cleaner future.
-------
And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The correlation between air pollution and kerosene usage has long hovered on the periphery of scholarly inquiry, much like a faint smog hanging over a city skyline. Nevertheless, the recent emergence of data and technological advancements has allowed researchers to delve into this hazy connection with unprecedented clarity. It's a bit like finally wiping the fog off your glasses and realizing the world is a lot murkier than you thought.
The city of Cincinnati offers an intriguing backdrop for our investigation, not only for its vibrant culture and chili-spiced culinary delights but also for its historically significant role in the kerosene industry. As this study unfolds, we aim to untangle the knotty skein of factors contributing to the disconcerting air quality in Cincinnati, connecting the dots to illuminate the role of kerosene usage in the broader context of the United States.
Air pollution, a pervasive byproduct of industrial advancement, almost seems to hang in the air like a particularly insistent dinner guest who has long overstayed their welcome. The impact of this pollution extends beyond visible smog and into the lung-choking realm of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds—quite the unwelcome party crashers in the delicate ecosystem of atmospheric chemistry.
At the same time, kerosene, often associated with quaint lanterns and romantic candlelit dinners, has quietly been seeping into the fabric of our daily lives, much like an uninvited but oddly persistent aroma. From lighting up rural homes to fueling aircraft, kerosene has carved out a niche for itself, acting as a silent protagonist in the grand narrative of modern energy consumption.
In this paper, we embark on a journey to unravel the mysterious dance between air pollution in Cincinnati and the seemingly innocuous, unassuming kerosene consumed across the United States. Our goal is to shine a light on this perplexing relationship, not unlike illuminating the shadowy corners of a dimly lit room, and to spark discussions on potential interventions that could clear the air for generations to come.
Join us as we venture into the nuanced world of statistical analysis and data interpretation, where we don the metaphorical lab coat and wield the statistical scalpel to dissect the intricate web of variables that tie together air quality and kerosene usage. It's all in the spirit of unraveling mysteries and dispelling myths, much like peeling an onion to reveal the pungent layers beneath.
So, as we embark on this intellectual expedition, let us not lose sight of the forest for the trees or the proverbial clean air for the smog. The findings of this study may hold more weight than a barrel of kerosene and have the potential to ignite the flames of change in the realm of environmental policy. But of course, as with any illuminating journey, we must proceed with caution and a healthy appreciation for the unexpected twists and turns that often accompany the pursuit of knowledge.
In the words of Benjamin Franklin, "Energy and persistence alter all things." With a dash of wit and a generous measure of scholarly rigor, let us set forth on this captivating exploration, seeking to alter our understanding of the intricate interplay between air pollution in Cincinnati and the use of kerosene in the United States.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
Preliminary studies by Smith et al. (2010) and Doe (2015) have laid the groundwork for understanding the intertwining relationship between air pollution and kerosene usage. Smith et al. (2010) highlighted the environmental impact of kerosene combustion, drawing attention to its contribution to particulate matter and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. Similarly, Doe (2015) delved into the intricate web of factors influencing air quality, peering through the smog to underscore the significance of kerosene as a potential culprit in the realm of atmospheric pollution.
Moving beyond these initial investigations, further insights into the subject matter have been gleaned from notable non-fiction works such as "The Age of Sustainable Development" by Jeffrey D. Sachs and "The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History" by Elizabeth Kolbert. These works shed light on the broader ecological implications of human activities, offering a panoramic view of environmental challenges that encompass the intersection of energy consumption and atmospheric quality. As we navigate through the scholarly landscape, it's akin to traversing a veritable jungle of knowledge, where each publication serves as a vine to swing across the intellectual terrain.
However, it would be remiss not to acknowledge the subtle yet profound influence of fiction in shaping our understanding of environmental issues. Works of fiction, including "The Overstory" by Richard Powers and "State of Fear" by Michael Crichton, infuse elements of environmental conservation and climate discourse into their narratives, prompting readers to ponder the interconnectedness of human behavior and natural ecosystems. It's almost as if we're embarking on a literary odyssey, navigating through the boundless realms of imagination to gather perspectives that transcend the boundaries of empirical research.
Delving into seemingly unconventional sources of insight, observational studies of children's cartoons and television programs, from "Captain Planet and the Planeteers" to "The Magic School Bus," have inadvertently contributed to our understanding of environmental issues and sustainability. These lighthearted yet impactful mediums offer a whimsical lens through which to examine the significance of environmental stewardship, reminding us that even in the realm of academia, a sprinkle of childhood nostalgia can serve as a beacon of enlightenment.
Thus, as we peruse through the diverse tapestry of literature and media, we must remain vigilant, much like a watchful sentinel surveying the horizon for any unexpected gusts of wind. The amalgamation of scholarly discourse, fictional narratives, and unconventional sources forms the backdrop against which we unravel the curious connection between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene usage in the United States. In the spirit of academic inquiry and the occasional whimsical diversion, let us embark on this scholarly escapade with a curious mind and a discerning eye for surprising revelations.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene used in United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration . You used data from 1980 to 2022
Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.
Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Clearing the Air: A Burning Connection Between Air Pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene Usage in the United States
[[ABSTRACT]]
This study investigates the relationship between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene used in the United States, employing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration. Through rigorous statistical analysis, a notable correlation coefficient of 0.8205646 was established for the period spanning from 1980 to 2022, with p < 0.01. The findings suggest a striking link between air quality in Cincinnati and kerosene consumption nationwide, highlighting the importance of recognizing the pervasive impact of kerosene usage on local and regional air pollution. While the results may seem illuminating, further research is needed to shed light on the nuanced factors contributing to this association and to ignite discussions exploring potential policy interventions for a brighter, cleaner future.
[[INTRODUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The correlation between air pollution and kerosene usage has long hovered on the periphery of scholarly inquiry, much like a faint smog hanging over a city skyline. Nevertheless, the recent emergence of data and technological advancements has allowed researchers to delve into this hazy connection with unprecedented clarity. It's a bit like finally wiping the fog off your glasses and realizing the world is a lot murkier than you thought.
The city of Cincinnati offers an intriguing backdrop for our investigation, not only for its vibrant culture and chili-spiced culinary delights but also for its historically significant role in the kerosene industry. As this study unfolds, we aim to untangle the knotty skein of factors contributing to the disconcerting air quality in Cincinnati, connecting the dots to illuminate the role of kerosene usage in the broader context of the United States.
Air pollution, a pervasive byproduct of industrial advancement, almost seems to hang in the air like a particularly insistent dinner guest who has long overstayed their welcome. The impact of this pollution extends beyond visible smog and into the lung-choking realm of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds—quite the unwelcome party crashers in the delicate ecosystem of atmospheric chemistry.
At the same time, kerosene, often associated with quaint lanterns and romantic candlelit dinners, has quietly been seeping into the fabric of our daily lives, much like an uninvited but oddly persistent aroma. From lighting up rural homes to fueling aircraft, kerosene has carved out a niche for itself, acting as a silent protagonist in the grand narrative of modern energy consumption.
In this paper, we embark on a journey to unravel the mysterious dance between air pollution in Cincinnati and the seemingly innocuous, unassuming kerosene consumed across the United States. Our goal is to shine a light on this perplexing relationship, not unlike illuminating the shadowy corners of a dimly lit room, and to spark discussions on potential interventions that could clear the air for generations to come.
Join us as we venture into the nuanced world of statistical analysis and data interpretation, where we don the metaphorical lab coat and wield the statistical scalpel to dissect the intricate web of variables that tie together air quality and kerosene usage. It's all in the spirit of unraveling mysteries and dispelling myths, much like peeling an onion to reveal the pungent layers beneath.
So, as we embark on this intellectual expedition, let us not lose sight of the forest for the trees or the proverbial clean air for the smog. The findings of this study may hold more weight than a barrel of kerosene and have the potential to ignite the flames of change in the realm of environmental policy. But of course, as with any illuminating journey, we must proceed with caution and a healthy appreciation for the unexpected twists and turns that often accompany the pursuit of knowledge.
In the words of Benjamin Franklin, "Energy and persistence alter all things." With a dash of wit and a generous measure of scholarly rigor, let us set forth on this captivating exploration, seeking to alter our understanding of the intricate interplay between air pollution in Cincinnati and the use of kerosene in the United States.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
ChatGPT:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
Data Collection:
The data utilized in this study were primarily sourced from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Energy Information Administration (EIA). This involved scouring through various databases like a detective in a tumultuous whodunit, piecing together fragments of information to build a comprehensive picture of air pollution levels in Cincinnati and kerosene usage across the United States from 1980 to 2022. This process, akin to excavating buried treasure, involved navigating through copious datasets and maneuvering through the labyrinthine corridors of online repositories.
Statistical Analysis:
To establish the connection between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene consumption in the United States, a series of statistical analyses were conducted with the meticulousness of a watchmaker crafting each cog of a timepiece. Correlation coefficients and regression models were employed to sift through the data and disentangle the complex interplay between these variables. Additionally, time series analysis was utilized to unravel the temporal dynamics of air pollution and kerosene usage, much like rewinding and fast-forwarding through a convoluted narrative to discern the underlying plot.
Machine Learning Algorithms:
In an attempt to elucidate the intricate relationship between air pollution and kerosene consumption, machine learning algorithms were deployed to sift through the data with the dexterity of a skilled sommelier unraveling the nuances of a fine wine. The algorithms were trained to identify patterns, detect anomalies, and forecast the potential impact of varying kerosene usage on air quality in Cincinnati, akin to predicting the unfolding drama of an enthralling plot.
Geospatial Analysis:
Incorporating geospatial analysis, we mapped the spatial distribution of air pollutants and kerosene consumption across the United States, creating visual representations that painted a vivid canvas of the environmental landscape with the precision of an artist capturing the essence of a bustling cityscape. This approach allowed us to chart the geographic footprint of air pollution and kerosene usage, offering insights into the localized impacts and spatial patterns reminiscent of a cartographer charting uncharted territories.
Sensitivity Analysis:
Seeking to gauge the robustness of our findings, sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the influence of potential confounding factors and outliers on the established correlations. This involved subjecting the data to a battery of tests and simulations, much like scrutinizing a suspect's alibi under intense interrogation, to ensure the durability of the observed relationships and validate the resilience of our statistical inferences.
Ethical Considerations:
Throughout the research process, ethical considerations were given primacy, acknowledging the responsibility to handle the data with the utmost care and respect, akin to tending to delicate specimens in a botanical garden. Protocols for data privacy and confidentiality were rigorously followed to safeguard the integrity and anonymity of the information, fostering an environment of trust and integrity in the pursuit of knowledge.
In conclusion, our methodological approach combined the rigor of traditional statistical analysis with the innovation of cutting-edge methodologies, weaving together a tapestry of data-driven insights to illuminate the complex nexus between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene usage in the United States.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene used in United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration .
For the time period 1980 to 2022, you found a correlation 0.8205646, r-squared of 0.6733263, and p < 0.01.
One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Clearing the Air: A Burning Connection Between Air Pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene Usage in the United States
[[ABSTRACT]]
This study investigates the relationship between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene used in the United States, employing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration. Through rigorous statistical analysis, a notable correlation coefficient of 0.8205646 was established for the period spanning from 1980 to 2022, with p < 0.01. The findings suggest a striking link between air quality in Cincinnati and kerosene consumption nationwide, highlighting the importance of recognizing the pervasive impact of kerosene usage on local and regional air pollution. While the results may seem illuminating, further research is needed to shed light on the nuanced factors contributing to this association and to ignite discussions exploring potential policy interventions for a brighter, cleaner future.
-------
And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
INTRODUCTION
The correlation between air pollution and kerosene usage has long hovered on the periphery of scholarly inquiry, much like a faint smog hanging over a city skyline. Nevertheless, the recent emergence of data and technological advancements has allowed researchers to delve into this hazy connection with unprecedented clarity. It's a bit like finally wiping the fog off your glasses and realizing the world is a lot murkier than you thought.
The city of Cincinnati offers an intriguing backdrop for our investigation, not only for its vibrant culture and chili-spiced culinary delights but also for its historically significant role in the kerosene industry. As this study unfolds, we aim to untangle the knotty skein of factors contributing to the disconcerting air quality in Cincinnati, connecting the dots to illuminate the role of kerosene usage in the broader context of the United States.
Air pollution, a pervasive byproduct of industrial advancement, almost seems to hang in the air like a particularly insistent dinner guest who has long overstayed their welcome. The impact of this pollution extends beyond visible smog and into the lung-choking realm of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds—quite the unwelcome party crashers in the delicate ecosystem of atmospheric chemistry.
At the same time, kerosene, often associated with quaint lanterns and romantic candlelit dinners, has quietly been seeping into the fabric of our daily lives, much like an uninvited but oddly persistent aroma. From lighting up rural homes to fueling aircraft, kerosene has carved out a niche for itself, acting as a silent protagonist in the grand narrative of modern energy consumption.
In this paper, we embark on a journey to unravel the mysterious dance between air pollution in Cincinnati and the seemingly innocuous, unassuming kerosene consumed across the United States. Our goal is to shine a light on this perplexing relationship, not unlike illuminating the shadowy corners of a dimly lit room, and to spark discussions on potential interventions that could clear the air for generations to come.
Join us as we venture into the nuanced world of statistical analysis and data interpretation, where we don the metaphorical lab coat and wield the statistical scalpel to dissect the intricate web of variables that tie together air quality and kerosene usage. It's all in the spirit of unraveling mysteries and dispelling myths, much like peeling an onion to reveal the pungent layers beneath.
So, as we embark on this intellectual expedition, let us not lose sight of the forest for the trees or the proverbial clean air for the smog. The findings of this study may hold more weight than a barrel of kerosene and have the potential to ignite the flames of change in the realm of environmental policy. But of course, as with any illuminating journey, we must proceed with caution and a healthy appreciation for the unexpected twists and turns that often accompany the pursuit of knowledge.
In the words of Benjamin Franklin, "Energy and persistence alter all things." With a dash of wit and a generous measure of scholarly rigor, let us set forth on this captivating exploration, seeking to alter our understanding of the intricate interplay between air pollution in Cincinnati and the use of kerosene in the United States.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[RESULTS]]
ChatGPT:
[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene usage in the United States for the period from 1980 to 2022. The correlation coefficient of 0.8205646 indicates a strong positive relationship, reflecting the way these two variables seem to be holding hands in a crowded room full of data. This suggests that as kerosene usage in the U.S. soared, so did the air pollution in Cincinnati, painting a vivid picture of a rather smoky relationship.
Furthermore, the r-squared value of 0.6733263 indicates that approximately 67.33% of the variability in air pollution levels in Cincinnati can be explained by the variation in kerosene usage across the United States. It's as if air pollution decided to take up dancing, and kerosene usage led the lively tango, with each step explaining a significant portion of the dance.
The p-value of less than 0.01 provides compelling evidence of the association between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene consumption in the United States, suggesting that the odds of this relationship occurring by pure chance are slimmer than a chimney sweep's broom.
In Figure 1, the scatterplot visually encapsulates the robust correlation between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene usage nationwide, presenting a clear and compelling snapshot of their intertwined fate. It's like a painter's masterpiece, depicting the intricate weave of these variables in a way that transcends mere numbers and captures the essence of their interconnectedness.
Overall, the results of this study unveil a resounding connection between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene usage in the United States, echoing the sentiment that the impact of kerosene consumption on local and regional air quality is no mere flicker in the wind. These findings, while shedding light on a compelling association, spark the need for further investigation and discussions on potential policy interventions, as we aim to navigate toward a future where the air is as clean and fresh as a daisy in a spring meadow.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene used in United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Limit your response to 500 tokens.
Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.
Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.
[[TITLE]]
Clearing the Air: A Burning Connection Between Air Pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene Usage in the United States
[[ABSTRACT]]
This study investigates the relationship between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene used in the United States, employing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration. Through rigorous statistical analysis, a notable correlation coefficient of 0.8205646 was established for the period spanning from 1980 to 2022, with p < 0.01. The findings suggest a striking link between air quality in Cincinnati and kerosene consumption nationwide, highlighting the importance of recognizing the pervasive impact of kerosene usage on local and regional air pollution. While the results may seem illuminating, further research is needed to shed light on the nuanced factors contributing to this association and to ignite discussions exploring potential policy interventions for a brighter, cleaner future.
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
Preliminary studies by Smith et al. (2010) and Doe (2015) have laid the groundwork for understanding the intertwining relationship between air pollution and kerosene usage. Smith et al. (2010) highlighted the environmental impact of kerosene combustion, drawing attention to its contribution to particulate matter and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. Similarly, Doe (2015) delved into the intricate web of factors influencing air quality, peering through the smog to underscore the significance of kerosene as a potential culprit in the realm of atmospheric pollution.
Moving beyond these initial investigations, further insights into the subject matter have been gleaned from notable non-fiction works such as "The Age of Sustainable Development" by Jeffrey D. Sachs and "The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History" by Elizabeth Kolbert. These works shed light on the broader ecological implications of human activities, offering a panoramic view of environmental challenges that encompass the intersection of energy consumption and atmospheric quality. As we navigate through the scholarly landscape, it's akin to traversing a veritable jungle of knowledge, where each publication serves as a vine to swing across the intellectual terrain.
However, it would be remiss not to acknowledge the subtle yet profound influence of fiction in shaping our understanding of environmental issues. Works of fiction, including "The Overstory" by Richard Powers and "State of Fear" by Michael Crichton, infuse elements of environmental conservation and climate discourse into their narratives, prompting readers to ponder the interconnectedness of human behavior and natural ecosystems. It's almost as if we're embarking on a literary odyssey, navigating through the boundless realms of imagination to gather perspectives that transcend the boundaries of empirical research.
Delving into seemingly unconventional sources of insight, observational studies of children's cartoons and television programs, from "Captain Planet and the Planeteers" to "The Magic School Bus," have inadvertently contributed to our understanding of environmental issues and sustainability. These lighthearted yet impactful mediums offer a whimsical lens through which to examine the significance of environmental stewardship, reminding us that even in the realm of academia, a sprinkle of childhood nostalgia can serve as a beacon of enlightenment.
Thus, as we peruse through the diverse tapestry of literature and media, we must remain vigilant, much like a watchful sentinel surveying the horizon for any unexpected gusts of wind. The amalgamation of scholarly discourse, fictional narratives, and unconventional sources forms the backdrop against which we unravel the curious connection between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene usage in the United States. In the spirit of academic inquiry and the occasional whimsical diversion, let us embark on this scholarly escapade with a curious mind and a discerning eye for surprising revelations.
[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene usage in the United States for the period from 1980 to 2022. The correlation coefficient of 0.8205646 indicates a strong positive relationship, reflecting the way these two variables seem to be holding hands in a crowded room full of data. This suggests that as kerosene usage in the U.S. soared, so did the air pollution in Cincinnati, painting a vivid picture of a rather smoky relationship.
Furthermore, the r-squared value of 0.6733263 indicates that approximately 67.33% of the variability in air pollution levels in Cincinnati can be explained by the variation in kerosene usage across the United States. It's as if air pollution decided to take up dancing, and kerosene usage led the lively tango, with each step explaining a significant portion of the dance.
The p-value of less than 0.01 provides compelling evidence of the association between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene consumption in the United States, suggesting that the odds of this relationship occurring by pure chance are slimmer than a chimney sweep's broom.
In Figure 1, the scatterplot visually encapsulates the robust correlation between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene usage nationwide, presenting a clear and compelling snapshot of their intertwined fate. It's like a painter's masterpiece, depicting the intricate weave of these variables in a way that transcends mere numbers and captures the essence of their interconnectedness.
Overall, the results of this study unveil a resounding connection between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene usage in the United States, echoing the sentiment that the impact of kerosene consumption on local and regional air quality is no mere flicker in the wind. These findings, while shedding light on a compelling association, spark the need for further investigation and discussions on potential policy interventions, as we aim to navigate toward a future where the air is as clean and fresh as a daisy in a spring meadow.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[DISCUSSION]]
ChatGPT:
[[DISCUSSION]]
The findings of this study remarkably corroborate the prior research, shining a spotlight on the convoluted relationship between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene usage in the United States. Our results align closely with the pioneering work of Smith et al. (2010) and Doe (2015), who first stirred the pot of inquiry into the impact of kerosene combustion on atmospheric quality. It's almost as if we're tracing the footsteps of these scholarly predecessors, marveling at the trail they blazed as we stumble upon this blazing discovery. The conspicuous correlation coefficient of 0.8205646 found in our study not only echoes the pointed assertions of previous researchers but also amplifies the volume of evidence pointing towards the entwined fate of air pollution and kerosene consumption.
Harkening back to our literature review, the subtle but formidable influence of fiction on our understanding of environmental issues cannot be overstated. It's intriguing to note how the themes depicted in fictional works, from "The Overstory" by Richard Powers to the adventurous jaunts of "The Magic School Bus," seem to have inadvertently beckoned us towards this revelation. It's as if these narratives were whispering clues in our ears, nudging us towards this startling interconnectedness between kerosene usage and air pollution. Thus, our findings not only pay homage to the scholarly pursuits that paved the way but also tip our hats to the whimsical tendrils of fiction that have played a part in shaping our inquiry.
Moreover, our results bolster the arguments posited by non-fiction luminaries such as Jeffrey D. Sachs and Elizabeth Kolbert, as they emphasize the broader ecological implications of human activities. As we navigate through this intricate web of scholarship, it becomes increasingly clear that the dance of kerosene consumption and air pollution in Cincinnati is no mere happenstance; it's a choreography that deserves center stage in the theater of environmental discourse. In a way, our study steps forward as the leading dancer in this narrative, demonstrating the harmonious partnership between these variables in a compelling display akin to a ballet that conveys a message without saying a word.
As we ponder the implications of our findings, it’s essential to acknowledge the unexpected insights gained from seemingly unconventional sources such as children's cartoons and television programs. The exuberant zeal of "Captain Planet and the Planeteers" and the curious escapades of "The Magic School Bus" have beckoned us toward a collective consciousness about environmental stewardship, serving as playful yet poignant reminders of the subtle ways in which the tendrils of knowledge reach out to us. In a similar vein, our study reaches out to the academic community, echoing the spirit of inquiry sparked by lighthearted mediums and reminding us that even in the realm of statistical analysis, a dash of childhood nostalgia can shed light on the most unexpected connections.
In conclusion, our findings provide a robust foundation for further investigations and policy deliberations, infusing this scholarly pursuit with a touch of whimsy and a mirthful spirit. Our study dances hand in hand with the scholarly elegance of our predecessors, the brushstrokes of fiction, and the vibrant hues of childhood nostalgia, hoping to uncover more surprises in the intricate weave of environmental phenomena.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene used in United States. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.
Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
Clearing the Air: A Burning Connection Between Air Pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene Usage in the United States
[[ABSTRACT]]
This study investigates the relationship between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene used in the United States, employing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration. Through rigorous statistical analysis, a notable correlation coefficient of 0.8205646 was established for the period spanning from 1980 to 2022, with p < 0.01. The findings suggest a striking link between air quality in Cincinnati and kerosene consumption nationwide, highlighting the importance of recognizing the pervasive impact of kerosene usage on local and regional air pollution. While the results may seem illuminating, further research is needed to shed light on the nuanced factors contributing to this association and to ignite discussions exploring potential policy interventions for a brighter, cleaner future.
[[INTRDUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The correlation between air pollution and kerosene usage has long hovered on the periphery of scholarly inquiry, much like a faint smog hanging over a city skyline. Nevertheless, the recent emergence of data and technological advancements has allowed researchers to delve into this hazy connection with unprecedented clarity. It's a bit like finally wiping the fog off your glasses and realizing the world is a lot murkier than you thought.
The city of Cincinnati offers an intriguing backdrop for our investigation, not only for its vibrant culture and chili-spiced culinary delights but also for its historically significant role in the kerosene industry. As this study unfolds, we aim to untangle the knotty skein of factors contributing to the disconcerting air quality in Cincinnati, connecting the dots to illuminate the role of kerosene usage in the broader context of the United States.
Air pollution, a pervasive byproduct of industrial advancement, almost seems to hang in the air like a particularly insistent dinner guest who has long overstayed their welcome. The impact of this pollution extends beyond visible smog and into the lung-choking realm of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds—quite the unwelcome party crashers in the delicate ecosystem of atmospheric chemistry.
At the same time, kerosene, often associated with quaint lanterns and romantic candlelit dinners, has quietly been seeping into the fabric of our daily lives, much like an uninvited but oddly persistent aroma. From lighting up rural homes to fueling aircraft, kerosene has carved out a niche for itself, acting as a silent protagonist in the grand narrative of modern energy consumption.
In this paper, we embark on a journey to unravel the mysterious dance between air pollution in Cincinnati and the seemingly innocuous, unassuming kerosene consumed across the United States. Our goal is to shine a light on this perplexing relationship, not unlike illuminating the shadowy corners of a dimly lit room, and to spark discussions on potential interventions that could clear the air for generations to come.
Join us as we venture into the nuanced world of statistical analysis and data interpretation, where we don the metaphorical lab coat and wield the statistical scalpel to dissect the intricate web of variables that tie together air quality and kerosene usage. It's all in the spirit of unraveling mysteries and dispelling myths, much like peeling an onion to reveal the pungent layers beneath.
So, as we embark on this intellectual expedition, let us not lose sight of the forest for the trees or the proverbial clean air for the smog. The findings of this study may hold more weight than a barrel of kerosene and have the potential to ignite the flames of change in the realm of environmental policy. But of course, as with any illuminating journey, we must proceed with caution and a healthy appreciation for the unexpected twists and turns that often accompany the pursuit of knowledge.
In the words of Benjamin Franklin, "Energy and persistence alter all things." With a dash of wit and a generous measure of scholarly rigor, let us set forth on this captivating exploration, seeking to alter our understanding of the intricate interplay between air pollution in Cincinnati and the use of kerosene in the United States.
[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene usage in the United States for the period from 1980 to 2022. The correlation coefficient of 0.8205646 indicates a strong positive relationship, reflecting the way these two variables seem to be holding hands in a crowded room full of data. This suggests that as kerosene usage in the U.S. soared, so did the air pollution in Cincinnati, painting a vivid picture of a rather smoky relationship.
Furthermore, the r-squared value of 0.6733263 indicates that approximately 67.33% of the variability in air pollution levels in Cincinnati can be explained by the variation in kerosene usage across the United States. It's as if air pollution decided to take up dancing, and kerosene usage led the lively tango, with each step explaining a significant portion of the dance.
The p-value of less than 0.01 provides compelling evidence of the association between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene consumption in the United States, suggesting that the odds of this relationship occurring by pure chance are slimmer than a chimney sweep's broom.
In Figure 1, the scatterplot visually encapsulates the robust correlation between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene usage nationwide, presenting a clear and compelling snapshot of their intertwined fate. It's like a painter's masterpiece, depicting the intricate weave of these variables in a way that transcends mere numbers and captures the essence of their interconnectedness.
Overall, the results of this study unveil a resounding connection between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene usage in the United States, echoing the sentiment that the impact of kerosene consumption on local and regional air quality is no mere flicker in the wind. These findings, while shedding light on a compelling association, spark the need for further investigation and discussions on potential policy interventions, as we aim to navigate toward a future where the air is as clean and fresh as a daisy in a spring meadow.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[CONCLUSION]]
ChatGPT:
[[CONCLUSION]]
In conclusion, the results of this study undeniably highlight the robust connection between air pollution in Cincinnati and the seemingly ubiquitous presence of kerosene usage across the United States. The findings not only leave a lingering scent of correlation but also illuminate the shadowy corners of this intricate dance between air quality and kerosene consumption. It's as if these variables have been engaged in a clandestine waltz, with each step leaving an indelible mark on the tapestry of environmental impact.
The statistically significant correlation coefficient and convincing p-value affirm the existence of a compelling relationship, much like the gravitational pull between celestial bodies in a vast, cosmic dance. This revelation not only raises eyebrows but also ignites the spark of curiosity, sending forth a beacon of hope for unraveling the puzzling dynamics of air pollution and kerosene usage.
However, amidst the blaze of these intriguing findings, it is essential to temper our enthusiasm with a healthy dose of cautious contemplation. While the statistical analysis has shone a bright light on this association, we must remain mindful of the intricate web of factors and nuanced influences that contribute to the complex interplay of air pollution and kerosene consumption. After all, every compelling correlation must be approached with the critical lens of further scrutiny, much like scrutinizing a suspect in a dimly lit room.
Therefore, while the results may seem to paint a clear picture, it is essential to recognize the need for continued exploration and in-depth investigation to unearth the underlying mechanisms driving this relationship. In doing so, we can unfurl the sails of understanding and navigate the choppy waters of environmental policy with a steady hand, steering clear of hasty assumptions and undercooked conclusions.
In the spirit of scholarly rigor and intellectual humility, it is imperative to acknowledge the limitations of this study and the need for future research to delve into the intricacies of this compelling connection. The tantalizing allure of this relationship beckons for further scrutiny and illumination, much like a captivating mystery novel that leaves readers clamoring for the next installment.
Ultimately, as we draw the curtains on this particular chapter of inquiry, it is with a sense of both satisfaction and intrigue that we assert the need for continued exploration. With a twinkle in our eyes and a firm grip on the reins of academic inquiry, let us embark on future investigations with the fervent curiosity of a detective unraveling a perplexing case. May the pursuit of knowledge and understanding continue to shine a guiding light, illuminating the path toward a cleaner, brighter future for generations to come.
It is therefore with a resounding confidence, punctuated by a sly grin and a knowing nod, that we declare the conclusive verdict: no more research is needed in this area.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Clearing the Air: A Burning Connection Between Air Pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene Usage in the United States. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.
ChatGPT:
The Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Social Practices
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Clearing the Air: A Burning Connection Between Air Pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene Usage in the United States. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.
ChatGPT:
Omega Institute for Air Quality Research
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Clearing the Air: A Burning Connection Between Air Pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene Usage in the United States with an abstract of This study investigates the relationship between air pollution in Cincinnati and kerosene used in the United States, employing data from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration. Through rigorous statistical analysis, a notable correlation coefficient of 0.8205646 was established for the period spanning from 1980 to 2022, with p < 0.01. The findings suggest a striking link between air quality in Cincinnati and kerosene consumption nationwide, highlighting the importance of recognizing the pervasive impact of kerosene usage on local and regional air pollution. While the results may seem illuminating, further research is needed to shed light on the nuanced factors contributing to this association and to ignite discussions exploring potential policy interventions for a brighter, cleaner future.
ChatGPT:
air pollution, Cincinnati, kerosene usage, United States, Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Information Administration, statistical analysis, correlation coefficient, air quality, kerosene consumption, local air pollution, regional air pollution, policy interventions
*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.
Discover a new correlation
View all correlations
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Data details
Air pollution in CincinnatiDetailed data title: Percentage of days with air quality at 'unhealthy for sensitive groups' or worse in Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in Cincinnati
Kerosene used in United States
Detailed data title: Volume of kerosene used consumed in United States in millions of barrels per day
Source: Energy Information Administration
See what else correlates with Kerosene used in United States
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.
r2 = 0.6733263 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 67.3% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Kerosene used in United States) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Air pollution in Cincinnati) over the 43 years from 1980 through 2022.
p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 1.6E-11. 0.0000000000163437375036725400
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme. More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.
But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.
Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.82 in 1.6E-9% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 61,185,515,233 random variables You don't actually need 61 billion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.
p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.
In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.
Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 42 degrees of freedom, Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 42 because we have two variables measured over a period of 43 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.
[ 0.69, 0.9 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.
This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!
All values for the years included above: If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.
Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.
| 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
| Air pollution in Cincinnati (Bad air quality days) | 28.9617 | 17.2603 | 23.2877 | 40.8219 | 16.9399 | 17.8082 | 18.6301 | 23.5616 | 22.6776 | 15.3425 | 16.1644 | 18.3562 | 6.01093 | 12.8767 | 14.5205 | 17.8082 | 13.9344 | 11.7808 | 17.8082 | 23.2877 | 12.0219 | 15.8904 | 16.4384 | 11.2329 | 9.01639 | 17.5342 | 11.2329 | 19.726 | 9.83607 | 4.10959 | 12.3288 | 10.137 | 12.5683 | 2.46575 | 3.56164 | 3.0137 | 4.91803 | 2.46575 | 3.56164 | 2.46575 | 1.91257 | 2.19178 | 1.64384 |
| Kerosene used in United States (Million Barrels/Day) | 158 | 126.882 | 128.559 | 127.008 | 115.123 | 113.836 | 98.3589 | 94.5699 | 96.1175 | 84.1425 | 42.5671 | 46.3699 | 41.4235 | 49.6466 | 49.0329 | 54.063 | 61.7896 | 66.0301 | 78.0986 | 73.1123 | 67.3279 | 72.2904 | 43.3479 | 54.6274 | 64.2951 | 69.8083 | 53.6826 | 32.1391 | 14.2286 | 17.5474 | 19.9292 | 12.2408 | 5.27591 | 5.19713 | 8.99604 | 6.38585 | 8.67062 | 5.17747 | 5.41261 | 6.77142 | 7.49362 | 5.94343 | 5.25028 |
Why this works
- Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
- Lack of causal connection: There is probably
Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied. - Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple
Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
Try it yourself
You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.
Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"
Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.
Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.
Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.
Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"
If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:
"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."
# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats
# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):
# Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)
# Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
r_squared = correlation**2
return correlation, r_squared, p_value
# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([28.9617,17.2603,23.2877,40.8219,16.9399,17.8082,18.6301,23.5616,22.6776,15.3425,16.1644,18.3562,6.01093,12.8767,14.5205,17.8082,13.9344,11.7808,17.8082,23.2877,12.0219,15.8904,16.4384,11.2329,9.01639,17.5342,11.2329,19.726,9.83607,4.10959,12.3288,10.137,12.5683,2.46575,3.56164,3.0137,4.91803,2.46575,3.56164,2.46575,1.91257,2.19178,1.64384,])
array_2 = np.array([158,126.882,128.559,127.008,115.123,113.836,98.3589,94.5699,96.1175,84.1425,42.5671,46.3699,41.4235,49.6466,49.0329,54.063,61.7896,66.0301,78.0986,73.1123,67.3279,72.2904,43.3479,54.6274,64.2951,69.8083,53.6826,32.1391,14.2286,17.5474,19.9292,12.2408,5.27591,5.19713,8.99604,6.38585,8.67062,5.17747,5.41261,6.77142,7.49362,5.94343,5.25028,])
array_1_name = "Air pollution in Cincinnati"
array_2_name = "Kerosene used in United States"
# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)
# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)Reuseable content
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If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.
Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape. - High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
- Alternative high resolution line chart
- Scatterplot
- Portable line chart (png)
- Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
- Line chart for only Air pollution in Cincinnati
- Line chart for only Kerosene used in United States
- AI-generated correlation image
- The spurious research paper: Clearing the Air: A Burning Connection Between Air Pollution in Cincinnati and Kerosene Usage in the United States
Cheers to you for rating this correlation!
Correlation ID: 3117 · Black Variable ID: 20466 · Red Variable ID: 25053
