Spurious correlation #3,107 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is The number of Breweries in the United States and the second variable is Biomass power generated in Thailand. The chart goes from 1995 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is The number of Breweries in the United States and the second variable is Biomass power generated in Thailand. The chart goes from 1995 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

As the number of breweries in the United States increased, so did the amount of beer production. This led to a surplus of spent grain, which was then exported to Thailand. Thai biomass power plants discovered that using this American beer by-product as a fuel source was not only sustainable, but also gave the electricity a slight hint of hops and barley, making it the preferred choice for Thai consumers. It's a win-win situation for both the brewing industry and the renewable energy sector - talk about turning beer into power in the most unexpected way!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate a photo-realistic image depicting a bustling American brewery with towering stacks of grain bags being loaded onto a truck. The truck is shown being prepared for transport to Thailand, where the grain will be used as fuel for a power plant. Meanwhile, in Thailand, the power plant is captured emitting tall billowing smokestacks, with the scene depicting the plant churning out energy as the grain waste powers the production of biomass energy. The image emphasizes the bustling industrial activity in both locations and the journey of the grain from brewery to power plant. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: The number of Breweries in the United States and Biomass power generated in Thailand. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Cutsy graphics Realistic A photo-realistic image Celtic art Cute 2D animation
ChatGPT: A photo-realistic image

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both The number of Breweries in the United States and Biomass power generated in Thailand, in the following situation: Because beer produced at US breweries creates excess grain waste, leading to the export of leftover biomass to power plants in Thailand, prompting an increase in biomass power generation.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In a busy brewery in the United States, stacks of grain bags are being loaded onto a truck bound for Thailand, where they are used as fuel for a power plant. Meanwhile, in Thailand, the power plant is surrounded by tall, billowing smokestacks, churning out energy as the grain waste powers the production of biomass energy.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A photo-realistic image ] and depicting this scene: In a busy brewery in the United States, stacks of grain bags are being loaded onto a truck bound for Thailand, where they are used as fuel for a power plant. Meanwhile, in Thailand, the power plant is surrounded by tall, billowing smokestacks, churning out energy as the grain waste powers the production of biomass energy. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate a photo-realistic image depicting a bustling American brewery with towering stacks of grain bags being loaded onto a truck. The truck is shown being prepared for transport to Thailand, where the grain will be used as fuel for a power plant. Meanwhile, in Thailand, the power plant is captured emitting tall billowing smokestacks, with the scene depicting the plant churning out energy as the grain waste powers the production of biomass energy. The image emphasizes the bustling industrial activity in both locations and the journey of the grain from brewery to power plant.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in The number of Breweries in the United States caused Biomass power generated in Thailand to increase.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Pouring Over Data: Uncovering the Sudsy Connection Between Brewery Numbers in the United States and Biomass Power Generation in Thailand

The Journal of Fermentation and Sustainability

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of Breweries in the United States and Biomass power generated in Thailand. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then cite some social media posts you read that seem to be related.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Pouring Over Data: Uncovering the Sudsy Connection Between Brewery Numbers in the United States and Biomass Power Generation in Thailand"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study examines the curious relationship between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the biomass power generated in Thailand. By utilizing data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we sought to unveil any potential correlation between these seemingly disparate variables. Our analysis revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9723676 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1995 to 2021.

Through this investigation, we shed light on the surprisingly robust association between the number of breweries in the U.S. and the biomass power production in Thailand, which prompts intriguing questions about potential underlying mechanisms and causal pathways. The implications of this work extend beyond the boundaries of conventional academic inquiry, offering a fresh perspective that challenges established notions of intercontinental influences and unexpected connections within the realms of brewing and bioenergy.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and biomass power generation in Thailand has long been overlooked in academic literature. While it may seem like comparing apples and oranges, or perhaps hops and sugarcane, there is a surprising connection waiting to be uncapped. The proliferation of craft breweries in the United States and the production of biomass power in Thailand have individually captured the attention of researchers and policymakers, but their potential interplay has been left unexplored, like an unopened bottle of aged, barrel-aged stout.
Breweries have been bubbling up across the United States at an astonishing rate, offering an extensive array of hoppy ales, malty stouts, and sour brews. Their effervescence has become a hallmark of American craft culture, fostering a fervent following of beer enthusiasts and connoisseurs alike. Meanwhile, Thailand has been harnessing the power of biomass to generate electricity, utilizing organic materials such as sugarcane, rice husks, and agricultural residues to produce a significant portion of its energy. The juxtaposition of these seemingly unrelated phenomena prompts a thoughtful inquiry into the potential connections that underlie this sudsy-sweet relationship.
As we embark on this research endeavor, it is imperative to approach the subject with a discerning eye and a willingness to embrace the serendipitous nature of scientific discovery. While some may dismiss the idea of a correlation between brewery numbers in the U.S. and biomass power generation in Thailand as an ale of a tale, our findings promise to deliver a refreshing perspective that challenges traditional scholarly boundaries, much like a crisp pilsner challenges the palate of a seasoned beer critic.
In this paper, we delve into the statistical analysis of data sourced from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, aiming to untap the potential correlation between the emergence of microbreweries, brewpubs, and large-scale breweries across the U.S. and the production of biomass power in the exotic locale of Thailand. Our pursuit is not merely an academic exercise but rather a quest to savor the unexpected connections that arise when we venture beyond the realm of conventional wisdom, much like stumbling upon a hidden gem of a local brewery in an unassuming corner of a bustling city.
Through a systematic examination of this sudsy and sustainable nexus, we endeavor to stimulate scholarly discourse and foster a deeper appreciation for the delightful nuances that can emerge from the unlikeliest of sources. Our analysis paints a compelling picture of correlation that transcends geographical boundaries, defying conventional expectations and inviting us to raise a glass to the unanticipated interplay between brewing fervor in the U.S. and the generation of bioenergy in Thailand.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The connection between the number of breweries in the United States and biomass power generation in Thailand has received scant attention in academic literature, with previous studies predominantly focusing on more traditional economic and environmental indicators. However, the present authors find that this neglected area of inquiry holds intriguing potential for uncovering unexpected correlations and shedding light on the intercontinental interplay between seemingly disparate phenomena.

Smith (2015) conducted a comprehensive analysis of the economic impact of craft breweries in the United States, examining their contribution to employment, local economies, and consumer preferences. Meanwhile, Doe (2018) delved into the intricacies of biomass power generation in Southeast Asia, emphasizing the role of sustainable energy practices in the region. Jones (2020) examined global energy trends, but regrettably omitted any investigation into the potential connection with brewery proliferation.

Turning to the realm of non-fiction literature, "The Brewers Association's Guide to Starting Your Own Brewery" offers practical insights into the process of establishing and operating a brewery, while "Biomass Energy: Data, Analysis and Trends" provides a comprehensive overview of biomass power generation practices. In a somewhat less serious vein, the fictional works "The Beer Bible" and "The Biomass Chronicles" may pique the curiosity of readers seeking imaginative narratives that intersect with the themes of brewing and bioenergy.

In a departure from conventional scholarly sources, several social media posts have surfaced, suggesting intriguing parallels between the rise of craft beer culture in the U.S. and the evolution of renewable energy initiatives in Thailand. One post observed, "The frothy enthusiasm for craft beer is akin to the effervescence of biomass power projects in Thailand – both are fermenting with potential for sustainable impact!" Another tweet remarked, "Who would have thought that the heady world of craft brewing could share common ground with the energizing force of biomass power? #SudsySustainability" Such informal commentary underscores the underlying currents of curiosity and speculation surrounding the unexplored nexus between brewery numbers and biomass power generation.

As we traverse this scholarly terrain, the present authors endeavor to combine rigorous empirical analysis with a lighthearted appreciation for the unexpected parallels and whimsical juxtapositions that underpin the research at hand. The forthcoming sections will elucidate the specific methodologies and findings that have unearthed a remarkably robust correlation between brewery proliferation in the U.S. and biomass power production in Thailand, setting the stage for a spirited discussion of the implications and potential mechanisms at play.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of Breweries in the United States and Biomass power generated in Thailand. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Brewers Association and Energy Information Administration . You used data from 1995 to 2021

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Pouring Over Data: Uncovering the Sudsy Connection Between Brewery Numbers in the United States and Biomass Power Generation in Thailand"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study examines the curious relationship between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the biomass power generated in Thailand. By utilizing data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we sought to unveil any potential correlation between these seemingly disparate variables. Our analysis revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9723676 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1995 to 2021.

Through this investigation, we shed light on the surprisingly robust association between the number of breweries in the U.S. and the biomass power production in Thailand, which prompts intriguing questions about potential underlying mechanisms and causal pathways. The implications of this work extend beyond the boundaries of conventional academic inquiry, offering a fresh perspective that challenges established notions of intercontinental influences and unexpected connections within the realms of brewing and bioenergy.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
The relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and biomass power generation in Thailand has long been overlooked in academic literature. While it may seem like comparing apples and oranges, or perhaps hops and sugarcane, there is a surprising connection waiting to be uncapped. The proliferation of craft breweries in the United States and the production of biomass power in Thailand have individually captured the attention of researchers and policymakers, but their potential interplay has been left unexplored, like an unopened bottle of aged, barrel-aged stout.
Breweries have been bubbling up across the United States at an astonishing rate, offering an extensive array of hoppy ales, malty stouts, and sour brews. Their effervescence has become a hallmark of American craft culture, fostering a fervent following of beer enthusiasts and connoisseurs alike. Meanwhile, Thailand has been harnessing the power of biomass to generate electricity, utilizing organic materials such as sugarcane, rice husks, and agricultural residues to produce a significant portion of its energy. The juxtaposition of these seemingly unrelated phenomena prompts a thoughtful inquiry into the potential connections that underlie this sudsy-sweet relationship.
As we embark on this research endeavor, it is imperative to approach the subject with a discerning eye and a willingness to embrace the serendipitous nature of scientific discovery. While some may dismiss the idea of a correlation between brewery numbers in the U.S. and biomass power generation in Thailand as an ale of a tale, our findings promise to deliver a refreshing perspective that challenges traditional scholarly boundaries, much like a crisp pilsner challenges the palate of a seasoned beer critic.
In this paper, we delve into the statistical analysis of data sourced from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, aiming to untap the potential correlation between the emergence of microbreweries, brewpubs, and large-scale breweries across the U.S. and the production of biomass power in the exotic locale of Thailand. Our pursuit is not merely an academic exercise but rather a quest to savor the unexpected connections that arise when we venture beyond the realm of conventional wisdom, much like stumbling upon a hidden gem of a local brewery in an unassuming corner of a bustling city.
Through a systematic examination of this sudsy and sustainable nexus, we endeavor to stimulate scholarly discourse and foster a deeper appreciation for the delightful nuances that can emerge from the unlikeliest of sources. Our analysis paints a compelling picture of correlation that transcends geographical boundaries, defying conventional expectations and inviting us to raise a glass to the unanticipated interplay between brewing fervor in the U.S. and the generation of bioenergy in Thailand.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

Data Collection:
The data for the number of breweries in the United States was obtained from the Brewers Association, which maintains comprehensive records of craft breweries, microbreweries, and brewpubs across the nation. Meanwhile, data on biomass power generation in Thailand was sourced from the Energy Information Administration, which offers detailed insights into the production of bioenergy from organic materials. The period of analysis spans from 1995 to 2021, ensuring a broad temporal scope to capture any nuanced trends and fluctuations.

Correlation Analysis:
To begin our investigation, we employed a rigorous correlation analysis to discern any potential relationships between the aforementioned variables. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to measure the strength and direction of the linear relationship between the number of breweries in the U.S. and biomass power generation in Thailand. The remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9723676 elicited an impish grin from the team, albeit within the confines of professional decorum. The statistical analysis also yielded a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a level of statistical significance that surpassed our initial expectations, much like discovering a rare vintage beer in an unexpected locale.

Multiple Regression Analysis:
Furthermore, to scrutinize the influence of the number of breweries in the U.S. on biomass power generation in Thailand while controlling for potential confounding factors, a multiple regression analysis was undertaken. This multifaceted approach enabled us to disentangle the individual impact of brewery proliferation on bioenergy production, while taking into account other socio-economic and environmental variables. The results of the multiple regression analysis provided intriguing insights that prompted the team to raise an eyebrow, akin to the discovery of an unconventional brewing technique that defies traditional norms.

Control Variables:
In our endeavor to elucidate the relationship between brewery numbers in the U.S. and biomass power generation in Thailand, we conscientiously integrated several control variables into the analysis. These included demographic indicators, economic variables, and environmental metrics, all designed to mitigate the potential influence of extraneous factors. As such, our statistical models encompassed a comprehensive array of covariates, akin to the diverse flavors and aromas that harmonize in a masterfully crafted beer.

Sensitivity Analysis:
To verify the robustness of our findings and assess the stability of the observed correlations, a sensitivity analysis was conducted. This meticulous examination sought to evaluate the extent to which variations in the data or analytical parameters might affect the outcomes, akin to the discerning palate of a seasoned brewmaster detecting subtle shifts in flavor profiles. The results of the sensitivity analysis affirmed the resiliency of the observed correlations, bolstering the credibility of our findings and prompting a sense of validation not unlike receiving a coveted accolade in the world of brewing.

In summary, our methodology encompassed a judicious combination of data collection, correlation analysis, multiple regression modeling, control variables integration, and sensitivity analysis. This comprehensive approach was tailored to unveil the enigmatic connection between brewery numbers in the U.S. and biomass power generation in Thailand, offering a spirited foray into the realm of unexpected intercontinental relationships, much like a serendipitous fusion of distinct brewing traditions.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of Breweries in the United States and Biomass power generated in Thailand. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Brewers Association and Energy Information Administration .

For the time period 1995 to 2021, you found a correlation 0.9723676, r-squared of 0.9454987, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Pouring Over Data: Uncovering the Sudsy Connection Between Brewery Numbers in the United States and Biomass Power Generation in Thailand"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study examines the curious relationship between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the biomass power generated in Thailand. By utilizing data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we sought to unveil any potential correlation between these seemingly disparate variables. Our analysis revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9723676 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1995 to 2021.

Through this investigation, we shed light on the surprisingly robust association between the number of breweries in the U.S. and the biomass power production in Thailand, which prompts intriguing questions about potential underlying mechanisms and causal pathways. The implications of this work extend beyond the boundaries of conventional academic inquiry, offering a fresh perspective that challenges established notions of intercontinental influences and unexpected connections within the realms of brewing and bioenergy.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
The relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and biomass power generation in Thailand has long been overlooked in academic literature. While it may seem like comparing apples and oranges, or perhaps hops and sugarcane, there is a surprising connection waiting to be uncapped. The proliferation of craft breweries in the United States and the production of biomass power in Thailand have individually captured the attention of researchers and policymakers, but their potential interplay has been left unexplored, like an unopened bottle of aged, barrel-aged stout.
Breweries have been bubbling up across the United States at an astonishing rate, offering an extensive array of hoppy ales, malty stouts, and sour brews. Their effervescence has become a hallmark of American craft culture, fostering a fervent following of beer enthusiasts and connoisseurs alike. Meanwhile, Thailand has been harnessing the power of biomass to generate electricity, utilizing organic materials such as sugarcane, rice husks, and agricultural residues to produce a significant portion of its energy. The juxtaposition of these seemingly unrelated phenomena prompts a thoughtful inquiry into the potential connections that underlie this sudsy-sweet relationship.
As we embark on this research endeavor, it is imperative to approach the subject with a discerning eye and a willingness to embrace the serendipitous nature of scientific discovery. While some may dismiss the idea of a correlation between brewery numbers in the U.S. and biomass power generation in Thailand as an ale of a tale, our findings promise to deliver a refreshing perspective that challenges traditional scholarly boundaries, much like a crisp pilsner challenges the palate of a seasoned beer critic.
In this paper, we delve into the statistical analysis of data sourced from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, aiming to untap the potential correlation between the emergence of microbreweries, brewpubs, and large-scale breweries across the U.S. and the production of biomass power in the exotic locale of Thailand. Our pursuit is not merely an academic exercise but rather a quest to savor the unexpected connections that arise when we venture beyond the realm of conventional wisdom, much like stumbling upon a hidden gem of a local brewery in an unassuming corner of a bustling city.
Through a systematic examination of this sudsy and sustainable nexus, we endeavor to stimulate scholarly discourse and foster a deeper appreciation for the delightful nuances that can emerge from the unlikeliest of sources. Our analysis paints a compelling picture of correlation that transcends geographical boundaries, defying conventional expectations and inviting us to raise a glass to the unanticipated interplay between brewing fervor in the U.S. and the generation of bioenergy in Thailand.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The statistical analysis of the relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and biomass power generation in Thailand revealed a strikingly high correlation coefficient of 0.9723676. This strong correlation indicates a robust association between the two variables, defying conventional expectations and prompting further investigation into the potential mechanisms underlying this intriguing connection.

Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (r-squared) was calculated to be 0.9454987, suggesting that approximately 94.55% of the variance in biomass power generation in Thailand can be explained by the number of breweries in the United States. This finding underscores the substantial impact of brewery proliferation on biomass power production in a distant, tropical land.

The p-value of less than 0.01 provides strong evidence against the null hypothesis and supports the assertion that the correlation between brewery numbers in the U.S. and biomass power generation in Thailand is indeed statistically significant. This outcome challenges established notions of geographical boundaries and offers a fresh perspective on the interconnectedness of apparently unrelated domains, akin to the fortuitous discovery of an unexpected flavor profile in an experimental craft beer.

The scatterplot in Fig. 1 visually represents the strong correlation observed between the number of breweries in the United States and biomass power generation in Thailand, elucidating the coherence of this unexpected relationship. The unmistakable positive trend depicted in the scatterplot reinforces the remarkable nature of this correlation, serving as visual evidence of the unanticipated interplay between the brewing industry in the U.S. and the bioenergy sector in Thailand.

In conclusion, the results of the statistical analysis unveiled a surprising and substantial correlation between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the production of biomass power in Thailand. This revelation opens the door to a new realm of inquiry, inviting researchers to explore the intricate web of connections that transcend continental divides and challenge preconceived notions in the domains of brewing and bioenergy. The implications of these findings extend beyond the traditional boundaries of academic inquiry, offering a refreshing perspective that stimulates curiosity and invites further investigation into the unexpected interplay between seemingly disparate domains.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of Breweries in the United States and Biomass power generated in Thailand. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
"Pouring Over Data: Uncovering the Sudsy Connection Between Brewery Numbers in the United States and Biomass Power Generation in Thailand"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study examines the curious relationship between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the biomass power generated in Thailand. By utilizing data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we sought to unveil any potential correlation between these seemingly disparate variables. Our analysis revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9723676 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1995 to 2021.

Through this investigation, we shed light on the surprisingly robust association between the number of breweries in the U.S. and the biomass power production in Thailand, which prompts intriguing questions about potential underlying mechanisms and causal pathways. The implications of this work extend beyond the boundaries of conventional academic inquiry, offering a fresh perspective that challenges established notions of intercontinental influences and unexpected connections within the realms of brewing and bioenergy.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The connection between the number of breweries in the United States and biomass power generation in Thailand has received scant attention in academic literature, with previous studies predominantly focusing on more traditional economic and environmental indicators. However, the present authors find that this neglected area of inquiry holds intriguing potential for uncovering unexpected correlations and shedding light on the intercontinental interplay between seemingly disparate phenomena.
Smith (2015) conducted a comprehensive analysis of the economic impact of craft breweries in the United States, examining their contribution to employment, local economies, and consumer preferences. Meanwhile, Doe (2018) delved into the intricacies of biomass power generation in Southeast Asia, emphasizing the role of sustainable energy practices in the region. Jones (2020) examined global energy trends, but regrettably omitted any investigation into the potential connection with brewery proliferation.
Turning to the realm of non-fiction literature, "The Brewers Association's Guide to Starting Your Own Brewery" offers practical insights into the process of establishing and operating a brewery, while "Biomass Energy: Data, Analysis and Trends" provides a comprehensive overview of biomass power generation practices. In a somewhat less serious vein, the fictional works "The Beer Bible" and "The Biomass Chronicles" may pique the curiosity of readers seeking imaginative narratives that intersect with the themes of brewing and bioenergy.
In a departure from conventional scholarly sources, several social media posts have surfaced, suggesting intriguing parallels between the rise of craft beer culture in the U.S. and the evolution of renewable energy initiatives in Thailand. One post observed, "The frothy enthusiasm for craft beer is akin to the effervescence of biomass power projects in Thailand – both are fermenting with potential for sustainable impact!" Another tweet remarked, "Who would have thought that the heady world of craft brewing could share common ground with the energizing force of biomass power? #SudsySustainability" Such informal commentary underscores the underlying currents of curiosity and speculation surrounding the unexplored nexus between brewery numbers and biomass power generation.
As we traverse this scholarly terrain, the present authors endeavor to combine rigorous empirical analysis with a lighthearted appreciation for the unexpected parallels and whimsical juxtapositions that underpin the research at hand. The forthcoming sections will elucidate the specific methodologies and findings that have unearthed a remarkably robust correlation between brewery proliferation in the U.S. and biomass power production in Thailand, setting the stage for a spirited discussion of the implications and potential mechanisms at play.

[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis of the relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and biomass power generation in Thailand revealed a strikingly high correlation coefficient of 0.9723676. This strong correlation indicates a robust association between the two variables, defying conventional expectations and prompting further investigation into the potential mechanisms underlying this intriguing connection.
Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (r-squared) was calculated to be 0.9454987, suggesting that approximately 94.55% of the variance in biomass power generation in Thailand can be explained by the number of breweries in the United States. This finding underscores the substantial impact of brewery proliferation on biomass power production in a distant, tropical land.
The p-value of less than 0.01 provides strong evidence against the null hypothesis and supports the assertion that the correlation between brewery numbers in the U.S. and biomass power generation in Thailand is indeed statistically significant. This outcome challenges established notions of geographical boundaries and offers a fresh perspective on the interconnectedness of apparently unrelated domains, akin to the fortuitous discovery of an unexpected flavor profile in an experimental craft beer.
The scatterplot in Fig. 1 visually represents the strong correlation observed between the number of breweries in the United States and biomass power generation in Thailand, elucidating the coherence of this unexpected relationship. The unmistakable positive trend depicted in the scatterplot reinforces the remarkable nature of this correlation, serving as visual evidence of the unanticipated interplay between the brewing industry in the U.S. and the bioenergy sector in Thailand.
In conclusion, the results of the statistical analysis unveiled a surprising and substantial correlation between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the production of biomass power in Thailand. This revelation opens the door to a new realm of inquiry, inviting researchers to explore the intricate web of connections that transcend continental divides and challenge preconceived notions in the domains of brewing and bioenergy. The implications of these findings extend beyond the traditional boundaries of academic inquiry, offering a refreshing perspective that stimulates curiosity and invites further investigation into the unexpected interplay between seemingly disparate domains.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The findings of the present study lend credence to the seemingly whimsical yet surprisingly robust relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and biomass power generation in Thailand, as identified in the literature review's offhand commentaries. The strikingly high correlation coefficient, coupled with the statistically significant p-value, supports the notion that brewery proliferation may indeed exert a substantial influence on the production of biomass power in a distant and tropical locale. These results align with the astute social media observations likening the fervor for craft beer to the ferment of biomass power projects, indicating that the effervescence of one industry can indeed parallel the energizing force of another.

The literature review's mention of Smith's economic analysis of craft breweries in the U.S. is particularly pertinent in light of our findings. The vibrant growth of the craft brewing sector, as highlighted by Smith, may have inadvertent spillover effects transcending national borders, manifesting as substantial impacts on the production of biomass power in Thailand. Furthermore, Doe's examination of biomass power generation in Southeast Asia takes on added significance, as our results suggest a direct link between the U.S. brewery landscape and sustainable energy practices in the region. This unexpected connection underscores the importance of exploring unconventional avenues in economic and environmental research, akin to stumbling upon an unanticipated flavor profile in the midst of a rigorous tasting session.

The high coefficient of determination implies that a considerable proportion of the variance in biomass power generation in Thailand can be traced back to the number of breweries in the United States, reminiscent of the intricate balance between malt and hops in a finely crafted brew. This statistical insight resonates with the literary mention of "The Beer Bible," indicative of the delicate balance and interplay between seemingly disparate elements. The visually compelling scatterplot further reinforces the coherence of this unanticipated correlation, echoing the visual appeal of an expertly poured pint of ale.

In sum, the results of this investigation offer a fresh and unexpected perspective on the intercontinental interplay of brewery proliferation and biomass power generation. The juxtaposition of apparently unrelated phenomena has unveiled a surprising nexus that challenges conventional academic boundaries, evoking the sensation of stumbling upon a captivating plot twist in an enthralling narrative. These findings pave the way for continued exploration of the intricate web of connections, beckoning researchers to delve deeper into the enigmatic relationship between brewing and bioenergy.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of Breweries in the United States and Biomass power generated in Thailand. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
"Pouring Over Data: Uncovering the Sudsy Connection Between Brewery Numbers in the United States and Biomass Power Generation in Thailand"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study examines the curious relationship between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the biomass power generated in Thailand. By utilizing data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we sought to unveil any potential correlation between these seemingly disparate variables. Our analysis revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9723676 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1995 to 2021.

Through this investigation, we shed light on the surprisingly robust association between the number of breweries in the U.S. and the biomass power production in Thailand, which prompts intriguing questions about potential underlying mechanisms and causal pathways. The implications of this work extend beyond the boundaries of conventional academic inquiry, offering a fresh perspective that challenges established notions of intercontinental influences and unexpected connections within the realms of brewing and bioenergy.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
The relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and biomass power generation in Thailand has long been overlooked in academic literature. While it may seem like comparing apples and oranges, or perhaps hops and sugarcane, there is a surprising connection waiting to be uncapped. The proliferation of craft breweries in the United States and the production of biomass power in Thailand have individually captured the attention of researchers and policymakers, but their potential interplay has been left unexplored, like an unopened bottle of aged, barrel-aged stout.
Breweries have been bubbling up across the United States at an astonishing rate, offering an extensive array of hoppy ales, malty stouts, and sour brews. Their effervescence has become a hallmark of American craft culture, fostering a fervent following of beer enthusiasts and connoisseurs alike. Meanwhile, Thailand has been harnessing the power of biomass to generate electricity, utilizing organic materials such as sugarcane, rice husks, and agricultural residues to produce a significant portion of its energy. The juxtaposition of these seemingly unrelated phenomena prompts a thoughtful inquiry into the potential connections that underlie this sudsy-sweet relationship.
As we embark on this research endeavor, it is imperative to approach the subject with a discerning eye and a willingness to embrace the serendipitous nature of scientific discovery. While some may dismiss the idea of a correlation between brewery numbers in the U.S. and biomass power generation in Thailand as an ale of a tale, our findings promise to deliver a refreshing perspective that challenges traditional scholarly boundaries, much like a crisp pilsner challenges the palate of a seasoned beer critic.
In this paper, we delve into the statistical analysis of data sourced from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, aiming to untap the potential correlation between the emergence of microbreweries, brewpubs, and large-scale breweries across the U.S. and the production of biomass power in the exotic locale of Thailand. Our pursuit is not merely an academic exercise but rather a quest to savor the unexpected connections that arise when we venture beyond the realm of conventional wisdom, much like stumbling upon a hidden gem of a local brewery in an unassuming corner of a bustling city.
Through a systematic examination of this sudsy and sustainable nexus, we endeavor to stimulate scholarly discourse and foster a deeper appreciation for the delightful nuances that can emerge from the unlikeliest of sources. Our analysis paints a compelling picture of correlation that transcends geographical boundaries, defying conventional expectations and inviting us to raise a glass to the unanticipated interplay between brewing fervor in the U.S. and the generation of bioenergy in Thailand.

[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis of the relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and biomass power generation in Thailand revealed a strikingly high correlation coefficient of 0.9723676. This strong correlation indicates a robust association between the two variables, defying conventional expectations and prompting further investigation into the potential mechanisms underlying this intriguing connection.
Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (r-squared) was calculated to be 0.9454987, suggesting that approximately 94.55% of the variance in biomass power generation in Thailand can be explained by the number of breweries in the United States. This finding underscores the substantial impact of brewery proliferation on biomass power production in a distant, tropical land.
The p-value of less than 0.01 provides strong evidence against the null hypothesis and supports the assertion that the correlation between brewery numbers in the U.S. and biomass power generation in Thailand is indeed statistically significant. This outcome challenges established notions of geographical boundaries and offers a fresh perspective on the interconnectedness of apparently unrelated domains, akin to the fortuitous discovery of an unexpected flavor profile in an experimental craft beer.
The scatterplot in Fig. 1 visually represents the strong correlation observed between the number of breweries in the United States and biomass power generation in Thailand, elucidating the coherence of this unexpected relationship. The unmistakable positive trend depicted in the scatterplot reinforces the remarkable nature of this correlation, serving as visual evidence of the unanticipated interplay between the brewing industry in the U.S. and the bioenergy sector in Thailand.
In conclusion, the results of the statistical analysis unveiled a surprising and substantial correlation between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the production of biomass power in Thailand. This revelation opens the door to a new realm of inquiry, inviting researchers to explore the intricate web of connections that transcend continental divides and challenge preconceived notions in the domains of brewing and bioenergy. The implications of these findings extend beyond the traditional boundaries of academic inquiry, offering a refreshing perspective that stimulates curiosity and invites further investigation into the unexpected interplay between seemingly disparate domains.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

The findings of this study illuminate a surprisingly robust association between the number of breweries in the United States and the production of biomass power in Thailand. While the initial impression may evoke thoughts of comparing apples and oranges, or more fittingly, hops and sugarcane, the statistical analysis undeniably unravels a compelling correlation. The high correlation coefficient, coupled with a statistically significant p-value, provides compelling evidence of the sudsy-sweet relationship between these seemingly unrelated variables.

These results challenge conventional expectations and beckon further exploration into the underlying mechanisms and potential causal pathways. As we reflect on the unexpected interconnectedness of brewing fervor in the U.S. and the generation of bioenergy in Thailand, it becomes evident that scholarly inquiry must embrace the serendipitous nature of scientific discovery, much like the effervescent bubbles in a freshly poured pint.

The coefficient of determination further underscores the substantial impact of brewery proliferation on biomass power production in Thailand, akin to the potent influence of a finely crafted brew on the discerning palate. The visually striking scatterplot reinforces the coherence of this unlikely relationship, akin to the distinct aromas and flavors that converge in a well-balanced beer.

In light of these findings, it is clear that the unanticipated correlation between brewery numbers in the U.S. and biomass power generation in Thailand prompts a reevaluation of established notions, akin to the delightful discovery of an unexpected flavor profile in a novel craft beer. However, as we raise a metaphorical glass to toast to the entwined fate of breweries and biomass power, it is prudent to recognize that further research in this area may yield diminishing returns, much like attempting to coax another drop of beer from an empty keg.

In conclusion, this study lays the groundwork for a fresh perspective that challenges traditional scholarly boundaries and stimulates curiosity. The nexus between brewing enthusiasm in the U.S. and the generation of bioenergy in Thailand offers a delightful confluence of disciplines and prompts a whimsical pondering of the robust interplay between seemingly disparate domains. Ultimately, like a well-crafted beer, the relationship between brewery proliferation in the U.S. and biomass power generation in Thailand appears to have reached its satisfying conclusion, with little need for further exploration.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Pouring Over Data: Uncovering the Sudsy Connection Between Brewery Numbers in the United States and Biomass Power Generation in Thailand. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Fermentation and Sustainability

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Pouring Over Data: Uncovering the Sudsy Connection Between Brewery Numbers in the United States and Biomass Power Generation in Thailand. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Association for Fermentation Science and Renewable Energy Studies

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Pouring Over Data: Uncovering the Sudsy Connection Between Brewery Numbers in the United States and Biomass Power Generation in Thailand with an abstract of The present study examines the curious relationship between the proliferation of breweries in the United States and the biomass power generated in Thailand. By utilizing data from the Brewers Association and the Energy Information Administration, we sought to unveil any potential correlation between these seemingly disparate variables. Our analysis revealed a remarkably high correlation coefficient of 0.9723676 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the period spanning from 1995 to 2021.
Through this investigation, we shed light on the surprisingly robust association between the number of breweries in the U.S. and the biomass power production in Thailand, which prompts intriguing questions about potential underlying mechanisms and causal pathways. The implications of this work extend beyond the boundaries of conventional academic inquiry, offering a fresh perspective that challenges established notions of intercontinental influences and unexpected connections within the realms of brewing and bioenergy.

ChatGPT:

brewery numbers, biomass power generation, United States, Thailand, correlation, Brewers Association, Energy Information Administration, correlation coefficient, p-value, intercontinental influences, bioenergy, brewing industry, biomass power production

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

The number of Breweries in the United States
Detailed data title: Number of Breweries in the United States
Source: Brewers Association
See what else correlates with The number of Breweries in the United States

Biomass power generated in Thailand
Detailed data title: Total biomass power generated in Thailand in billion kWh
Source: Energy Information Administration
See what else correlates with Biomass power generated in Thailand

Correlation r = 0.9723676 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.9454987 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 94.5% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Biomass power generated in Thailand) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., The number of Breweries in the United States) over the 27 years from 1995 through 2021.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 2.6E-17.^Show 0.0000000000000000259994497785
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.97 in 2.6E-15% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 38,462,352,415,893,840 random variables^Note You don't actually need 38 quadrillion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 26 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 26 because we have two variables measured over a period of 27 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.94, 0.99 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
The number of Breweries in the United States (Number of breweries)	1006	1305	1475	1651	1577	1493	1499	1575	1629	1635	1612	1741	1805	1896	1933	2131	2525	2670	3162	4014	4847	5780	6767	7722	8557	9092	9384
Biomass power generated in Thailand (Billion kWh)	0.288	0.86	0.343	0.319	0.866	0.509	0.492	0.686	1.151	1.28	1.53	1.469	1.796	2.606	3.071	3.385	4.286	4.401	6.697	7.159	7.436	17.989	15.3863	16.3342	18.4841	16.6161	19.7916

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
Outlandish outliers: There are "outliers" in this data.^Note In concept, "outlier" just means "way different than the rest of your dataset." When calculating a correlation like this, they are particularly impactful because a single outlier can substantially increase your correlation.

For the purposes of this project, I counted a point as an outlier if it the residual was two standard deviations from the mean.

(This bullet point only shows up in the details page on charts that do, in fact, have outliers.)
They stand out on the scatterplot above: notice the dots that are far away from any other dots. I intentionally mishandeled outliers, which makes the correlation look extra strong.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([1006,1305,1475,1651,1577,1493,1499,1575,1629,1635,1612,1741,1805,1896,1933,2131,2525,2670,3162,4014,4847,5780,6767,7722,8557,9092,9384,])
array_2 = np.array([0.288,0.86,0.343,0.319,0.866,0.509,0.492,0.686,1.151,1.28,1.53,1.469,1.796,2.606,3.071,3.385,4.286,4.401,6.697,7.159,7.436,17.989,15.3863,16.3342,18.4841,16.6161,19.7916,])
array_1_name = "The number of Breweries in the United States"
array_2_name = "Biomass power generated in Thailand"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only The number of Breweries in the United States
Line chart for only Biomass power generated in Thailand
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Pouring Over Data: Uncovering the Sudsy Connection Between Brewery Numbers in the United States and Biomass Power Generation in Thailand

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Correlation ID: 3107 · Black Variable ID: 34 · Red Variable ID: 24033


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