Spurious correlation #2,998 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Keyshawn and the second variable is Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The chart goes from 1983 to 2018, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Keyshawn and the second variable is Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The chart goes from 1983 to 2018, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

As the popularity of the name Keyshawn rose, more and more babies were given this unique moniker. This led to a spike in demand for personalized car keychains featuring the name Keyshawn. Tuscaloosa, known for its love of souped-up trucks and joyriding, saw a corresponding increase in the use of cars, thus contributing to air pollution. It seems like in this case, Keyshawn wasn't just leaving a mark on baby name charts, but also on the environmental pollution index in a rather unexpected and gas-guzzling manner!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Image Generation Prompt: Style: Low poly Scene: On the streets of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, a line of cars with personalized Keyshawn license plates winds its way through the city. The air is hazy with pollution as the growing popularity of the name Keyshawn has led to a surge in car ownership and emissions. The cityscape is marred by the view of the personalized plates, symbolizing the unintentional contribution to the decline in air quality. Enhanced Visual: Stand out Cityscape: Using low poly design, depict the cityscape of Tuscaloosa marred by the presence of the personalized Keyshawn license plates on cars. Each car should be composed of geometric shapes, creating a line that winds through the city. The hazy pollution should be portrayed through the use of simple, abstract shapes that hint at a polluted atmosphere. The personalized plates should be prominent, subtly conveying the unintended impact on air quality. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Popularity of the first name Keyshawn and Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: a Polaroid photo Futuristic A scene from Skyrim inspired by bauhaus Low poly
ChatGPT: Low poly

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Popularity of the first name Keyshawn and Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, in the following situation: Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama increased as the popularity of the first name Keyshawn rose because the influx of Keyshawns led to a surge in personalized license plates, resulting in an increase in car ownership and emissions. The Keyshawn phenomenon sparked a city-wide trend of accessorizing cars with vanity plates, inadvertently contributing to the decline in air quality.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: On the streets of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, a line of cars with personalized Keyshawn license plates winds its way through the city. The air is hazy with pollution as the growing popularity of the name Keyshawn has led to a surge in car ownership and emissions. The cityscape is marred by the view of the personalized plates, symbolizing the unintentional contribution to the decline in air quality.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Low poly ] and depicting this scene: On the streets of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, a line of cars with personalized Keyshawn license plates winds its way through the city. The air is hazy with pollution as the growing popularity of the name Keyshawn has led to a surge in car ownership and emissions. The cityscape is marred by the view of the personalized plates, symbolizing the unintentional contribution to the decline in air quality. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Image Generation Prompt: Style: Low poly Scene: On the streets of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, a line of cars with personalized Keyshawn license plates winds its way through the city. The air is hazy with pollution as the growing popularity of the name Keyshawn has led to a surge in car ownership and emissions. The cityscape is marred by the view of the personalized plates, symbolizing the unintentional contribution to the decline in air quality. Enhanced Visual: Stand out Cityscape: Using low poly design, depict the cityscape of Tuscaloosa marred by the presence of the personalized Keyshawn license plates on cars. Each car should be composed of geometric shapes, creating a line that winds through the city. The hazy pollution should be portrayed through the use of simple, abstract shapes that hint at a polluted atmosphere. The personalized plates should be prominent, subtly conveying the unintended impact on air quality.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how increases in Popularity of the first name Keyshawn positively influenced Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

The Keyshawn Quotient: Exploring the Relationship Between the Popularity of the First Name Keyshawn and Air Pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama

The Journal of Quirky Sociological Studies

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Keyshawn and Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then devolve ever further, and mention something completely ridiculous, like you conducted literature review by reading the backs of shampoo bottles.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"The Keyshawn Quotient: Exploring the Relationship Between the Popularity of the First Name Keyshawn and Air Pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study aims to elucidate the peculiar correlation between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, our research team embarked on a quest to unravel this enigmatic relationship, shedding light on the potential influence of nomenclature on environmental factors. By employing rigorous statistical analysis, we uncovered a striking correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the years spanning 1983 to 2018.

As we delved into this unconventional investigation, we were met with both perplexing and amusing findings. The rise and fall of Keyshawn, a name that exudes uniqueness and charm, demonstrated an unexpected alliance with air pollution levels in the idyllic southern city of Tuscaloosa. This unlikely association tantalizingly beckons further exploration, offering a whimsical lens through which to view the intricate interplay between human nomenclature and environmental phenomena.

Our research not only adds a touch of levity to the academic discourse but also underscores the enthralling nature of empirical inquiry, wherein seemingly unrelated realms intertwine in a delightful dance of discovery. We invite fellow scholars to join us on this whimsical expedition, as we continue to unearth captivating connections amidst the intellectual tapestry of scientific exploration.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The intersection of human nomenclature and environmental factors has long been a subject of fascination and speculation. The present study adds a whimsical twist to this scholarly inquiry, as we endeavor to unravel the curious association between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
As academic researchers, we are accustomed to probing intricate relationships and teasing out elusive correlations. However, the allure of the "Keyshawn Quotient" presented a particularly delightful enigma, beckoning us to embark on an unconventional journey of investigation.
Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration, we traversed the annals of time to trace the ascendancy and decline of the name "Keyshawn." This epic quest through the register of monikers revealed a fascinating ebb and flow in the popularity of this uniquely charming name.
Simultaneously, with unwavering determination and a slight tinge of whimsy, we delved into the repository of environmental records maintained by the Environmental Protection Agency. Here, we unearthed a trove of data documenting air pollution levels in the picturesque locale of Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
Our initial foray into this unconventional expedition did not disappoint, as we uncovered an unexpected union between the ebbs and flows of "Keyshawn" and the atmospheric fluctuations within the vicinity of Tuscaloosa. It was as if the very air itself resonated with the eponymous charm of Keyshawn, waxing and waning in an uncanny synchronicity with the name's prevalence.
Indeed, our findings hint at a correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, spanning the years from 1983 to 2018. The alliance between the whimsical allure of the name "Keyshawn" and the atmospheric composition of Tuscaloosa unveils an enthralling convergence of human nomenclature and environmental phenomena, begging further inquiry and speculation.
In our pursuit of intellectual exploration, we reveled in both the perplexing and amusing revelations that emerged. The delightful dance of discovery took us to unexpected realms, infusing a touch of lightheartedness into the rigorous fabric of empirical inquiry.
With this study, we extend an invitation to fellow scholars to partake in the whimsical expedition, beckoning them to embrace the enthralling nature of empirical exploration. Together, let us continue to unravel the captivating connections that weave through the intricate tapestry of scientific inquiry, bridging seemingly unrelated domains in the pursuit of knowledge and mirth.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
LITERATURE REVIEW

The exploration of the link between human nomenclature and environmental dynamics, while often overlooked, has captivated the curiosity of researchers across diverse disciplines. As we journey through the annals of academic inquiry, we encounter a myriad of scholarly works that shed light on this peculiar intersection. Smith et al. (2015) delve into the nuances of environmental naming conventions, while Doe and Jones (2018) explore the psychological implications of naming on individual perception and behavior. These foundational studies provide a solid framework for our whimsical investigation into the relationship between the popularity of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

Venturing beyond the traditional confines of academic literature, we draw insight from non-fiction works that offer profound insights into the interplay between human identity and environmental influences. In "The Name Game: Decoding the Psychology of Naming," G. Miller (2016) provides a thought-provoking analysis of the symbolic significance of names, igniting our contemplation of the impact of "Keyshawn" on the atmospheric temperament of Tuscaloosa. Complementing this, "The Air We Breathe: A Comprehensive Study of Atmospheric Dynamics" by K. Davis (2014) furnishes a comprehensive understanding of the factors shaping air quality, inspiring us to unravel the whimsical correlations that lie beneath the surface of empirical analysis.

The intersection of fiction and empirical inquiry presents a peculiar yet enriching avenue for contemplation. In G. Orwell's "1984," the notion of identity and societal influence offers a captivating lens through which to ponder the potential sway of individual names on environmental conditions, beckoning us to contemplate the enigmatic allure of "Keyshawn" in the atmospheric tapestry of Tuscaloosa. Similarly, the timeless classic "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee, while ostensibly unrelated, infuses a spirit of whimsy into our scholarly pursuit, reminding us of the unforeseen connections that permeate the intellectual landscape.

As we traverse further into the depths of unconventional literature, we find ourselves drawn into the realm of unforeseen sources of inspiration. Engaging in an unorthodox approach to scholarly inquiry, we dare to embrace the offbeat and the absurd. The curious musings found on the back of shampoo bottles reveal an infallible font of unexplored wisdom, offering cryptic hints that parallel the whimsical nature of our own investigation. In the spirit of intellectual merriment, we invite our fellow scholars to join us in this off-kilter pursuit, as we continue to unravel the enthralling conundrums that intertwine human nomenclature and environmental whimsy.

[...]

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Keyshawn and Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and Environmental Protection Agency . You used data from 1983 to 2018

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"The Keyshawn Quotient: Exploring the Relationship Between the Popularity of the First Name Keyshawn and Air Pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study aims to elucidate the peculiar correlation between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, our research team embarked on a quest to unravel this enigmatic relationship, shedding light on the potential influence of nomenclature on environmental factors. By employing rigorous statistical analysis, we uncovered a striking correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the years spanning 1983 to 2018.

As we delved into this unconventional investigation, we were met with both perplexing and amusing findings. The rise and fall of Keyshawn, a name that exudes uniqueness and charm, demonstrated an unexpected alliance with air pollution levels in the idyllic southern city of Tuscaloosa. This unlikely association tantalizingly beckons further exploration, offering a whimsical lens through which to view the intricate interplay between human nomenclature and environmental phenomena.

Our research not only adds a touch of levity to the academic discourse but also underscores the enthralling nature of empirical inquiry, wherein seemingly unrelated realms intertwine in a delightful dance of discovery. We invite fellow scholars to join us on this whimsical expedition, as we continue to unearth captivating connections amidst the intellectual tapestry of scientific exploration.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The intersection of human nomenclature and environmental factors has long been a subject of fascination and speculation. The present study adds a whimsical twist to this scholarly inquiry, as we endeavor to unravel the curious association between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
As academic researchers, we are accustomed to probing intricate relationships and teasing out elusive correlations. However, the allure of the "Keyshawn Quotient" presented a particularly delightful enigma, beckoning us to embark on an unconventional journey of investigation.
Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration, we traversed the annals of time to trace the ascendancy and decline of the name "Keyshawn." This epic quest through the register of monikers revealed a fascinating ebb and flow in the popularity of this uniquely charming name.
Simultaneously, with unwavering determination and a slight tinge of whimsy, we delved into the repository of environmental records maintained by the Environmental Protection Agency. Here, we unearthed a trove of data documenting air pollution levels in the picturesque locale of Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
Our initial foray into this unconventional expedition did not disappoint, as we uncovered an unexpected union between the ebbs and flows of "Keyshawn" and the atmospheric fluctuations within the vicinity of Tuscaloosa. It was as if the very air itself resonated with the eponymous charm of Keyshawn, waxing and waning in an uncanny synchronicity with the name's prevalence.
Indeed, our findings hint at a correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, spanning the years from 1983 to 2018. The alliance between the whimsical allure of the name "Keyshawn" and the atmospheric composition of Tuscaloosa unveils an enthralling convergence of human nomenclature and environmental phenomena, begging further inquiry and speculation.
In our pursuit of intellectual exploration, we reveled in both the perplexing and amusing revelations that emerged. The delightful dance of discovery took us to unexpected realms, infusing a touch of lightheartedness into the rigorous fabric of empirical inquiry.
With this study, we extend an invitation to fellow scholars to partake in the whimsical expedition, beckoning them to embrace the enthralling nature of empirical exploration. Together, let us continue to unravel the captivating connections that weave through the intricate tapestry of scientific inquiry, bridging seemingly unrelated domains in the pursuit of knowledge and mirth.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

METHODOLOGY

Data Collection and Acquisition

The pursuit of unraveling the enigmatic relationship between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama necessitated an eclectic approach to data collection. Leveraging the vast expanse of the internet, our intrepid research team scoured channels ranging from scholarly repositories to social media platforms, albeit with a predominant reliance on the venerable repositories of the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency.

Firstly, the US Social Security Administration provided a treasure trove of historical records pertaining to the prevalence of "Keyshawn" as a given name. This comprehensive data, covering the years from 1983 to 2018, formed the cornerstone of our exploration into the ebbs and flows of this uniquely charming nomenclature. We meticulously charted the rise and fall of Keyshawns, juxtaposing each peak and trough with precision akin to a maestro conducting a symphony.

Simultaneously, the Environmental Protection Agency stood as a bastion of environmental records, wherein we uncovered a rich repository of atmospheric data encapsulating the veils of air pollution that shrouded the scenic expanse of Tuscaloosa, Alabama. With an air of fascination and determination, we waded through the atmospheric data, capturing the ephemeral dance of pollutants in the air with a fervor akin to a connoisseur sampling rare wines.

Data Analysis

Having amassed a wealth of data, we employed rigorous statistical analyses to unravel the intricate tapestry of the "Keyshawn Quotient" and its potential liaison with air pollution in Tuscaloosa. Through methods deserving of being hailed as both scientific and whimsical, we calculated correlation coefficients with a precision rivaling that of an alchemist striving to transmute base metals into gold.

In addition, leveraging sophisticated statistical software akin to wands wielded by spellbinding wizards, we computed p-values to discern the statistical significance of the observed correlations. Our arcane incantations within the realm of statistical analysis conjured forth a striking p-value of less than 0.01, lending credence to the profound alliance we unraveled.

Moreover, we conducted time series analyses to animate the ebbs and flows of both Keyshawn's enchanting resonance and the atmospheric composition in Tuscaloosa, effectively weaving a mesmerizing narrative that bridged human nomenclature and environmental phenomena.

Limitations

As with any quest for knowledge, our whimsical expedition was not bereft of its limitations. While we diligently scoured data sources high and low, the constraints of temporal and geographical scope may confine our findings to the captivating confines of Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Furthermore, the nature of correlation does not signify causation, leaving us wistfully pondering the underlying mechanisms that orchestrate the dance between Keyshawn and air pollution.

In summary, our methodology unfolded as a delightful odyssey, blending scientific rigor with a generous sprinkle of whimsy. With the veil of ambiguity swept aside, we invite fellow scholars to traverse this captivating journey of empirical inquiry, wherein the mysterious allure of Keyshawn intertwines with the very atmosphere itself.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Keyshawn and Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and Environmental Protection Agency .

For the time period 1983 to 2018, you found a correlation 0.6877777, r-squared of 0.4730382, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"The Keyshawn Quotient: Exploring the Relationship Between the Popularity of the First Name Keyshawn and Air Pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study aims to elucidate the peculiar correlation between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, our research team embarked on a quest to unravel this enigmatic relationship, shedding light on the potential influence of nomenclature on environmental factors. By employing rigorous statistical analysis, we uncovered a striking correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the years spanning 1983 to 2018.

As we delved into this unconventional investigation, we were met with both perplexing and amusing findings. The rise and fall of Keyshawn, a name that exudes uniqueness and charm, demonstrated an unexpected alliance with air pollution levels in the idyllic southern city of Tuscaloosa. This unlikely association tantalizingly beckons further exploration, offering a whimsical lens through which to view the intricate interplay between human nomenclature and environmental phenomena.

Our research not only adds a touch of levity to the academic discourse but also underscores the enthralling nature of empirical inquiry, wherein seemingly unrelated realms intertwine in a delightful dance of discovery. We invite fellow scholars to join us on this whimsical expedition, as we continue to unearth captivating connections amidst the intellectual tapestry of scientific exploration.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
INTRODUCTION
The intersection of human nomenclature and environmental factors has long been a subject of fascination and speculation. The present study adds a whimsical twist to this scholarly inquiry, as we endeavor to unravel the curious association between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
As academic researchers, we are accustomed to probing intricate relationships and teasing out elusive correlations. However, the allure of the "Keyshawn Quotient" presented a particularly delightful enigma, beckoning us to embark on an unconventional journey of investigation.
Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration, we traversed the annals of time to trace the ascendancy and decline of the name "Keyshawn." This epic quest through the register of monikers revealed a fascinating ebb and flow in the popularity of this uniquely charming name.
Simultaneously, with unwavering determination and a slight tinge of whimsy, we delved into the repository of environmental records maintained by the Environmental Protection Agency. Here, we unearthed a trove of data documenting air pollution levels in the picturesque locale of Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
Our initial foray into this unconventional expedition did not disappoint, as we uncovered an unexpected union between the ebbs and flows of "Keyshawn" and the atmospheric fluctuations within the vicinity of Tuscaloosa. It was as if the very air itself resonated with the eponymous charm of Keyshawn, waxing and waning in an uncanny synchronicity with the name's prevalence.
Indeed, our findings hint at a correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, spanning the years from 1983 to 2018. The alliance between the whimsical allure of the name "Keyshawn" and the atmospheric composition of Tuscaloosa unveils an enthralling convergence of human nomenclature and environmental phenomena, begging further inquiry and speculation.
In our pursuit of intellectual exploration, we reveled in both the perplexing and amusing revelations that emerged. The delightful dance of discovery took us to unexpected realms, infusing a touch of lightheartedness into the rigorous fabric of empirical inquiry.
With this study, we extend an invitation to fellow scholars to partake in the whimsical expedition, beckoning them to embrace the enthralling nature of empirical exploration. Together, let us continue to unravel the captivating connections that weave through the intricate tapestry of scientific inquiry, bridging seemingly unrelated domains in the pursuit of knowledge and mirth.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The exploratory analysis of the relationship between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama yielded intriguing findings. The correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 indicates a strong positive correlation between the two variables. The coefficient of determination (r-squared) of 0.4730382 suggests that approximately 47.3% of the variability in air pollution levels can be explained by the prevalence of the name "Keyshawn." Furthermore, the p-value of less than 0.01 underscores the statistical significance of this association.

Remarkably, the scatterplot (Fig. 1) encapsulates the robust relationship between these seemingly disparate entities, showcasing the delightful dance of data points that mirror the whimsical rise and fall of Keyshawn alongside the atmospheric fluctuations in Tuscaloosa. It's almost as if the very essence of the name "Keyshawn" has woven itself into the fabric of the air, creating a whimsical symphony of statistical significance.

The confluence of the distinctive moniker "Keyshawn" and atmospheric conditions in Tuscaloosa unfolds as a whimsical tale of unexpected collaboration, inviting contemplation on the enthralling interplay between human nomenclature and environmental forces. This unconventional convergence embodies the enchanting nature of empirical inquiry, transcending the conventional boundaries of scientific exploration and opening new vistas of intellectual whimsy.

As we pave the way for future research endeavors, we extend a lighthearted invitation to scholars to join us on this eclectic journey of discovery. In doing so, let us revel in the enthralling convergence of the academic and the amusing, as we continue to unravel the captivating connections that intertwine the realms of human culture and environmental phenomena.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Keyshawn and Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
"The Keyshawn Quotient: Exploring the Relationship Between the Popularity of the First Name Keyshawn and Air Pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study aims to elucidate the peculiar correlation between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, our research team embarked on a quest to unravel this enigmatic relationship, shedding light on the potential influence of nomenclature on environmental factors. By employing rigorous statistical analysis, we uncovered a striking correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the years spanning 1983 to 2018.

As we delved into this unconventional investigation, we were met with both perplexing and amusing findings. The rise and fall of Keyshawn, a name that exudes uniqueness and charm, demonstrated an unexpected alliance with air pollution levels in the idyllic southern city of Tuscaloosa. This unlikely association tantalizingly beckons further exploration, offering a whimsical lens through which to view the intricate interplay between human nomenclature and environmental phenomena.

Our research not only adds a touch of levity to the academic discourse but also underscores the enthralling nature of empirical inquiry, wherein seemingly unrelated realms intertwine in a delightful dance of discovery. We invite fellow scholars to join us on this whimsical expedition, as we continue to unearth captivating connections amidst the intellectual tapestry of scientific exploration.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
LITERATURE REVIEW
The exploration of the link between human nomenclature and environmental dynamics, while often overlooked, has captivated the curiosity of researchers across diverse disciplines. As we journey through the annals of academic inquiry, we encounter a myriad of scholarly works that shed light on this peculiar intersection. Smith et al. (2015) delve into the nuances of environmental naming conventions, while Doe and Jones (2018) explore the psychological implications of naming on individual perception and behavior. These foundational studies provide a solid framework for our whimsical investigation into the relationship between the popularity of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
Venturing beyond the traditional confines of academic literature, we draw insight from non-fiction works that offer profound insights into the interplay between human identity and environmental influences. In "The Name Game: Decoding the Psychology of Naming," G. Miller (2016) provides a thought-provoking analysis of the symbolic significance of names, igniting our contemplation of the impact of "Keyshawn" on the atmospheric temperament of Tuscaloosa. Complementing this, "The Air We Breathe: A Comprehensive Study of Atmospheric Dynamics" by K. Davis (2014) furnishes a comprehensive understanding of the factors shaping air quality, inspiring us to unravel the whimsical correlations that lie beneath the surface of empirical analysis.
The intersection of fiction and empirical inquiry presents a peculiar yet enriching avenue for contemplation. In G. Orwell's "1984," the notion of identity and societal influence offers a captivating lens through which to ponder the potential sway of individual names on environmental conditions, beckoning us to contemplate the enigmatic allure of "Keyshawn" in the atmospheric tapestry of Tuscaloosa. Similarly, the timeless classic "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee, while ostensibly unrelated, infuses a spirit of whimsy into our scholarly pursuit, reminding us of the unforeseen connections that permeate the intellectual landscape.
As we traverse further into the depths of unconventional literature, we find ourselves drawn into the realm of unforeseen sources of inspiration. Engaging in an unorthodox approach to scholarly inquiry, we dare to embrace the offbeat and the absurd. The curious musings found on the back of shampoo bottles reveal an infallible font of unexplored wisdom, offering cryptic hints that parallel the whimsical nature of our own investigation. In the spirit of intellectual merriment, we invite our fellow scholars to join us in this off-kilter pursuit, as we continue to unravel the enthralling conundrums that intertwine human nomenclature and environmental whimsy.
[...]

[[RESULTS]]
The exploratory analysis of the relationship between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama yielded intriguing findings. The correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 indicates a strong positive correlation between the two variables. The coefficient of determination (r-squared) of 0.4730382 suggests that approximately 47.3% of the variability in air pollution levels can be explained by the prevalence of the name "Keyshawn." Furthermore, the p-value of less than 0.01 underscores the statistical significance of this association.
Remarkably, the scatterplot (Fig. 1) encapsulates the robust relationship between these seemingly disparate entities, showcasing the delightful dance of data points that mirror the whimsical rise and fall of Keyshawn alongside the atmospheric fluctuations in Tuscaloosa. It's almost as if the very essence of the name "Keyshawn" has woven itself into the fabric of the air, creating a whimsical symphony of statistical significance.
The confluence of the distinctive moniker "Keyshawn" and atmospheric conditions in Tuscaloosa unfolds as a whimsical tale of unexpected collaboration, inviting contemplation on the enthralling interplay between human nomenclature and environmental forces. This unconventional convergence embodies the enchanting nature of empirical inquiry, transcending the conventional boundaries of scientific exploration and opening new vistas of intellectual whimsy.
As we pave the way for future research endeavors, we extend a lighthearted invitation to scholars to join us on this eclectic journey of discovery. In doing so, let us revel in the enthralling convergence of the academic and the amusing, as we continue to unravel the captivating connections that intertwine the realms of human culture and environmental phenomena.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The findings of our study have lent credence to the whimsical yet thought-provoking hypothesis that the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" is intricately linked with air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. This study expands upon the existing literature that has touched upon the enthralling interplay between human nomenclature and environmental phenomena, delving into the peculiar realms of whimsy and whimsicality that underpin this peculiar correlation.

Our results echoed the unorthodox musings of non-fiction works, such as G. Miller's "The Name Game: Decoding the Psychology of Naming." Just as Miller encouraged contemplation of the impact of names on atmospheric temperament, we too found ourselves pondering the serene dance of statistics mirroring the atmospheric fluctuations in Tuscaloosa, almost as if the very essence of "Keyshawn" had woven itself into the fabric of the air.

The positive correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 and the robust coefficient of determination (r-squared) of 0.4730382 revealed a startling alliance between the rise and fall of Keyshawn and the whimsical symphony of statistical significance. This statistical accord not only provided empirical support for our whimsical expedition but also underscored the delightful dance of discovery that arises when seemingly unrelated realms intertwine.

While our findings may seem whimsical, they pertain to a serious and pressing environmental issue. The unexpected collaboration of the distinctive moniker "Keyshawn" and atmospheric conditions in Tuscaloosa paints a lighthearted, yet thought-provoking picture of the potential influences of nomenclature on environmental forces. This unconventional convergence embodies the enchanting nature of empirical inquiry, transcending the conventional boundaries of scientific exploration and opening new vistas of intellectual whimsy.

As we invite scholars to join us in this fascinating intersection of academic rigor and lighthearted whimsy, we must also acknowledge the need for further research to unravel the intricate web of connections that intertwine human culture and environmental phenomena. It is our hope that our study serves as a lighthearted yet substantial step forward in understanding the curious correlations that permeate our intellectual tapestry.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Keyshawn and Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
"The Keyshawn Quotient: Exploring the Relationship Between the Popularity of the First Name Keyshawn and Air Pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study aims to elucidate the peculiar correlation between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, our research team embarked on a quest to unravel this enigmatic relationship, shedding light on the potential influence of nomenclature on environmental factors. By employing rigorous statistical analysis, we uncovered a striking correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the years spanning 1983 to 2018.

As we delved into this unconventional investigation, we were met with both perplexing and amusing findings. The rise and fall of Keyshawn, a name that exudes uniqueness and charm, demonstrated an unexpected alliance with air pollution levels in the idyllic southern city of Tuscaloosa. This unlikely association tantalizingly beckons further exploration, offering a whimsical lens through which to view the intricate interplay between human nomenclature and environmental phenomena.

Our research not only adds a touch of levity to the academic discourse but also underscores the enthralling nature of empirical inquiry, wherein seemingly unrelated realms intertwine in a delightful dance of discovery. We invite fellow scholars to join us on this whimsical expedition, as we continue to unearth captivating connections amidst the intellectual tapestry of scientific exploration.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
INTRODUCTION
The intersection of human nomenclature and environmental factors has long been a subject of fascination and speculation. The present study adds a whimsical twist to this scholarly inquiry, as we endeavor to unravel the curious association between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
As academic researchers, we are accustomed to probing intricate relationships and teasing out elusive correlations. However, the allure of the "Keyshawn Quotient" presented a particularly delightful enigma, beckoning us to embark on an unconventional journey of investigation.
Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration, we traversed the annals of time to trace the ascendancy and decline of the name "Keyshawn." This epic quest through the register of monikers revealed a fascinating ebb and flow in the popularity of this uniquely charming name.
Simultaneously, with unwavering determination and a slight tinge of whimsy, we delved into the repository of environmental records maintained by the Environmental Protection Agency. Here, we unearthed a trove of data documenting air pollution levels in the picturesque locale of Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
Our initial foray into this unconventional expedition did not disappoint, as we uncovered an unexpected union between the ebbs and flows of "Keyshawn" and the atmospheric fluctuations within the vicinity of Tuscaloosa. It was as if the very air itself resonated with the eponymous charm of Keyshawn, waxing and waning in an uncanny synchronicity with the name's prevalence.
Indeed, our findings hint at a correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01, spanning the years from 1983 to 2018. The alliance between the whimsical allure of the name "Keyshawn" and the atmospheric composition of Tuscaloosa unveils an enthralling convergence of human nomenclature and environmental phenomena, begging further inquiry and speculation.
In our pursuit of intellectual exploration, we reveled in both the perplexing and amusing revelations that emerged. The delightful dance of discovery took us to unexpected realms, infusing a touch of lightheartedness into the rigorous fabric of empirical inquiry.
With this study, we extend an invitation to fellow scholars to partake in the whimsical expedition, beckoning them to embrace the enthralling nature of empirical exploration. Together, let us continue to unravel the captivating connections that weave through the intricate tapestry of scientific inquiry, bridging seemingly unrelated domains in the pursuit of knowledge and mirth.

[[RESULTS]]
The exploratory analysis of the relationship between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama yielded intriguing findings. The correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 indicates a strong positive correlation between the two variables. The coefficient of determination (r-squared) of 0.4730382 suggests that approximately 47.3% of the variability in air pollution levels can be explained by the prevalence of the name "Keyshawn." Furthermore, the p-value of less than 0.01 underscores the statistical significance of this association.
Remarkably, the scatterplot (Fig. 1) encapsulates the robust relationship between these seemingly disparate entities, showcasing the delightful dance of data points that mirror the whimsical rise and fall of Keyshawn alongside the atmospheric fluctuations in Tuscaloosa. It's almost as if the very essence of the name "Keyshawn" has woven itself into the fabric of the air, creating a whimsical symphony of statistical significance.
The confluence of the distinctive moniker "Keyshawn" and atmospheric conditions in Tuscaloosa unfolds as a whimsical tale of unexpected collaboration, inviting contemplation on the enthralling interplay between human nomenclature and environmental forces. This unconventional convergence embodies the enchanting nature of empirical inquiry, transcending the conventional boundaries of scientific exploration and opening new vistas of intellectual whimsy.
As we pave the way for future research endeavors, we extend a lighthearted invitation to scholars to join us on this eclectic journey of discovery. In doing so, let us revel in the enthralling convergence of the academic and the amusing, as we continue to unravel the captivating connections that intertwine the realms of human culture and environmental phenomena.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our investigation into the enigmatic relationship between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama has unveiled a whimsical symbiosis that invites both scholarly contemplation and a touch of mirth. The robust correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the years spanning 1983 to 2018 has illuminated a statistically significant alliance that astounds and amuses in equal measure. The name "Keyshawn" seems to have left its indelible mark on the very air of Tuscaloosa, as if each breath carries a whisper of its eponymous charm.

As we reflect upon the whimsical dance of data points in our scatterplot (Fig. 1), it's difficult not to envision the atmospheric fluctuations as a playful homage to the rising and falling fortunes of Keyshawn. Perhaps the air itself is swayed by the ebb and flow of this uniquely charming name, offering a picturesque backdrop to our empirical inquiry.

While the allure of this unlikely alliance between nomenclature and environmental factors is not lost on us, we must exercise caution in generalizing our findings. As with all unconventional discoveries, further research is essential to unravel the intricacies of this delightful convergence. However, in the spirit of academic inquiry and the occasional moment of levity, we invite our esteemed colleagues to embrace the enthralling nature of this whimsical expedition.

In serving as a lighthearted dalliance amidst the rigors of empirical exploration, our study underscores the captivating connections that weave through the intellectual tapestry of scientific inquiry. Nevertheless, with a wry smile and a twinkle in our eyes, we dare to posit that the realm of "Keyshawn Quotient" and air pollution levels has been sufficiently illuminated by our research, leaving little need for further investigation in this delightfully quirky domain.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited The Keyshawn Quotient: Exploring the Relationship Between the Popularity of the First Name Keyshawn and Air Pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Quirky Sociological Studies

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited The Keyshawn Quotient: Exploring the Relationship Between the Popularity of the First Name Keyshawn and Air Pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Society for Whimsical Human Ecology Research

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled The Keyshawn Quotient: Exploring the Relationship Between the Popularity of the First Name Keyshawn and Air Pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama with an abstract of The present study aims to elucidate the peculiar correlation between the prevalence of the first name "Keyshawn" and air pollution levels in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Leveraging data from the US Social Security Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, our research team embarked on a quest to unravel this enigmatic relationship, shedding light on the potential influence of nomenclature on environmental factors. By employing rigorous statistical analysis, we uncovered a striking correlation coefficient of 0.6877777 and a statistically significant p-value of less than 0.01 for the years spanning 1983 to 2018.
As we delved into this unconventional investigation, we were met with both perplexing and amusing findings. The rise and fall of Keyshawn, a name that exudes uniqueness and charm, demonstrated an unexpected alliance with air pollution levels in the idyllic southern city of Tuscaloosa. This unlikely association tantalizingly beckons further exploration, offering a whimsical lens through which to view the intricate interplay between human nomenclature and environmental phenomena.
Our research not only adds a touch of levity to the academic discourse but also underscores the enthralling nature of empirical inquiry, wherein seemingly unrelated realms intertwine in a delightful dance of discovery. We invite fellow scholars to join us on this whimsical expedition, as we continue to unearth captivating connections amidst the intellectual tapestry of scientific exploration.

ChatGPT:

Keyshawn, Air pollution, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Name popularity, Environmental factors, Statistical analysis, Social Security Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, Correlation coefficient, Empirical inquiry, Academic research, Nomenclature, Southern city, Whimsical exploration, Scholarly investigation

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Popularity of the first name Keyshawn
Detailed data title: Babies of all sexes born in the US named Keyshawn
Source: US Social Security Administration
See what else correlates with Popularity of the first name Keyshawn

Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Detailed data title: Percentage of days with air quality at 'unhealthy for sensitive groups' or worse in Tuscaloosa, AL
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama

Correlation r = 0.6877777 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.4730382 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 47.3% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Popularity of the first name Keyshawn) over the 36 years from 1983 through 2018.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 3.6E-6.^Show 0.0000035746002279729373000000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.69 in 0.00036% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 279,752 random variables^Note You don't actually need 279 thousand variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 35 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 35 because we have two variables measured over a period of 36 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.46, 0.83 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Popularity of the first name Keyshawn (Babies born)	5	0	0	0	5	0	0	6	0	7	7	8	37	187	200	199	329	430	307	275	285	242	176	195	162	145	123	97	84	66	58	39	42	42	42	31
Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama (Bad air quality days)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	6.08696	3.73832	4.13223	5.55556	0.716846	0.727273	3.64964	2.88809	6.56934	0.374532	0.326797	0	0.358423	0	0	0	0	0	0.285714	0.3125

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
Outlandish outliers: There are "outliers" in this data.^Note In concept, "outlier" just means "way different than the rest of your dataset." When calculating a correlation like this, they are particularly impactful because a single outlier can substantially increase your correlation.

For the purposes of this project, I counted a point as an outlier if it the residual was two standard deviations from the mean.

(This bullet point only shows up in the details page on charts that do, in fact, have outliers.)
They stand out on the scatterplot above: notice the dots that are far away from any other dots. I intentionally mishandeled outliers, which makes the correlation look extra strong.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([5,0,0,0,5,0,0,6,0,7,7,8,37,187,200,199,329,430,307,275,285,242,176,195,162,145,123,97,84,66,58,39,42,42,42,31,])
array_2 = np.array([0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,6.08696,3.73832,4.13223,5.55556,0.716846,0.727273,3.64964,2.88809,6.56934,0.374532,0.326797,0,0.358423,0,0,0,0,0,0.285714,0.3125,])
array_1_name = "Popularity of the first name Keyshawn"
array_2_name = "Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Popularity of the first name Keyshawn
Line chart for only Air pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: The Keyshawn Quotient: Exploring the Relationship Between the Popularity of the First Name Keyshawn and Air Pollution in Tuscaloosa, Alabama

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Correlation ID: 2998 · Black Variable ID: 3733 · Red Variable ID: 21366


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