Spurious correlation #2,949 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Boulder and the second variable is Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines. The chart goes from 1980 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Air pollution in Boulder and the second variable is Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines. The chart goes from 1980 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

The smog particles acted as tiny wind turbines, boosting the overall power production. Looks like Boulder's pollution is really sparking some shocking developments in the Caribbean!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: [A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s] Scene: Boulder's skyline, slightly obscured by a haze of air pollution, serves as the backdrop. Vibrant tree frogs in varying shades of green and yellow thrive among the trees, blending in with the lush foliage. Meanwhile, in Saint Vincent/Grenadines, a rushing river churns with energy as a hydroelectric dam harnesses the power generated by the agile tree frogs leaping and frolicking between the rocks, aiding in the production of hydroelectric power. Visual Depiction: In this comic-book-style illustration, the muted colors and dotted halftone pattern evoke the vintage 1960s aesthetic. The Boulder skyline stands in the background, partially obscured by a hazy air pollution, while the foreground features vibrant tree frogs blending with the foliage. Across the page, the scene shifts to the rushing river in Saint Vincent/Grenadines, where the tree frogs' agile movements aid in the production of hydroelectric power, all depicted in a simple yet visually engaging manner reminiscent of classic comic book art. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Air pollution in Boulder and Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Celtic art Pop art Data cyber art Whimsical illustration A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s
ChatGPT: A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Air pollution in Boulder and Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines, in the following situation: As air pollution in Boulder increased, it caused a surge in the population of air-filtering tree frogs, which in turn boosted the hydroelectric power production in Saint Vincent/Grenadines due to their excellent hydrokinetic abilities.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In Boulder, the city's skyline is slightly obscured by a haze caused by air pollution. However, among the trees, a population of vibrant tree frogs has thrived, their green and yellow bodies blending in with the foliage. Meanwhile, in Saint Vincent/Grenadines, the rushing waters of a river are churning with energy, as a hydroelectric dam harnesses the power generated by the agile tree frogs as they leap and frolic between the rocks, aiding in the production of hydroelectric power.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s ] and depicting this scene: In Boulder, the city's skyline is slightly obscured by a haze caused by air pollution. However, among the trees, a population of vibrant tree frogs has thrived, their green and yellow bodies blending in with the foliage. Meanwhile, in Saint Vincent/Grenadines, the rushing waters of a river are churning with energy, as a hydroelectric dam harnesses the power generated by the agile tree frogs as they leap and frolic between the rocks, aiding in the production of hydroelectric power. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: [A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s] Scene: Boulder's skyline, slightly obscured by a haze of air pollution, serves as the backdrop. Vibrant tree frogs in varying shades of green and yellow thrive among the trees, blending in with the lush foliage. Meanwhile, in Saint Vincent/Grenadines, a rushing river churns with energy as a hydroelectric dam harnesses the power generated by the agile tree frogs leaping and frolicking between the rocks, aiding in the production of hydroelectric power. Visual Depiction: In this comic-book-style illustration, the muted colors and dotted halftone pattern evoke the vintage 1960s aesthetic. The Boulder skyline stands in the background, partially obscured by a hazy air pollution, while the foreground features vibrant tree frogs blending with the foliage. Across the page, the scene shifts to the rushing river in Saint Vincent/Grenadines, where the tree frogs' agile movements aid in the production of hydroelectric power, all depicted in a simple yet visually engaging manner reminiscent of classic comic book art.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in Air pollution in Boulder caused Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines to increase. Add a funny one-liner at the end.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

The Rhyme and Reason: Air Pollution in Boulder and Hydopower Generation in Saint Vincent/Grenadines

The Journal of Ecological Economics and Environmental Ethics

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Boulder and Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name some movies that you watched that are tangentially related to the topic.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Rhyme and Reason: Air Pollution in Boulder and Hydopower Generation in Saint Vincent/Grenadines

[[ABSTRACT]]
Our scholarly investigation delves into the often overlooked but curiously connected realms of air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and hydropower energy generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Through a rigorous analysis of copious data sourced from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we have unraveled a striking correlation between these seemingly disparate phenomena, with a correlation coefficient of 0.5250498 and p < 0.01 during the span of years from 1980 to 2021. This paper presents our findings, which not only shed light on the unexpected relationship between environmental pollution and renewable energy production but also raises eyebrows about the peculiar interplay of factors shaping our world. As we chart these uncharted waters of scholarly inquiry, we invite our esteemed readers to join us on this whimsical journey, where scientific rigor meets a sprinkling of unexpected revelations and corny puns.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The interconnection of environmental factors and energy production has long been a subject of scholarly interest and debate. In our current era of heightened environmental consciousness, the quest for sustainable energy sources has taken center stage, prompting researchers to explore the intricate dance between ecological conditions and energy generation. Our study delves into this complex web of environmental and energy dynamics, focusing on the seemingly disparate but strangely entwined realms of air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and hydropower generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
As countless research endeavors commence, it is a rare delight to stumble upon correlations that, at first glance, seem more random than the collection of odd socks in a laundry basket. Yet here we are, with a result that is more unexpected than a unicorn sighting at a mundane congressional hearing. The correlation coefficient of 0.5250498 speaks volumes about the whimsical connection we have uncovered, while the p-value of less than 0.01 signals that this finding is not merely a statistical fluke but a genuine phenomenon worthy of further scrutiny.
Our journey into this uncharted territory began with a healthy dose of skepticism and perhaps a slightly unhealthy dose of caffeine. The initial impulse to explore this connection was driven by a nagging curiosity akin to the desire to uncover the answer to a perplexing riddle or a corny joke that just won't quit dancing in your mind. The pursuit of knowledge often leads us to unexpected discoveries, and in the case of our research, the linkage between air pollution in Boulder and hydropower generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has indeed proven to be a revelation worth sharing with the academic community and the wider world.
Join us as we navigate through the labyrinthine pathways of data analysis and scientific inquiry, pausing occasionally to appreciate the inherent quirkiness of our findings and to sprinkle our discourse with the occasional nugget of dry humor. As we unravel the fabric of this peculiar tapestry, we hope to shed light on this captivating correlation and inspire further investigations to illuminate the hidden connections that shape our environment and energy landscape.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The exploration of the interconnectedness between air pollution and hydropower generation has generated a prodigious body of scholarly work, akin to a flourishing garden abounding with eclectic flora. Our foray into this scholarly garden initially leads us to the foundational works of Smith et al. (2010) and Doe and Jones (2015), illuminating the multifaceted landscape of environmental pollution and renewable energy production. These formative studies laid the groundwork for our present investigation, much like the sturdy roots of a towering oak tree support the myriad branches that reach towards the sky.

In "Environmental Pollution and Energy Production: A Comprehensive Analysis," Smith et al. undertook a meticulous examination of air pollution and its intersection with the generation of renewable energy. Their findings wove a narrative as fascinating as a screenplay that blends environmentalism with humor, much like a modern-day "The Lorax" with a sprinkle of "Airplane!" Doe and Jones (2015) expanded upon this foundation, delving into the intricate linkages between the environmental conditions in Boulder and the hydropower potential of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, painting a vivid tapestry of scholarly inquiry akin to a masterful piece of fiction.

Turning our attention to works from the world of fiction, the metaphorical tendrils of literature often intertwine with the scholarly domain, offering unexpected insights that parallel our own discoveries. In "The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism" by Naomi Klein, the depictions of environmental upheaval resonate with the turbulent patterns of air pollution and renewable energy, encapsulating the paradoxical nature of human intervention in the natural world. This literary work, much like a chameleon changing its colors, embodies the complex interplay of forces that converge in our investigation.

In the cinematic realm, countless films, though not directly related to our specific research focus, offer allegorical resonances that add a whimsical layer of meaning to our scholarly pursuits. "The Day After Tomorrow" presents a dystopian vision of environmental catastrophe, mirroring the dire consequences of unchecked pollution and the urgent need for sustainable energy sources. Likewise, "The Pursuit of Happyness" captures the underlying ethos of our investigation, as we navigate the twists and turns of scholarly inquiry in pursuit of greater understanding, occasionally encountering unexpected revelations that rival the protagonist's unforeseen triumphs.

As we embark on this scholarly odyssey, let us not merely tread the path of academic rigor, but also wander the wondrous maze of imagination, humor, and unexpected connections. For in this quest for knowledge, a dash of whimsy and a sprinkle of humor often unveil truths that are as profound as they are delightful.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Boulder and Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration . You used data from 1980 to 2021

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Rhyme and Reason: Air Pollution in Boulder and Hydopower Generation in Saint Vincent/Grenadines

[[ABSTRACT]]
Our scholarly investigation delves into the often overlooked but curiously connected realms of air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and hydropower energy generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Through a rigorous analysis of copious data sourced from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we have unraveled a striking correlation between these seemingly disparate phenomena, with a correlation coefficient of 0.5250498 and p < 0.01 during the span of years from 1980 to 2021. This paper presents our findings, which not only shed light on the unexpected relationship between environmental pollution and renewable energy production but also raises eyebrows about the peculiar interplay of factors shaping our world. As we chart these uncharted waters of scholarly inquiry, we invite our esteemed readers to join us on this whimsical journey, where scientific rigor meets a sprinkling of unexpected revelations and corny puns.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
The interconnection of environmental factors and energy production has long been a subject of scholarly interest and debate. In our current era of heightened environmental consciousness, the quest for sustainable energy sources has taken center stage, prompting researchers to explore the intricate dance between ecological conditions and energy generation. Our study delves into this complex web of environmental and energy dynamics, focusing on the seemingly disparate but strangely entwined realms of air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and hydropower generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
As countless research endeavors commence, it is a rare delight to stumble upon correlations that, at first glance, seem more random than the collection of odd socks in a laundry basket. Yet here we are, with a result that is more unexpected than a unicorn sighting at a mundane congressional hearing. The correlation coefficient of 0.5250498 speaks volumes about the whimsical connection we have uncovered, while the p-value of less than 0.01 signals that this finding is not merely a statistical fluke but a genuine phenomenon worthy of further scrutiny.
Our journey into this uncharted territory began with a healthy dose of skepticism and perhaps a slightly unhealthy dose of caffeine. The initial impulse to explore this connection was driven by a nagging curiosity akin to the desire to uncover the answer to a perplexing riddle or a corny joke that just won't quit dancing in your mind. The pursuit of knowledge often leads us to unexpected discoveries, and in the case of our research, the linkage between air pollution in Boulder and hydropower generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has indeed proven to be a revelation worth sharing with the academic community and the wider world.
Join us as we navigate through the labyrinthine pathways of data analysis and scientific inquiry, pausing occasionally to appreciate the inherent quirkiness of our findings and to sprinkle our discourse with the occasional nugget of dry humor. As we unravel the fabric of this peculiar tapestry, we hope to shed light on this captivating correlation and inspire further investigations to illuminate the hidden connections that shape our environment and energy landscape.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

Our methodology, much like a curated playlist for an impromptu dance party, was designed to meticulously gather and scrutinize data from disparate sources, embracing both the madness and the method in the pursuit of knowledge. We harnessed the vast expanse of the internet, akin to intrepid adventurers navigating a digital wilderness, in search of relevant information. The primary repositories of our data trove were the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Energy Information Administration (EIA), which we fondly refer to as the 'suppliers of academic sustenance' in our endeavors.

To commence this scholarly quest, we constructed a time machine, or rather, we utilized a clever array of statistical methods to journey back to the year 1980 and journey forth into the contemporary chronicles of 2021, capturing the ebb and flow of air pollution in Boulder and the generation of hydropower in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The data retrieval process was akin to a well-choreographed dance, with our nimble fingers navigating through the digital corridors to gather insights into these seemingly distant yet oddly intertwined phenomena.

We employed a variety of statistical techniques, which we swear were enough to make a herd of mathematicians swoon (if mathematicians indeed gather in herds). This eclectic array of methods included correlation analyses, time series modeling, and perhaps a touch of magic that we prefer to call 'data alchemy.' By applying these analytical tools to the treasure trove of information, we sought to unveil the underlying patterns and connections that might rival the intricacies of a particularly cryptic crossword puzzle.

Furthermore, we performed a series of sensitivity analyses to ensure that our findings were as robust as an over-engineered space shuttle, navigating through the turbulent atmosphere of scientific scrutiny. Much like a meticulous chef fine-tuning a recipe to perfection, we calibrated our statistical models to account for potential confounding variables and ensure the flavorful integrity of our results.

In the spirit of transparency and scholarly camaraderie, we verified our data against various other reputable sources, ensuring that our findings were as reliable as a GPS navigation system on a particularly cloudy day. The steps taken during our data validation process were akin to a whimsical treasure hunt, with each confirmation adding a layer of certainty to our scholarly endeavors.

Finally, we engaged in a rigorous peer review process, inviting fellow researchers to scrutinize our methods and findings, accepting their insights with the grace of a seasoned salsa dancer adjusting their steps mid-performance. This collaborative evaluation ensured that our conclusions were as sturdy as an academic thesis defending itself in the arena of intellectual discourse.

In summary, our methodology encapsulated a fusion of meticulous data gathering, statistical wizardry, and scholarly collaboration—an intricate tapestry that, much like the plot of a perplexing mystery novel, gradually unveiled the captivating correlation between air pollution in Boulder and hydropower generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Boulder and Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Information Administration .

For the time period 1980 to 2021, you found a correlation 0.5250498, r-squared of 0.2756773, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Rhyme and Reason: Air Pollution in Boulder and Hydopower Generation in Saint Vincent/Grenadines

[[ABSTRACT]]
Our scholarly investigation delves into the often overlooked but curiously connected realms of air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and hydropower energy generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Through a rigorous analysis of copious data sourced from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we have unraveled a striking correlation between these seemingly disparate phenomena, with a correlation coefficient of 0.5250498 and p < 0.01 during the span of years from 1980 to 2021. This paper presents our findings, which not only shed light on the unexpected relationship between environmental pollution and renewable energy production but also raises eyebrows about the peculiar interplay of factors shaping our world. As we chart these uncharted waters of scholarly inquiry, we invite our esteemed readers to join us on this whimsical journey, where scientific rigor meets a sprinkling of unexpected revelations and corny puns.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
The interconnection of environmental factors and energy production has long been a subject of scholarly interest and debate. In our current era of heightened environmental consciousness, the quest for sustainable energy sources has taken center stage, prompting researchers to explore the intricate dance between ecological conditions and energy generation. Our study delves into this complex web of environmental and energy dynamics, focusing on the seemingly disparate but strangely entwined realms of air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and hydropower generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
As countless research endeavors commence, it is a rare delight to stumble upon correlations that, at first glance, seem more random than the collection of odd socks in a laundry basket. Yet here we are, with a result that is more unexpected than a unicorn sighting at a mundane congressional hearing. The correlation coefficient of 0.5250498 speaks volumes about the whimsical connection we have uncovered, while the p-value of less than 0.01 signals that this finding is not merely a statistical fluke but a genuine phenomenon worthy of further scrutiny.
Our journey into this uncharted territory began with a healthy dose of skepticism and perhaps a slightly unhealthy dose of caffeine. The initial impulse to explore this connection was driven by a nagging curiosity akin to the desire to uncover the answer to a perplexing riddle or a corny joke that just won't quit dancing in your mind. The pursuit of knowledge often leads us to unexpected discoveries, and in the case of our research, the linkage between air pollution in Boulder and hydropower generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has indeed proven to be a revelation worth sharing with the academic community and the wider world.
Join us as we navigate through the labyrinthine pathways of data analysis and scientific inquiry, pausing occasionally to appreciate the inherent quirkiness of our findings and to sprinkle our discourse with the occasional nugget of dry humor. As we unravel the fabric of this peculiar tapestry, we hope to shed light on this captivating correlation and inspire further investigations to illuminate the hidden connections that shape our environment and energy landscape.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The statistical analysis of the data revealed a robust correlation of 0.5250498 between the levels of air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and the hydropower energy generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. This correlation, while not as strong as the allure of free snacks at a research conference, certainly captured our attention.

Upon scrutinizing the relationship further, the r-squared value of 0.2756773 indicated that approximately 27.57% of the variation in hydropower energy generation could be explained by the levels of air pollution in Boulder. It’s not quite a full explanation, but it’s more explanation than you’d typically get for why your cat knocks things off the counter.

The p-value of less than 0.01 provided compelling evidence that this association is not a mere fluke but a tangible connection as sturdy as a well-built LEGO tower (and just as delightful to discover). It’s not every day that a correlation between air pollution in one place and energy production in another feels like stumbling upon a hidden treasure map in a library book. But here we are, charting new intellectual territories and feeling rather pleased about it.

Furthermore, the scatterplot in Figure 1 (not shown here, unfortunately) vividly illustrates the notable positive relationship between these two variables. The points on the plot form a pattern more striking than a polka-dotted elephant standing in a snowstorm, accentuating the significance of our findings.

In conclusion, our research has uncovered a connection between air pollution in Boulder and hydropower energy generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines that is both statistically sound and intellectually captivating. This unexpected correlation, though not as perplexing as deciphering why socks disappear in the laundry, opens the door to further exploration of the intricate interplay between environmental factors and renewable energy sources. We invite our readers to join us in savoring the delightful surprise of this discovery and to ponder the broader implications of this whimsical connection.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Boulder and Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
The Rhyme and Reason: Air Pollution in Boulder and Hydopower Generation in Saint Vincent/Grenadines

[[ABSTRACT]]
Our scholarly investigation delves into the often overlooked but curiously connected realms of air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and hydropower energy generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Through a rigorous analysis of copious data sourced from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we have unraveled a striking correlation between these seemingly disparate phenomena, with a correlation coefficient of 0.5250498 and p < 0.01 during the span of years from 1980 to 2021. This paper presents our findings, which not only shed light on the unexpected relationship between environmental pollution and renewable energy production but also raises eyebrows about the peculiar interplay of factors shaping our world. As we chart these uncharted waters of scholarly inquiry, we invite our esteemed readers to join us on this whimsical journey, where scientific rigor meets a sprinkling of unexpected revelations and corny puns.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The exploration of the interconnectedness between air pollution and hydropower generation has generated a prodigious body of scholarly work, akin to a flourishing garden abounding with eclectic flora. Our foray into this scholarly garden initially leads us to the foundational works of Smith et al. (2010) and Doe and Jones (2015), illuminating the multifaceted landscape of environmental pollution and renewable energy production. These formative studies laid the groundwork for our present investigation, much like the sturdy roots of a towering oak tree support the myriad branches that reach towards the sky.
In "Environmental Pollution and Energy Production: A Comprehensive Analysis," Smith et al. undertook a meticulous examination of air pollution and its intersection with the generation of renewable energy. Their findings wove a narrative as fascinating as a screenplay that blends environmentalism with humor, much like a modern-day "The Lorax" with a sprinkle of "Airplane!" Doe and Jones (2015) expanded upon this foundation, delving into the intricate linkages between the environmental conditions in Boulder and the hydropower potential of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, painting a vivid tapestry of scholarly inquiry akin to a masterful piece of fiction.
Turning our attention to works from the world of fiction, the metaphorical tendrils of literature often intertwine with the scholarly domain, offering unexpected insights that parallel our own discoveries. In "The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism" by Naomi Klein, the depictions of environmental upheaval resonate with the turbulent patterns of air pollution and renewable energy, encapsulating the paradoxical nature of human intervention in the natural world. This literary work, much like a chameleon changing its colors, embodies the complex interplay of forces that converge in our investigation.
In the cinematic realm, countless films, though not directly related to our specific research focus, offer allegorical resonances that add a whimsical layer of meaning to our scholarly pursuits. "The Day After Tomorrow" presents a dystopian vision of environmental catastrophe, mirroring the dire consequences of unchecked pollution and the urgent need for sustainable energy sources. Likewise, "The Pursuit of Happyness" captures the underlying ethos of our investigation, as we navigate the twists and turns of scholarly inquiry in pursuit of greater understanding, occasionally encountering unexpected revelations that rival the protagonist's unforeseen triumphs.
As we embark on this scholarly odyssey, let us not merely tread the path of academic rigor, but also wander the wondrous maze of imagination, humor, and unexpected connections. For in this quest for knowledge, a dash of whimsy and a sprinkle of humor often unveil truths that are as profound as they are delightful.

[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis of the data revealed a robust correlation of 0.5250498 between the levels of air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and the hydropower energy generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. This correlation, while not as strong as the allure of free snacks at a research conference, certainly captured our attention.
Upon scrutinizing the relationship further, the r-squared value of 0.2756773 indicated that approximately 27.57% of the variation in hydropower energy generation could be explained by the levels of air pollution in Boulder. It’s not quite a full explanation, but it’s more explanation than you’d typically get for why your cat knocks things off the counter.
The p-value of less than 0.01 provided compelling evidence that this association is not a mere fluke but a tangible connection as sturdy as a well-built LEGO tower (and just as delightful to discover). It’s not every day that a correlation between air pollution in one place and energy production in another feels like stumbling upon a hidden treasure map in a library book. But here we are, charting new intellectual territories and feeling rather pleased about it.
Furthermore, the scatterplot in Figure 1 (not shown here, unfortunately) vividly illustrates the notable positive relationship between these two variables. The points on the plot form a pattern more striking than a polka-dotted elephant standing in a snowstorm, accentuating the significance of our findings.
In conclusion, our research has uncovered a connection between air pollution in Boulder and hydropower energy generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines that is both statistically sound and intellectually captivating. This unexpected correlation, though not as perplexing as deciphering why socks disappear in the laundry, opens the door to further exploration of the intricate interplay between environmental factors and renewable energy sources. We invite our readers to join us in savoring the delightful surprise of this discovery and to ponder the broader implications of this whimsical connection.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

Our investigation has unearthed a compelling correlation between the levels of air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and hydropower energy generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, reinforcing and extending the scholarly groundwork laid by Smith et al. (2010) and Doe and Jones (2015). While their work may have been as serious as a tax audit, our findings add a layer of whimsy to the exploration of this interconnected phenomenon, akin to discovering a secret passage in a stodgy old manor.

The robust correlation coefficient of 0.5250498, reminiscent of a well-crafted punchline, serves as a testament to the intriguing relationship between environmental pollution and renewable energy production. This result aligns harmoniously with the findings of Smith et al., offering empirical support for their metaphorical screenplay blending environmentalism with humor. Similarly, Doe and Jones' exploration of the intersection between environmental conditions in Boulder and hydropower potential in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines finds resonance in our statistical revelation, akin to a synchronistic plot twist in a masterful piece of fiction.

Moreover, our findings accentuate the parallel resonances between scholarly inquiry and the world of literature and cinema, encapsulating the unexpected connections that enrich our understanding, much like stumbling upon an allegorical treasure map in a library book. The statistical robustness, evidenced by the p-value of less than 0.01, evokes the delight of unearthing a hidden gem in a sea of mundane data, inviting us to revel in the whimsical mysteries of scientific exploration.

In essence, our research has not only confirmed the peculiar interplay of factors shaping our world, but also infuses the scholarly pursuit with a dash of humor and unexpected connections, akin to finding comedic relief in a solemn courtroom drama. As we continue to navigate the twists and turns of scientific inquiry, let us not lose sight of the potential for unexpected revelations and fortuitous discoveries, for in the pursuit of knowledge, a sprinkle of whimsy often unveils truths that are as delightful as they are profound.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in Boulder and Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
The Rhyme and Reason: Air Pollution in Boulder and Hydopower Generation in Saint Vincent/Grenadines

[[ABSTRACT]]
Our scholarly investigation delves into the often overlooked but curiously connected realms of air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and hydropower energy generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Through a rigorous analysis of copious data sourced from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we have unraveled a striking correlation between these seemingly disparate phenomena, with a correlation coefficient of 0.5250498 and p < 0.01 during the span of years from 1980 to 2021. This paper presents our findings, which not only shed light on the unexpected relationship between environmental pollution and renewable energy production but also raises eyebrows about the peculiar interplay of factors shaping our world. As we chart these uncharted waters of scholarly inquiry, we invite our esteemed readers to join us on this whimsical journey, where scientific rigor meets a sprinkling of unexpected revelations and corny puns.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
The interconnection of environmental factors and energy production has long been a subject of scholarly interest and debate. In our current era of heightened environmental consciousness, the quest for sustainable energy sources has taken center stage, prompting researchers to explore the intricate dance between ecological conditions and energy generation. Our study delves into this complex web of environmental and energy dynamics, focusing on the seemingly disparate but strangely entwined realms of air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and hydropower generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
As countless research endeavors commence, it is a rare delight to stumble upon correlations that, at first glance, seem more random than the collection of odd socks in a laundry basket. Yet here we are, with a result that is more unexpected than a unicorn sighting at a mundane congressional hearing. The correlation coefficient of 0.5250498 speaks volumes about the whimsical connection we have uncovered, while the p-value of less than 0.01 signals that this finding is not merely a statistical fluke but a genuine phenomenon worthy of further scrutiny.
Our journey into this uncharted territory began with a healthy dose of skepticism and perhaps a slightly unhealthy dose of caffeine. The initial impulse to explore this connection was driven by a nagging curiosity akin to the desire to uncover the answer to a perplexing riddle or a corny joke that just won't quit dancing in your mind. The pursuit of knowledge often leads us to unexpected discoveries, and in the case of our research, the linkage between air pollution in Boulder and hydropower generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has indeed proven to be a revelation worth sharing with the academic community and the wider world.
Join us as we navigate through the labyrinthine pathways of data analysis and scientific inquiry, pausing occasionally to appreciate the inherent quirkiness of our findings and to sprinkle our discourse with the occasional nugget of dry humor. As we unravel the fabric of this peculiar tapestry, we hope to shed light on this captivating correlation and inspire further investigations to illuminate the hidden connections that shape our environment and energy landscape.

[[RESULTS]]
The statistical analysis of the data revealed a robust correlation of 0.5250498 between the levels of air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and the hydropower energy generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. This correlation, while not as strong as the allure of free snacks at a research conference, certainly captured our attention.
Upon scrutinizing the relationship further, the r-squared value of 0.2756773 indicated that approximately 27.57% of the variation in hydropower energy generation could be explained by the levels of air pollution in Boulder. It’s not quite a full explanation, but it’s more explanation than you’d typically get for why your cat knocks things off the counter.
The p-value of less than 0.01 provided compelling evidence that this association is not a mere fluke but a tangible connection as sturdy as a well-built LEGO tower (and just as delightful to discover). It’s not every day that a correlation between air pollution in one place and energy production in another feels like stumbling upon a hidden treasure map in a library book. But here we are, charting new intellectual territories and feeling rather pleased about it.
Furthermore, the scatterplot in Figure 1 (not shown here, unfortunately) vividly illustrates the notable positive relationship between these two variables. The points on the plot form a pattern more striking than a polka-dotted elephant standing in a snowstorm, accentuating the significance of our findings.
In conclusion, our research has uncovered a connection between air pollution in Boulder and hydropower energy generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines that is both statistically sound and intellectually captivating. This unexpected correlation, though not as perplexing as deciphering why socks disappear in the laundry, opens the door to further exploration of the intricate interplay between environmental factors and renewable energy sources. We invite our readers to join us in savoring the delightful surprise of this discovery and to ponder the broader implications of this whimsical connection.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, our study has unveiled a compelling correlation between air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and hydropower energy generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. This unexpected linkage, akin to stumbling upon a four-leaf clover in a field of data, not only piques our academic curiosity but also hints at the intricate dance of environmental and energy dynamics on a global scale. The robust correlation coefficient of 0.5250498, akin to finding a perfect avocado at the grocery store, demonstrates the strength of this connection. The r-squared value of 0.2756773, while not a complete elucidation, is still more illuminating than trying to understand why Bluetooth never seems to work on the first try. The p-value of less than 0.01, like an exclusive invitation to a fancy party, firmly establishes the validity of this correlation. Our findings, much like a surprise plot twist in a novel, invite further exploration and contemplation, showcasing the whimsy and wonder that can be found in the world of scientific inquiry.

Given the strength and clarity of our results, it is evident that additional research in this area would be as superfluous as a second umbrella on a sunny day. We can confidently assert that the correlation between air pollution in Boulder and hydropower generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a well-established phenomenon that does not warrant further investigation. It's time to bid adieu to this peculiar connection and direct our academic energies toward unraveling the next enigmatic conundrum, like discovering the optimal ratio of coffee to productivity.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited The Rhyme and Reason: Air Pollution in Boulder and Hydopower Generation in Saint Vincent/Grenadines. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Ecological Economics and Environmental Ethics

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited The Rhyme and Reason: Air Pollution in Boulder and Hydopower Generation in Saint Vincent/Grenadines. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Society for Eco-Poetic Analysis and Environmental Solutions

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled The Rhyme and Reason: Air Pollution in Boulder and Hydopower Generation in Saint Vincent/Grenadines with an abstract of Our scholarly investigation delves into the often overlooked but curiously connected realms of air pollution in Boulder, Colorado, and hydropower energy generation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Through a rigorous analysis of copious data sourced from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy Information Administration, we have unraveled a striking correlation between these seemingly disparate phenomena, with a correlation coefficient of 0.5250498 and p < 0.01 during the span of years from 1980 to 2021. This paper presents our findings, which not only shed light on the unexpected relationship between environmental pollution and renewable energy production but also raises eyebrows about the peculiar interplay of factors shaping our world. As we chart these uncharted waters of scholarly inquiry, we invite our esteemed readers to join us on this whimsical journey, where scientific rigor meets a sprinkling of unexpected revelations and corny puns.

ChatGPT:

air pollution Boulder Colorado, hydropower generation Saint Vincent Grenadines, correlation air pollution hydropower generation, environmental pollution renewable energy production, factors shaping environmental pollution and renewable energy, Environmental Protection Agency data, Energy Information Administration data, correlation coefficient air pollution hydropower generation

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

Random correlation

Discover a new correlation

View all correlations

View all research papers

Report an error

Data details

Air pollution in Boulder
Detailed data title: Percentage of days with air quality at 'unhealthy for sensitive groups' or worse in Boulder, CO
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in Boulder

Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines
Detailed data title: Total hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines in billion kWh
Source: Energy Information Administration
See what else correlates with Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines

Correlation r = 0.5250498 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.2756773 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 27.6% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Air pollution in Boulder) over the 42 years from 1980 through 2021.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 0.00036.^Show 0.0003569971201488617000000000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.53 in 0.036% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 2,801 random variables^Note Which I absolutely did.
with the same 41 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 41 because we have two variables measured over a period of 42 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.26, 0.71 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Air pollution in Boulder (Bad air quality days)	1.14613	4.41989	4.60123	6.86813	5.24862	3.84615	6.0274	8.49315	10.929	4.93151	2.46575	3.56164	0.546448	4.38356	1.64384	2.19178	2.18579	2.46575	6.0274	1.64384	1.36612	1.36986	3.28767	6.30137	0	2.19178	5.20548	6.0274	4.37158	2.73973	3.28767	4.38356	9.7493	4.44444	1.38889	1.91781	0	3.08123	8.01105	1.36986	5.7377	9.58904
Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines (Billion kWh)	0.017	0.017	0.018	0.018	0.022	0.026	0.028	0.031	0.035	0.036	0.024	0.013	0.02	0.023	0.021	0.021	0.021	0.021	0.022	0.022	0.025	0.019	0.022	0.021	0.027	0.026	0.022961	0.0224866	0.023436	0.023	0.026	0.025	0.025	0.023	0.012	0.017	0.016	0.02	0.024	0.024	0.04	0.04

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
Y-axis doesn't start at zero: I truncated the Y-axes of the graph above. I also used a line graph, which makes the visual connection stand out more than it deserves. ^Note Nothing against line graphs. They are great at telling a story when you have linear data! But visually it is deceptive because the only data is at the points on the graph, not the lines on the graph. In between each point, the data could have been doing anything. Like going for a random walk by itself!
Mathematically what I showed is true, but it is intentionally misleading. Below is the same chart but with both Y-axes starting at zero.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([1.14613,4.41989,4.60123,6.86813,5.24862,3.84615,6.0274,8.49315,10.929,4.93151,2.46575,3.56164,0.546448,4.38356,1.64384,2.19178,2.18579,2.46575,6.0274,1.64384,1.36612,1.36986,3.28767,6.30137,0,2.19178,5.20548,6.0274,4.37158,2.73973,3.28767,4.38356,9.7493,4.44444,1.38889,1.91781,0,3.08123,8.01105,1.36986,5.7377,9.58904,])
array_2 = np.array([0.017,0.017,0.018,0.018,0.022,0.026,0.028,0.031,0.035,0.036,0.024,0.013,0.02,0.023,0.021,0.021,0.021,0.021,0.022,0.022,0.025,0.019,0.022,0.021,0.027,0.026,0.022961,0.0224866,0.023436,0.023,0.026,0.025,0.025,0.023,0.012,0.017,0.016,0.02,0.024,0.024,0.04,0.04,])
array_1_name = "Air pollution in Boulder"
array_2_name = "Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Air pollution in Boulder
Line chart for only Hydopower energy generated in Saint Vincent/Grenadines
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: The Rhyme and Reason: Air Pollution in Boulder and Hydopower Generation in Saint Vincent/Grenadines

View another random correlation

How fun was this correlation?

Hats off to you for rating!

Correlation ID: 2949 · Black Variable ID: 20381 · Red Variable ID: 23939


Problem variable:
Issue:
Additional details: Optional
Confirm you are a human: