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AI explanation

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate an image of a bustling South Korean city bathed in sunlight, with solar panels adorning the rooftops of buildings, gleaming radiantly as they harness the power of the sun. As surplus energy surges through the city, a vibrant beam of light envelops the surroundings, infusing the people and the environment with boundless energy. In the midst of this scene, depict the Mercedes-Benz USA factory, where workers are seen pausing from their tasks to engage in spontaneous dance parties. Their movements are synchronized to the infectious rhythm, weaving an atmosphere of lively energy. In the background, convey the production line of cars in the factory, with each vehicle emanating the infectious energy of the dance-filled air. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

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This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Solar power generated in South Korea and Automotive recalls issued by Mercedes-Benz USA. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Cubism Photorealism a Polaroid photo Low poly Charcoal
ChatGPT: Photorealism

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Solar power generated in South Korea and Automotive recalls issued by Mercedes-Benz USA, in the following situation: As solar power output in South Korea increased, the surplus energy amplified the country's collective dancing skills, causing spontaneous dance parties that distracted workers at a Mercedes-Benz USA factory, resulting in more cars with dance party-related malfunctions being produced and later recalled.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In a sunny South Korean city, solar panels glisten on rooftops, generating copious amounts of power. As the surplus energy flows, it radiates a vibrant beam that envelops the city, infusing its people with boundless energy. In a nearby Mercedes-Benz USA factory, workers pause from their tasks to join in spontaneous dance parties, their movements synchronized to the infectious rhythm. Amidst the lively ambiance, cars roll off the assembly line, each one pulsing with the energy of the dance-filled air.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Photorealism ] and depicting this scene: In a sunny South Korean city, solar panels glisten on rooftops, generating copious amounts of power. As the surplus energy flows, it radiates a vibrant beam that envelops the city, infusing its people with boundless energy. In a nearby Mercedes-Benz USA factory, workers pause from their tasks to join in spontaneous dance parties, their movements synchronized to the infectious rhythm. Amidst the lively ambiance, cars roll off the assembly line, each one pulsing with the energy of the dance-filled air. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate an image of a bustling South Korean city bathed in sunlight, with solar panels adorning the rooftops of buildings, gleaming radiantly as they harness the power of the sun. As surplus energy surges through the city, a vibrant beam of light envelops the surroundings, infusing the people and the environment with boundless energy. In the midst of this scene, depict the Mercedes-Benz USA factory, where workers are seen pausing from their tasks to engage in spontaneous dance parties. Their movements are synchronized to the infectious rhythm, weaving an atmosphere of lively energy. In the background, convey the production line of cars in the factory, with each vehicle emanating the infectious energy of the dance-filled air.

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*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.

AI academic paper

Bright Sparks and Recalls: Shedding Light on the Solar-Powered Connection Between South Korea and Mercedes-Benz USA Journal of Solar-Powered Transportation and International Relations Jan 2024 Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

Problem variable:	Which variable has a problem? Solar power generated in South Korea Automotive recalls issued by Mercedes-Benz USA Neither / both
Issue:	What is the issue? The data is incorrect The chart isn't displaying properly There is a typo The source link is incorrect A calculation is wrong Something else
Additional details: Optional
Confirm you are a human:

Data details

Why this works

1. Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
2. Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
   no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
3. Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
   p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
4. Confounding variable: 2020 is particularly different from the other years on this graph. Confounding variables (like global pandemics) will cause two variables to look connected when in fact a "sneaky third" variable is influencing both of them behind the scenes.
5. Outlandish outliers: There are "outliers" in this data.^Note In concept, "outlier" just means "way different than the rest of your dataset." When calculating a correlation like this, they are particularly impactful because a single outlier can substantially increase your correlation.
   
   For the purposes of this project, I counted a point as an outlier if it the residual was two standard deviations from the mean.
   
   (This bullet point only shows up in the details page on charts that do, in fact, have outliers.)
   They stand out on the scatterplot above: notice the dots that are far away from any other dots. I intentionally mishandeled outliers, which makes the correlation look extra strong.

Try it yourself

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([0.001,0.001,0.002,0.002,0.002,0.002,0.003,0.003,0.004,0.005,0.005,0.006,0.007,0.008,0.01,0.015,0.031,0.07,0.285,0.566,0.772001,0.915999,1.101,1.595,2.547,3.88,5.068,7.05424,9.20712,12.995,17.9656,23.9501,])
array_2 = np.array([3,1,1,3,2,2,3,1,2,4,4,6,5,3,4,5,5,3,8,3,3,4,8,4,6,18,23,38,39,33,38,49,])
array_1_name = "Solar power generated in South Korea"
array_2_name = "Automotive recalls issued by Mercedes-Benz USA"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

• High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.
  
  If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.
  
  Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
  
• High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
• Alternative high resolution line chart
• Scatterplot
• Portable line chart (png)
• Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
• Line chart for only Solar power generated in South Korea
• Line chart for only Automotive recalls issued by Mercedes-Benz USA
• AI-generated correlation image
• The spurious research paper: Bright Sparks and Recalls: Shedding Light on the Solar-Powered Connection Between South Korea and Mercedes-Benz USA