Download png, svg
AI explanation
The cleaner air in El Centro led to an increase in energy and positivity among the residents. This surge in good vibes somehow emanated outward and positively influenced potential carjackers across the US. As the saying goes, when the air in El Centro is cleaner, the carjackings in the US are leaner.
Model: dalle-3
Prompt: [Photorealism] Generate an image of a bright and clear sky above El Centro, California. Show a group of individuals attempting a carjacking, looking frustrated as they realize there is no smog to hide their escape. The scene should convey the increased difficulty for carjackers to disappear into the clean air, with a sense of challenge and struggle evident in their expressions. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.
This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Air pollution in El Centro, California and Carjackings in the US. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Cute 2D animation Magic realism An image that looks like it is a scene from a Pixar movie Photorealism Brutalism
ChatGPT: Photorealism
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Air pollution in El Centro, California and Carjackings in the US, in the following situation: The reduction in air pollution led to clearer skies, which meant the carjackers couldn't hide their way around anymore. It's like their plans were up in smoke! With less smog to provide cover, the car thieves couldn't just vanish into thin air. Plus, without the pollution, maybe they could finally breathe easy and find more legit ways to make a living. So, in a weird twist of fate, cleaning up the air helped clean up the streets, proving that when it comes to reducing carjackings, a breath of fresh air really makes a difference. It's like the carjackers were left gasping for a getaway!. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In El Centro, California, the skies were now clear and bright, as the air pollution had decreased. The lack of smog meant that carjackers couldn't use the hazy cover to escape undetected. Without the pollution, they found it harder to disappear into thin air, making their illegal activities more challenging. As the air became cleaner, the car thieves were left struggling for a getaway, unable to rely on the previous smokescreen.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Photorealism ] and depicting this scene: In El Centro, California, the skies were now clear and bright, as the air pollution had decreased. The lack of smog meant that carjackers couldn't use the hazy cover to escape undetected. Without the pollution, they found it harder to disappear into thin air, making their illegal activities more challenging. As the air became cleaner, the car thieves were left struggling for a getaway, unable to rely on the previous smokescreen. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: [Photorealism] Generate an image of a bright and clear sky above El Centro, California. Show a group of individuals attempting a carjacking, looking frustrated as they realize there is no smog to hide their escape. The scene should convey the increased difficulty for carjackers to disappear into the clean air, with a sense of challenge and struggle evident in their expressions.
*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.
I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how a decrease in Air pollution in El Centro, California caused Carjackings in the US to decrease.\Make it sound serious until the end.
AI academic paper
 |
The Stink and the Steal: Unveiling the Relationship between Air Pollution in El Centro and Carjackings in the US The Journal of Ecological Criminology Jan 2024 Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real! |
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You write titles and abstracts of goofy academic research papers.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, and add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please draft the title and abstract of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in El Centro, California and Carjackings in the US. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Rhyme words in the title.
Your research team used data from Environmental Protection Agency and Bureau of Justice Statistics to assess this nagging question. You found a correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and p < 0.01 for 1995 to 2021.
Please respond in this format (replace "Lorem ipsum dolor sit" with your title and abstract)
[[TITLE]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
[[ABSTRACT]]
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
ChatGPT:
[[TITLE]]
The Stink and the Steal: Unveiling the Relationship between Air Pollution in El Centro and Carjackings in the US
[[ABSTRACT]]
This research endeavors to shed light on the potential link between air pollution in El Centro, California and the occurrence of carjackings across the United States. Using data meticulously obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, our study uncovers a surprising and, dare we say, airy correlation between these seemingly unrelated phenomena. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a statistically significant relationship between the two variables from 1995 to 2021.
While the connection between air quality and criminal behavior may seem like a breath of fresh air to some, our research suggests that there may indeed be a tangible association between the stench of pollution and the impulse to snatch vehicles. The results of this study may prompt further investigation into the societal impact of air pollution on criminal activities, as well as inspire the humorously unexpected suggestion of an "aromatic crime reduction strategy." In the world of research, it appears that sometimes, the evidence is right under our nose.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the introduction section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the introduction section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in El Centro, California and Carjackings in the US. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Stink and the Steal: Unveiling the Relationship between Air Pollution in El Centro and Carjackings in the US
[[ABSTRACT]]
This research endeavors to shed light on the potential link between air pollution in El Centro, California and the occurrence of carjackings across the United States. Using data meticulously obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, our study uncovers a surprising and, dare we say, airy correlation between these seemingly unrelated phenomena. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a statistically significant relationship between the two variables from 1995 to 2021.
While the connection between air quality and criminal behavior may seem like a breath of fresh air to some, our research suggests that there may indeed be a tangible association between the stench of pollution and the impulse to snatch vehicles. The results of this study may prompt further investigation into the societal impact of air pollution on criminal activities, as well as inspire the humorously unexpected suggestion of an "aromatic crime reduction strategy." In the world of research, it appears that sometimes, the evidence is right under our nose.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
ChatGPT:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The interplay between environmental factors and criminal behavior has long been a subject of interest for researchers across various disciplines. In recent years, studies have explored the potential influence of air pollution on public health and socioeconomic dynamics. However, the notion of a connection between pollution and criminal activities, particularly carjackings, has largely remained unexplored until now. This research seeks to bridge the gap in understanding this unconventional relationship, which may hold significant implications for public policy and urban planning.
El Centro, California, a small yet industrious city, has faced ongoing challenges concerning air quality due to its proximity to major transportation routes and industrial activities. Carjackings, a menacing and distressing form of vehicle theft, continue to plague urban areas throughout the United States, prompting law enforcement agencies and policymakers to grapple with effective deterrent strategies. While air pollution and carjackings may initially appear as unrelated as oil and water, our study delves into the possibility of an unexpected synergy, or perhaps a malodorous harmony, between these seemingly disparate phenomena.
With a statistical correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and a p-value of less than 0.01, our investigation unveils a robust association between air pollution in El Centro and the occurrence of carjackings across the US from 1995 to 2021. This eyebrow-raising correlation challenges conventional wisdom and invites contemplation of the potential mechanisms underlying such a peculiar connection. It beckons us to consider the possibility that foul air may, quite literally, be leaving a foul trail in the realm of criminal activities.
As we embark on this intellectual journey, we acknowledge the inherent absurdity of the path we tread. The idea that pollutants in the atmosphere could incite the sordid act of carjacking might seem far-fetched at first glance. Nevertheless, the data, collected with all due diligence, gently nudges us to entertain the notion that perhaps, just perhaps, there exists an olfactory dimension to criminal behavior that merits further scrutiny.
In the pursuit of scientific inquiry, it is essential to approach unconventional theories with an open mind and a keen sense of curiosity. Our findings may challenge the minds of both seasoned researchers and casual readers alike, offering a whiff of unconventional insight that may leave us all shaking our heads in bewilderment, as well as perhaps a chuckle of amusement at the unexpected intersections of the complex tapestry of societal phenomena. As we step into the realm of unexpected connections, let us keep our minds as open as the windows on a spring day, and perhaps, just perhaps, a breeze of enlightenment may blow through the dust of conventional thinking.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in El Centro, California and Carjackings in the US. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.
Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.
Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.
Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then devolve ever further, and mention something completely ridiculous, like you conducted literature review by reading CVS receipts.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Stink and the Steal: Unveiling the Relationship between Air Pollution in El Centro and Carjackings in the US
[[ABSTRACT]]
This research endeavors to shed light on the potential link between air pollution in El Centro, California and the occurrence of carjackings across the United States. Using data meticulously obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, our study uncovers a surprising and, dare we say, airy correlation between these seemingly unrelated phenomena. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a statistically significant relationship between the two variables from 1995 to 2021.
While the connection between air quality and criminal behavior may seem like a breath of fresh air to some, our research suggests that there may indeed be a tangible association between the stench of pollution and the impulse to snatch vehicles. The results of this study may prompt further investigation into the societal impact of air pollution on criminal activities, as well as inspire the humorously unexpected suggestion of an "aromatic crime reduction strategy." In the world of research, it appears that sometimes, the evidence is right under our nose.
-------
And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The interplay between environmental factors and criminal behavior has long been a subject of interest for researchers across various disciplines. In recent years, studies have explored the potential influence of air pollution on public health and socioeconomic dynamics. However, the notion of a connection between pollution and criminal activities, particularly carjackings, has largely remained unexplored until now. This research seeks to bridge the gap in understanding this unconventional relationship, which may hold significant implications for public policy and urban planning.
El Centro, California, a small yet industrious city, has faced ongoing challenges concerning air quality due to its proximity to major transportation routes and industrial activities. Carjackings, a menacing and distressing form of vehicle theft, continue to plague urban areas throughout the United States, prompting law enforcement agencies and policymakers to grapple with effective deterrent strategies. While air pollution and carjackings may initially appear as unrelated as oil and water, our study delves into the possibility of an unexpected synergy, or perhaps a malodorous harmony, between these seemingly disparate phenomena.
With a statistical correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and a p-value of less than 0.01, our investigation unveils a robust association between air pollution in El Centro and the occurrence of carjackings across the US from 1995 to 2021. This eyebrow-raising correlation challenges conventional wisdom and invites contemplation of the potential mechanisms underlying such a peculiar connection. It beckons us to consider the possibility that foul air may, quite literally, be leaving a foul trail in the realm of criminal activities.
As we embark on this intellectual journey, we acknowledge the inherent absurdity of the path we tread. The idea that pollutants in the atmosphere could incite the sordid act of carjacking might seem far-fetched at first glance. Nevertheless, the data, collected with all due diligence, gently nudges us to entertain the notion that perhaps, just perhaps, there exists an olfactory dimension to criminal behavior that merits further scrutiny.
In the pursuit of scientific inquiry, it is essential to approach unconventional theories with an open mind and a keen sense of curiosity. Our findings may challenge the minds of both seasoned researchers and casual readers alike, offering a whiff of unconventional insight that may leave us all shaking our heads in bewilderment, as well as perhaps a chuckle of amusement at the unexpected intersections of the complex tapestry of societal phenomena. As we step into the realm of unexpected connections, let us keep our minds as open as the windows on a spring day, and perhaps, just perhaps, a breeze of enlightenment may blow through the dust of conventional thinking.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The relationship between environmental factors and criminal behavior has been a topic of growing interest in research. While much of the literature has focused on the impact of air pollution on public health and socioeconomic dynamics, the potential connection between air pollution and carjackings has received limited attention. However, recent studies have brought some unexpected and intriguing findings to light.
Smith et al. (2018) conducted a comprehensive analysis of air pollution levels in urban areas and their potential influence on criminal activities. Their study indicated a slight correlation between particulate matter and property crimes, but the authors themselves seemed unconvinced by their own findings, jokingly suggesting that perhaps the pollution was making everyone too sluggish to even contemplate theft.
Doe and Jones (2019) further explored the intersection of environmental factors and criminal behavior, delving into the potential effects of air quality on criminal tendencies. While their work primarily focused on broader patterns of crime, their analysis hinted at the possibility of a more specific link between air pollution and vehicular-based offenses. The understated humor in their findings proposed that perhaps polluted air could be impairing judgment and leading individuals to make impulsive, ill-advised decisions - such as carjacking - without much thought, much like driving a little too fast through a yellow traffic light on a hazy day.
Turning to non-fiction books, "Choked: Life and Breath in the Age of Air Pollution" by Beth Gardiner and "The Big Necessity: The Unmentionable World of Human Waste and Why it Matters" by Rose George, while not directly related to the topic at hand, offer valuable insights into the broader environmental challenges facing modern society. Additionally, the works of fiction such as "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Dostoevsky and "The Big Sleep" by Raymond Chandler, though not explicitly focused on air quality or carjackings, provide a nuanced exploration of criminal behavior in urban settings.
In a departure from traditional scholarly sources, the researchers also perused an array of unconventional materials, including fortune cookies, Magic 8-balls, and even the verbose narratives of a chatty parrot named Polly to gather diverse perspectives on the potential link between air pollution in El Centro and carjackings in the US. While these sources offered limited empirical evidence, they did provide an amusing interlude and a welcome break from the rigors of academic investigation.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in El Centro, California and Carjackings in the US. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.
Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Bureau of Justice Statistics . You used data from 1995 to 2021
Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.
Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Stink and the Steal: Unveiling the Relationship between Air Pollution in El Centro and Carjackings in the US
[[ABSTRACT]]
This research endeavors to shed light on the potential link between air pollution in El Centro, California and the occurrence of carjackings across the United States. Using data meticulously obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, our study uncovers a surprising and, dare we say, airy correlation between these seemingly unrelated phenomena. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a statistically significant relationship between the two variables from 1995 to 2021.
While the connection between air quality and criminal behavior may seem like a breath of fresh air to some, our research suggests that there may indeed be a tangible association between the stench of pollution and the impulse to snatch vehicles. The results of this study may prompt further investigation into the societal impact of air pollution on criminal activities, as well as inspire the humorously unexpected suggestion of an "aromatic crime reduction strategy." In the world of research, it appears that sometimes, the evidence is right under our nose.
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The interplay between environmental factors and criminal behavior has long been a subject of interest for researchers across various disciplines. In recent years, studies have explored the potential influence of air pollution on public health and socioeconomic dynamics. However, the notion of a connection between pollution and criminal activities, particularly carjackings, has largely remained unexplored until now. This research seeks to bridge the gap in understanding this unconventional relationship, which may hold significant implications for public policy and urban planning.
El Centro, California, a small yet industrious city, has faced ongoing challenges concerning air quality due to its proximity to major transportation routes and industrial activities. Carjackings, a menacing and distressing form of vehicle theft, continue to plague urban areas throughout the United States, prompting law enforcement agencies and policymakers to grapple with effective deterrent strategies. While air pollution and carjackings may initially appear as unrelated as oil and water, our study delves into the possibility of an unexpected synergy, or perhaps a malodorous harmony, between these seemingly disparate phenomena.
With a statistical correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and a p-value of less than 0.01, our investigation unveils a robust association between air pollution in El Centro and the occurrence of carjackings across the US from 1995 to 2021. This eyebrow-raising correlation challenges conventional wisdom and invites contemplation of the potential mechanisms underlying such a peculiar connection. It beckons us to consider the possibility that foul air may, quite literally, be leaving a foul trail in the realm of criminal activities.
As we embark on this intellectual journey, we acknowledge the inherent absurdity of the path we tread. The idea that pollutants in the atmosphere could incite the sordid act of carjacking might seem far-fetched at first glance. Nevertheless, the data, collected with all due diligence, gently nudges us to entertain the notion that perhaps, just perhaps, there exists an olfactory dimension to criminal behavior that merits further scrutiny.
In the pursuit of scientific inquiry, it is essential to approach unconventional theories with an open mind and a keen sense of curiosity. Our findings may challenge the minds of both seasoned researchers and casual readers alike, offering a whiff of unconventional insight that may leave us all shaking our heads in bewilderment, as well as perhaps a chuckle of amusement at the unexpected intersections of the complex tapestry of societal phenomena. As we step into the realm of unexpected connections, let us keep our minds as open as the windows on a spring day, and perhaps, just perhaps, a breeze of enlightenment may blow through the dust of conventional thinking.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
ChatGPT:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
To unearth the potential connection between air pollution in El Centro, California, and the occurrence of carjackings across the United States, a multi-faceted and meticulous approach was employed. The data collection and analysis process embarked on an intricate journey through the realms of environmental records and criminal activity statistics, weaving together seemingly disparate threads of information to unravel an unexpected correlation.
Data on air pollution levels in El Centro, California, were primarily sourced from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA's intricate web of air quality monitoring stations provided a robust foundation for understanding the atmospheric conditions in this region. Amidst the waves of data, our research team navigated through the virtual expanse of the internet with a steadfast determination akin to a sailor taming the wild seas, providing a richness to the dataset that reflected the complex tapestry of atmospheric dynamics.
As for the occurrences of carjackings across the United States, the Bureau of Justice Statistics stood as the beacon of knowledge, illuminating the shadowy landscape of criminal activities. The meticulous collection of criminal incident reports and statistical summaries from 1995 to 2021 allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the temporal and spatial distribution of carjackings across this grand nation. However, navigating through the intricacies of criminal databases was not without its challenges – the metaphorical maze of crime data often felt akin to traversing a labyrinth, with unexpected twists and turns at every juncture.
Once the data from these disparate sources was assembled, the true unraveling of the correlation began. Utilizing statistical software, the collected air pollution and carjacking data were subjected to a rigorous analysis involving correlation coefficients, p-values, and confidence intervals. While the process of statistical analysis may seem dry and methodical on the surface, the exploration of potential relationships between these variables carried an air of suspense akin to a detective uncovering hidden clues in a captivating mystery novel.
The statistical analysis not only provided a quantifiable assessment of the relationship between air pollution in El Centro and carjackings in the US but also prompted a philosophical contemplation of the interplay between environmental influences and criminal propensities. The journey of uncovering this connection was akin to peeling back the layers of an onion, revealing unexpected and pungent insights that transcended the boundaries of conventional understanding.
In essence, this methodological approach sought to harmonize the seemingly incongruent realms of environmental monitoring and criminal statistics, creating a symphony of data that uncovered a surprising and, dare I say, aromatic connection between air quality and criminal activities.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in El Centro, California and Carjackings in the US. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.
Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Environmental Protection Agency and Bureau of Justice Statistics .
For the time period 1995 to 2021, you found a correlation 0.9062632, r-squared of 0.8213130, and p < 0.01.
One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.
Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Stink and the Steal: Unveiling the Relationship between Air Pollution in El Centro and Carjackings in the US
[[ABSTRACT]]
This research endeavors to shed light on the potential link between air pollution in El Centro, California and the occurrence of carjackings across the United States. Using data meticulously obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, our study uncovers a surprising and, dare we say, airy correlation between these seemingly unrelated phenomena. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a statistically significant relationship between the two variables from 1995 to 2021.
While the connection between air quality and criminal behavior may seem like a breath of fresh air to some, our research suggests that there may indeed be a tangible association between the stench of pollution and the impulse to snatch vehicles. The results of this study may prompt further investigation into the societal impact of air pollution on criminal activities, as well as inspire the humorously unexpected suggestion of an "aromatic crime reduction strategy." In the world of research, it appears that sometimes, the evidence is right under our nose.
-------
And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
The interplay between environmental factors and criminal behavior has long been a subject of interest for researchers across various disciplines. In recent years, studies have explored the potential influence of air pollution on public health and socioeconomic dynamics. However, the notion of a connection between pollution and criminal activities, particularly carjackings, has largely remained unexplored until now. This research seeks to bridge the gap in understanding this unconventional relationship, which may hold significant implications for public policy and urban planning.
El Centro, California, a small yet industrious city, has faced ongoing challenges concerning air quality due to its proximity to major transportation routes and industrial activities. Carjackings, a menacing and distressing form of vehicle theft, continue to plague urban areas throughout the United States, prompting law enforcement agencies and policymakers to grapple with effective deterrent strategies. While air pollution and carjackings may initially appear as unrelated as oil and water, our study delves into the possibility of an unexpected synergy, or perhaps a malodorous harmony, between these seemingly disparate phenomena.
With a statistical correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and a p-value of less than 0.01, our investigation unveils a robust association between air pollution in El Centro and the occurrence of carjackings across the US from 1995 to 2021. This eyebrow-raising correlation challenges conventional wisdom and invites contemplation of the potential mechanisms underlying such a peculiar connection. It beckons us to consider the possibility that foul air may, quite literally, be leaving a foul trail in the realm of criminal activities.
As we embark on this intellectual journey, we acknowledge the inherent absurdity of the path we tread. The idea that pollutants in the atmosphere could incite the sordid act of carjacking might seem far-fetched at first glance. Nevertheless, the data, collected with all due diligence, gently nudges us to entertain the notion that perhaps, just perhaps, there exists an olfactory dimension to criminal behavior that merits further scrutiny.
In the pursuit of scientific inquiry, it is essential to approach unconventional theories with an open mind and a keen sense of curiosity. Our findings may challenge the minds of both seasoned researchers and casual readers alike, offering a whiff of unconventional insight that may leave us all shaking our heads in bewilderment, as well as perhaps a chuckle of amusement at the unexpected intersections of the complex tapestry of societal phenomena. As we step into the realm of unexpected connections, let us keep our minds as open as the windows on a spring day, and perhaps, just perhaps, a breeze of enlightenment may blow through the dust of conventional thinking.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[RESULTS]]
ChatGPT:
[[RESULTS]]
The findings of our investigation into the connection between air pollution in El Centro, California, and carjackings across the United States from 1995 to 2021 have emerged with a surprising fragrance of statistical significance. The correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and an r-squared of 0.8213130 indicate a robust and unmistakable association between these two seemingly unrelated variables. The p-value of less than 0.01 further reinforces the compelling nature of this relationship, hinting at a connection that is more than just a wild whiff of speculation.
Fig. 1 displays a scatterplot that visually encapsulates the remarkably strong correlation between air pollution in El Centro and the incidence of carjackings across the nation. The data points trace a pattern that dances like an unseen gust of wind, teasing at the possibility of an invisible link between the scent of pollution and the temptation to engage in vehicular takings.
Our research team had initially embarked on this endeavor with a cautious skepticism, recognizing the potential for spurious correlations that may have simply been wafting through the statistical realm. However, the remarkable consistency and strength of the relationship uncovered in our analysis present a tantalizing aroma of causation that cannot be simply sniffed away.
While the notion of air pollution serving as a trigger for criminal behavior might, at first whiff, seem like an outlandish concept, our data leave little room for mere fragrant fantasies. Instead, the evidence points to a possibility that air quality issues may, in fact, be leaving an invisible imprint on the odor of criminal activities.
Our findings, while undoubtedly pungent with statistical significance, do not imply a simple cause-and-effect relationship. Instead, they raise questions that resonate with the musings of a curious mind, beckoning us to explore the potential mediators and mechanisms that could underlie this aromatic association.
In the wider panorama of research endeavors, our study serves as a reminder that the unexpected and the unconventional may hold valuable insights, much like stumbling upon a hidden gem in a field of daisies. As we scrutinize the data and embrace the enigmatic dance between air quality and criminal behaviors, we are left with a lingering aroma of wry amusement at the unexpected twists and turns that the research journey can unveil.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in El Centro, California and Carjackings in the US. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.
Limit your response to 500 tokens.
Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.
Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.
[[TITLE]]
The Stink and the Steal: Unveiling the Relationship between Air Pollution in El Centro and Carjackings in the US
[[ABSTRACT]]
This research endeavors to shed light on the potential link between air pollution in El Centro, California and the occurrence of carjackings across the United States. Using data meticulously obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, our study uncovers a surprising and, dare we say, airy correlation between these seemingly unrelated phenomena. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a statistically significant relationship between the two variables from 1995 to 2021.
While the connection between air quality and criminal behavior may seem like a breath of fresh air to some, our research suggests that there may indeed be a tangible association between the stench of pollution and the impulse to snatch vehicles. The results of this study may prompt further investigation into the societal impact of air pollution on criminal activities, as well as inspire the humorously unexpected suggestion of an "aromatic crime reduction strategy." In the world of research, it appears that sometimes, the evidence is right under our nose.
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The relationship between environmental factors and criminal behavior has been a topic of growing interest in research. While much of the literature has focused on the impact of air pollution on public health and socioeconomic dynamics, the potential connection between air pollution and carjackings has received limited attention. However, recent studies have brought some unexpected and intriguing findings to light.
Smith et al. (2018) conducted a comprehensive analysis of air pollution levels in urban areas and their potential influence on criminal activities. Their study indicated a slight correlation between particulate matter and property crimes, but the authors themselves seemed unconvinced by their own findings, jokingly suggesting that perhaps the pollution was making everyone too sluggish to even contemplate theft.
Doe and Jones (2019) further explored the intersection of environmental factors and criminal behavior, delving into the potential effects of air quality on criminal tendencies. While their work primarily focused on broader patterns of crime, their analysis hinted at the possibility of a more specific link between air pollution and vehicular-based offenses. The understated humor in their findings proposed that perhaps polluted air could be impairing judgment and leading individuals to make impulsive, ill-advised decisions - such as carjacking - without much thought, much like driving a little too fast through a yellow traffic light on a hazy day.
Turning to non-fiction books, "Choked: Life and Breath in the Age of Air Pollution" by Beth Gardiner and "The Big Necessity: The Unmentionable World of Human Waste and Why it Matters" by Rose George, while not directly related to the topic at hand, offer valuable insights into the broader environmental challenges facing modern society. Additionally, the works of fiction such as "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Dostoevsky and "The Big Sleep" by Raymond Chandler, though not explicitly focused on air quality or carjackings, provide a nuanced exploration of criminal behavior in urban settings.
In a departure from traditional scholarly sources, the researchers also perused an array of unconventional materials, including fortune cookies, Magic 8-balls, and even the verbose narratives of a chatty parrot named Polly to gather diverse perspectives on the potential link between air pollution in El Centro and carjackings in the US. While these sources offered limited empirical evidence, they did provide an amusing interlude and a welcome break from the rigors of academic investigation.
[[RESULTS]]
The findings of our investigation into the connection between air pollution in El Centro, California, and carjackings across the United States from 1995 to 2021 have emerged with a surprising fragrance of statistical significance. The correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and an r-squared of 0.8213130 indicate a robust and unmistakable association between these two seemingly unrelated variables. The p-value of less than 0.01 further reinforces the compelling nature of this relationship, hinting at a connection that is more than just a wild whiff of speculation.
Fig. 1 displays a scatterplot that visually encapsulates the remarkably strong correlation between air pollution in El Centro and the incidence of carjackings across the nation. The data points trace a pattern that dances like an unseen gust of wind, teasing at the possibility of an invisible link between the scent of pollution and the temptation to engage in vehicular takings.
Our research team had initially embarked on this endeavor with a cautious skepticism, recognizing the potential for spurious correlations that may have simply been wafting through the statistical realm. However, the remarkable consistency and strength of the relationship uncovered in our analysis present a tantalizing aroma of causation that cannot be simply sniffed away.
While the notion of air pollution serving as a trigger for criminal behavior might, at first whiff, seem like an outlandish concept, our data leave little room for mere fragrant fantasies. Instead, the evidence points to a possibility that air quality issues may, in fact, be leaving an invisible imprint on the odor of criminal activities.
Our findings, while undoubtedly pungent with statistical significance, do not imply a simple cause-and-effect relationship. Instead, they raise questions that resonate with the musings of a curious mind, beckoning us to explore the potential mediators and mechanisms that could underlie this aromatic association.
In the wider panorama of research endeavors, our study serves as a reminder that the unexpected and the unconventional may hold valuable insights, much like stumbling upon a hidden gem in a field of daisies. As we scrutinize the data and embrace the enigmatic dance between air quality and criminal behaviors, we are left with a lingering aroma of wry amusement at the unexpected twists and turns that the research journey can unveil.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[DISCUSSION]]
ChatGPT:
[[DISCUSSION]]
The results of our investigation support the notion that air pollution in El Centro, California, and carjackings across the United States share a surprisingly potent connection. Our findings not only validate previous literature but also lend credence to the inexplicably amusing hypotheses suggested by Smith et al. (2018) and Doe and Jones (2019). It appears that the jesting jabs at the potential influence of pollution on criminal proclivities were not merely wisps of humor but may, in fact, carry a scent of truth.
While our study did not delve into the specific mechanisms through which air pollution may influence carjacking incidents, the statistical robustness of the correlation hints at a relationship that is more than just a breezy coincidence. The r-squared value of 0.8213130 indicates that over 80% of the variance in carjackings can be explained by air pollution levels in El Centro, a revelation that wafts through the air of statistical significance with an undeniable presence.
The scatterplot in Fig. 1 visually captures the striking correlation, evoking images of an invisible yet undeniable breeze that tugs at the fabric of criminological understanding. It is as if the unseen tendrils of pollution are whispering a tale of their influence on the succulent fruits of criminal behavior, tantalizing our academic taste buds with the unexpected flavors of research discovery.
The implications of our findings stretch beyond the statistically significant connection, eliciting a sense of curiosity and bemusement akin to finding a needle in a haystack scented with daisies. The possibility of pollution shaping criminal activities, while initially aromatic with skepticism, now lingers in the air as a potential avenue for further inquiry and investigation.
Our study highlights the value of embracing the unexpected in research, much like partaking in a whimsical journey filled with zesty surprises and flavorsome revelations. It encourages scholars to look beyond the conventional sources of evidence and consider the wry wisdom hidden in humorous research endeavors. As we continue to untangle the aromatic associations between air pollution and criminal activities, we are left with a lingering aroma of scholarly merriment, reminding us that even in the world of academia, an occasional whiff of wit can be both enlightening and uplifting.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a silly researcher writing an academic paper.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.
Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Air pollution in El Centro, California and Carjackings in the US. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.
Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.
Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
The Stink and the Steal: Unveiling the Relationship between Air Pollution in El Centro and Carjackings in the US
[[ABSTRACT]]
This research endeavors to shed light on the potential link between air pollution in El Centro, California and the occurrence of carjackings across the United States. Using data meticulously obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, our study uncovers a surprising and, dare we say, airy correlation between these seemingly unrelated phenomena. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a statistically significant relationship between the two variables from 1995 to 2021.
While the connection between air quality and criminal behavior may seem like a breath of fresh air to some, our research suggests that there may indeed be a tangible association between the stench of pollution and the impulse to snatch vehicles. The results of this study may prompt further investigation into the societal impact of air pollution on criminal activities, as well as inspire the humorously unexpected suggestion of an "aromatic crime reduction strategy." In the world of research, it appears that sometimes, the evidence is right under our nose.
[[INTRDUCTION]]
The interplay between environmental factors and criminal behavior has long been a subject of interest for researchers across various disciplines. In recent years, studies have explored the potential influence of air pollution on public health and socioeconomic dynamics. However, the notion of a connection between pollution and criminal activities, particularly carjackings, has largely remained unexplored until now. This research seeks to bridge the gap in understanding this unconventional relationship, which may hold significant implications for public policy and urban planning.
El Centro, California, a small yet industrious city, has faced ongoing challenges concerning air quality due to its proximity to major transportation routes and industrial activities. Carjackings, a menacing and distressing form of vehicle theft, continue to plague urban areas throughout the United States, prompting law enforcement agencies and policymakers to grapple with effective deterrent strategies. While air pollution and carjackings may initially appear as unrelated as oil and water, our study delves into the possibility of an unexpected synergy, or perhaps a malodorous harmony, between these seemingly disparate phenomena.
With a statistical correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and a p-value of less than 0.01, our investigation unveils a robust association between air pollution in El Centro and the occurrence of carjackings across the US from 1995 to 2021. This eyebrow-raising correlation challenges conventional wisdom and invites contemplation of the potential mechanisms underlying such a peculiar connection. It beckons us to consider the possibility that foul air may, quite literally, be leaving a foul trail in the realm of criminal activities.
As we embark on this intellectual journey, we acknowledge the inherent absurdity of the path we tread. The idea that pollutants in the atmosphere could incite the sordid act of carjacking might seem far-fetched at first glance. Nevertheless, the data, collected with all due diligence, gently nudges us to entertain the notion that perhaps, just perhaps, there exists an olfactory dimension to criminal behavior that merits further scrutiny.
In the pursuit of scientific inquiry, it is essential to approach unconventional theories with an open mind and a keen sense of curiosity. Our findings may challenge the minds of both seasoned researchers and casual readers alike, offering a whiff of unconventional insight that may leave us all shaking our heads in bewilderment, as well as perhaps a chuckle of amusement at the unexpected intersections of the complex tapestry of societal phenomena. As we step into the realm of unexpected connections, let us keep our minds as open as the windows on a spring day, and perhaps, just perhaps, a breeze of enlightenment may blow through the dust of conventional thinking.
[[RESULTS]]
The findings of our investigation into the connection between air pollution in El Centro, California, and carjackings across the United States from 1995 to 2021 have emerged with a surprising fragrance of statistical significance. The correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and an r-squared of 0.8213130 indicate a robust and unmistakable association between these two seemingly unrelated variables. The p-value of less than 0.01 further reinforces the compelling nature of this relationship, hinting at a connection that is more than just a wild whiff of speculation.
Fig. 1 displays a scatterplot that visually encapsulates the remarkably strong correlation between air pollution in El Centro and the incidence of carjackings across the nation. The data points trace a pattern that dances like an unseen gust of wind, teasing at the possibility of an invisible link between the scent of pollution and the temptation to engage in vehicular takings.
Our research team had initially embarked on this endeavor with a cautious skepticism, recognizing the potential for spurious correlations that may have simply been wafting through the statistical realm. However, the remarkable consistency and strength of the relationship uncovered in our analysis present a tantalizing aroma of causation that cannot be simply sniffed away.
While the notion of air pollution serving as a trigger for criminal behavior might, at first whiff, seem like an outlandish concept, our data leave little room for mere fragrant fantasies. Instead, the evidence points to a possibility that air quality issues may, in fact, be leaving an invisible imprint on the odor of criminal activities.
Our findings, while undoubtedly pungent with statistical significance, do not imply a simple cause-and-effect relationship. Instead, they raise questions that resonate with the musings of a curious mind, beckoning us to explore the potential mediators and mechanisms that could underlie this aromatic association.
In the wider panorama of research endeavors, our study serves as a reminder that the unexpected and the unconventional may hold valuable insights, much like stumbling upon a hidden gem in a field of daisies. As we scrutinize the data and embrace the enigmatic dance between air quality and criminal behaviors, we are left with a lingering aroma of wry amusement at the unexpected twists and turns that the research journey can unveil.
-------
Your response should start like this:
[[CONCLUSION]]
ChatGPT:
[[CONCLUSION]]
In conclusion, our study illuminates an intriguing relationship between air pollution in El Centro, California, and carjackings across the United States. The statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and a p-value of less than 0.01 presented in our findings lend credence to the idea that foul air may indeed be leaving a foul trail in the realm of criminal activities. The robust association uncovered challenges conventional wisdom and encourages us to ponder the potential mechanisms underlying this peculiar connection, much like unraveling the layers of an aromatic mystery.
While the implications of our research may seem at first waft like a gust of whimsy through the air, they prompt intriguing contemplation of the less obvious influences on criminal behavior. The unexpected dance of statistical significance and the fragrance of unconventional insight encourage us to consider the possibility that there may be an olfactory dimension to criminal activities that merits further scholarly exploration.
It is important to note that the findings of this study do not suggest a simplistic cause-and-effect relationship but rather beckon us to delve deeper into the nuanced complexities of societal phenomena, as we embrace the unexpected and the unconventional with a spritz of curiosity. However, heeding the evidence presented, we assert that no further research is needed in this area. After all, sometimes, a breath of fresh air can lead to truly "aromatic" discoveries.
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited The Stink and the Steal: Unveiling the Relationship between Air Pollution in El Centro and Carjackings in the US. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.
ChatGPT:
The Journal of Ecological Criminology
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited The Stink and the Steal: Unveiling the Relationship between Air Pollution in El Centro and Carjackings in the US. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.
ChatGPT:
The Center for Atmospheric Anomalies and Societal Trends (CAAST)
Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled The Stink and the Steal: Unveiling the Relationship between Air Pollution in El Centro and Carjackings in the US with an abstract of This research endeavors to shed light on the potential link between air pollution in El Centro, California and the occurrence of carjackings across the United States. Using data meticulously obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Bureau of Justice Statistics, our study uncovers a surprising and, dare we say, airy correlation between these seemingly unrelated phenomena. Our findings reveal a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9062632 and a p-value of less than 0.01, indicating a statistically significant relationship between the two variables from 1995 to 2021.
While the connection between air quality and criminal behavior may seem like a breath of fresh air to some, our research suggests that there may indeed be a tangible association between the stench of pollution and the impulse to snatch vehicles. The results of this study may prompt further investigation into the societal impact of air pollution on criminal activities, as well as inspire the humorously unexpected suggestion of an "aromatic crime reduction strategy." In the world of research, it appears that sometimes, the evidence is right under our nose.
ChatGPT:
air pollution, El Centro California, carjackings, United States, Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Justice Statistics, correlation coefficient, statistical significance, criminal behavior, air quality, societal impact, crime reduction strategy
*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.
Discover a new correlation
View all correlations
View all research papers
Report an error
Data details
Air pollution in El Centro, CaliforniaDetailed data title: Percentage of days 'unhealthy' or worse air quality in El Centro, CA
Source: Environmental Protection Agency
See what else correlates with Air pollution in El Centro, California
Carjackings in the US
Detailed data title: Rate of nonfatal carjacking victimization per 1,000 persons age 16 or older (3-year moving averages)
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics
See what else correlates with Carjackings in the US
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.
r2 = 0.8213130 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 82.1% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Carjackings in the US) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Air pollution in El Centro, California) over the 27 years from 1995 through 2021.
p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 7.7E-11. 0.0000000000774635688613301000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme. More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.
But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.
Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.91 in 7.7E-9% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 12,909,294,197 random variables You don't actually need 12 billion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.
p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.
In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.
Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 26 degrees of freedom, Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 26 because we have two variables measured over a period of 27 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.
[ 0.8, 0.96 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.
This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!
All values for the years included above: If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.
Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.
| 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| Air pollution in El Centro, California (Bad air quality days) | 14.2466 | 9.83607 | 13.6986 | 5.47945 | 6.0274 | 3.27869 | 5.20548 | 3.83562 | 2.73973 | 0.546448 | 2.73973 | 2.46575 | 2.46575 | 1.36612 | 0.547945 | 0 | 0.273973 | 1.36612 | 1.09589 | 2.46575 | 0.821918 | 1.63934 | 1.36986 | 2.46575 | 0.547945 | 0.546448 | 1.91781 |
| Carjackings in the US (Carjackings) | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.185 | 0.185 | 0.185 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.12 |
Why this works
- Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
- Lack of causal connection: There is probably
Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied. - Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple
Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
Try it yourself
You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.
Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"
Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.
Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.
Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.
Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"
If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:
"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."
# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats
# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):
# Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)
# Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
r_squared = correlation**2
return correlation, r_squared, p_value
# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([14.2466,9.83607,13.6986,5.47945,6.0274,3.27869,5.20548,3.83562,2.73973,0.546448,2.73973,2.46575,2.46575,1.36612,0.547945,0,0.273973,1.36612,1.09589,2.46575,0.821918,1.63934,1.36986,2.46575,0.547945,0.546448,1.91781,])
array_2 = np.array([0.53,0.48,0.4,0.3,0.35,0.31,0.31,0.19,0.23,0.19,0.22,0.185,0.185,0.185,0.15,0.13,0.09,0.09,0.12,0.15,0.14,0.11,0.09,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.12,])
array_1_name = "Air pollution in El Centro, California"
array_2_name = "Carjackings in the US"
# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)
# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)Reuseable content
You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.
For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."
When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.
Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.
Download images for these variables:
- High resolution line chart
The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.
If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.
Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape. - High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
- Alternative high resolution line chart
- Scatterplot
- Portable line chart (png)
- Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
- Line chart for only Air pollution in El Centro, California
- Line chart for only Carjackings in the US
- AI-generated correlation image
- The spurious research paper: The Stink and the Steal: Unveiling the Relationship between Air Pollution in El Centro and Carjackings in the US
Your correlation inspection deserves a standing ovation!
Correlation ID: 2548 · Black Variable ID: 20579 · Red Variable ID: 1200
