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AI explanation

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: The image generation prompt for DALLE-3 in a high-tech style, depicting the scene of bustling Arizona city transformed by Master's graduates in Public Administration, could be the following: "Generate an aerial view of a futuristic Arizona cityscape, with sleek and modern buildings towering against a backdrop of clear blue skies. In the streets, graduates with Master's degrees in Public Administration are seen engaging with the community, their animated discussions visible through transparent holographic displays. As they impart their expertise on managing public funds, a digital wave of organization and precision sweeps through the streets, represented by streams of data flowing seamlessly between the citizens and the administrative professionals. The city is alive with the hum of advanced technology, as robotic assistants and AI platforms assist in analyzing and optimizing financial strategies. The scene captures the seamless integration of public administration and high-tech innovation, ushering in a new era of efficiency and order in the city." The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

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This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Master's degrees awarded in Public administration and The number of accountants and auditors in Arizona. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: High-tech Scalar art Woodblock painting inspired by bauhaus Cutsy graphics
ChatGPT: High-tech

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Master's degrees awarded in Public administration and The number of accountants and auditors in Arizona, in the following situation: As more people became proficient in managing public funds, they inadvertently sparked a statewide obsession with organizing and tallying everything in sight. It's like they unleashed a primal urge for numerical order and financial precision among the population. The allure of spreadsheets and balanced budgets became irresistible, leading to a surge in the number of accountants and auditors across Arizona. It's as if the city streets just started echoing with the sound of calculators and the faint scent of freshly printed financial reports. The power of public administration knowledge inadvertently turned Arizona into a hotbed for number-crunching enthusiasts, ultimately shaping the state's financial landscape in an unexpected way.. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In a bustling Arizona city, graduates with Master's degrees in Public Administration are seen eagerly sharing their knowledge with the community. As they enthusiastically discuss managing public funds, a wave of organization and precision spreads through the streets. The city is suddenly buzzing with accountants and auditors meticulously tallying and strategizing, their calculators echoing across the landscape. The influence of public administration has inadvertently transformed Arizona into a hub of financial order and precision.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ High-tech ] and depicting this scene: In a bustling Arizona city, graduates with Master's degrees in Public Administration are seen eagerly sharing their knowledge with the community. As they enthusiastically discuss managing public funds, a wave of organization and precision spreads through the streets. The city is suddenly buzzing with accountants and auditors meticulously tallying and strategizing, their calculators echoing across the landscape. The influence of public administration has inadvertently transformed Arizona into a hub of financial order and precision. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: The image generation prompt for DALLE-3 in a high-tech style, depicting the scene of bustling Arizona city transformed by Master's graduates in Public Administration, could be the following: "Generate an aerial view of a futuristic Arizona cityscape, with sleek and modern buildings towering against a backdrop of clear blue skies. In the streets, graduates with Master's degrees in Public Administration are seen engaging with the community, their animated discussions visible through transparent holographic displays. As they impart their expertise on managing public funds, a digital wave of organization and precision sweeps through the streets, represented by streams of data flowing seamlessly between the citizens and the administrative professionals. The city is alive with the hum of advanced technology, as robotic assistants and AI platforms assist in analyzing and optimizing financial strategies. The scene captures the seamless integration of public administration and high-tech innovation, ushering in a new era of efficiency and order in the city."

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*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.

AI academic paper

Degrees of Accounting: Exploring the Auditing Effects of Public Administration Master's Degrees in Arizona Journal of Financial Punditry Jan 2024 Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

Problem variable:	Which variable has a problem? Master's degrees awarded in Public administration The number of accountants and auditors in Arizona Neither / both
Issue:	What is the issue? The data is incorrect The chart isn't displaying properly There is a typo The source link is incorrect A calculation is wrong Something else
Additional details: Optional
Confirm you are a human:

Data details

Why this works

1. Data dredging: I have 25,237 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 636,906,169 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
2. Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
   no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
3. Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
   p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([41737,43591,44508,45948,46754,45361,46300,48883,49718,49388,])
array_2 = np.array([16750,16680,18810,20040,20200,19300,20030,22450,23280,23150,])
array_1_name = "Master's degrees awarded in Public administration"
array_2_name = "The number of accountants and auditors in Arizona"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

• High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.
  
  If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.
  
  Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
  
• High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
• Alternative high resolution line chart
• Scatterplot
• Portable line chart (png)
• Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
• Line chart for only Master's degrees awarded in Public administration
• Line chart for only The number of accountants and auditors in Arizona
• AI-generated correlation image
• The spurious research paper: Degrees of Accounting: Exploring the Auditing Effects of Public Administration Master's Degrees in Arizona