Spurious correlation #2,319 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Kenzie and the second variable is UFO sightings in Maine. The chart goes from 1976 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Kenzie and the second variable is UFO sightings in Maine. The chart goes from 1976 to 2021, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

The increased use of the name Kenzie somehow disrupted the Earth's energy field, leading to a rise in UFO activity over Maine. It seems like the aliens just couldn't resist checking out what all the Kenzie hype was about - maybe they're fans of trendy names too!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Prompt: Generate a comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s depicting a small town in Maine. A group of people gather excitedly on a clear night, pointing up at the sky. Among them is a smiling young girl named Kenzie, her popular name echoing in the chatter around her. In the night sky, a glowing, mysterious object hovers, sparking whispers of UFO sightings. The town should exude a vintage feel with classic architecture and subtle street lighting. The illustration should capture the sense of wonder and anticipation in the crowd, emphasizing Kenzie's expression of wide-eyed excitement. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Popularity of the first name Kenzie and UFO sightings in Maine. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Scalar art Woodblock painting Psychedelic Concept art A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s
ChatGPT: A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Popularity of the first name Kenzie and UFO sightings in Maine together. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In a small town in Maine, a group of people gather excitedly on a clear night, pointing up at the sky. Among them is a smiling young girl named Kenzie, her popular name echoing in the chatter around her. And in the night sky, a glowing, mysterious object hovers, sparking whispers of UFO sightings.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s ] and depicting this scene: In a small town in Maine, a group of people gather excitedly on a clear night, pointing up at the sky. Among them is a smiling young girl named Kenzie, her popular name echoing in the chatter around her. And in the night sky, a glowing, mysterious object hovers, sparking whispers of UFO sightings. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Prompt: Generate a comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s depicting a small town in Maine. A group of people gather excitedly on a clear night, pointing up at the sky. Among them is a smiling young girl named Kenzie, her popular name echoing in the chatter around her. In the night sky, a glowing, mysterious object hovers, sparking whispers of UFO sightings. The town should exude a vintage feel with classic architecture and subtle street lighting. The illustration should capture the sense of wonder and anticipation in the crowd, emphasizing Kenzie's expression of wide-eyed excitement.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in Popularity of the first name Kenzie caused UFO sightings in Maine to increase. Add a funny one-liner at the end.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

The Kenzie Conundrum: Unidentified First Names and Unearthly Flying Objects

The Journal of Paradoxical Phenomena and Linguistic Enigmas

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Kenzie and UFO sightings in Maine. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then devolve ever further, and mention something completely ridiculous, like you conducted literature review by reading the backs of shampoo bottles.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Kenzie Conundrum: Unidentified First Names and Unearthly Flying Objects

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we investigate the peculiar relationship between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the incidence of UFO sightings in the state of Maine. Drawing upon data from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center spanning from 1976 to 2021, our research team has uncovered a statistically significant correlation between these seemingly unrelated phenomena, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9025386 and p < 0.01. While traditionally UFO sightings have been attributed to extraterrestrial visitors, our findings suggest a new, offbeat factor: the name Kenzie. The implications of this unexpected correlation extend beyond the field of ufology, inviting further investigation into the enigmatic relationships between human nomenclature and inexplicable aerial phenomena. This study not only sheds light on an intriguing statistical quirk but also underscores the importance of exploring the unexpected and embracing the unexplored, even if it takes us to outer space and back.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The interplay between the terrestrial and the extraterrestrial has long captivated the imagination of humanity, from the conjectures of ancient philosophers to the fervent speculations of modern ufologists. Over the years, countless theories have emerged in attempts to unravel the mysteries of unidentified flying objects (UFOs), ranging from governmental cover-ups to alien visitations, and even to the occasional misidentified weather balloon. However, amidst this nebulous milieu of theories, one unassuming and unexpected variable has eluded systematic investigation: the popularity of the first name "Kenzie."
Our study delves into the Kenzie Conundrum, a captivating correlation that tantalizingly connects the occurrences of this eponymous first name with the reported sightings of UFOs in the scenic expanses of Maine. While some may find this correlation as baffling as decoding alien hieroglyphics, our rigorous analysis of data sourced from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center has brought to light a surprising statistical relationship.
At first glance, this study may seem like a flight of fancy, but the statistical evidence we present is as solid as the metaphorical adamantium. Our findings reveal a correlation coefficient of 0.9025386 and a p-value less than 0.01, signaling a robust and statistically significant association between the popularity of the name Kenzie and the frequency of UFO sightings. This correlation raises more than a few eyebrows, prompting us to explore not only the outer reaches of the cosmos but also the inner workings of human nomenclature.
The implications of our findings extend beyond the realm of ufology — they beckon us to venture into uncharted territories at the intersection of human behavior and inexplicable aerial phenomena. We are acutely aware that this unorthodox intersection may leave some scratching their heads, but as the adage goes, "Fortune favors the bold." By venturing into this unconventional territory, we aim to unearth insights that transcend the terrestrial and elevate our understanding of unearthly occurrences.
As we embark on this peculiar journey into the Kenzie-Unidentified Flying Object nexus, it becomes clear that the organic and the enigmatic may be more intertwined than previously imagined. The name "Kenzie" emerges as an unexpected player in the grand cosmic drama, a reminder that in the vast expanse of the unknown, the seemingly trivial may wield unexpected influence.
In the pages that follow, we unpack the statistical intricacies, explore the historical contexts, and probe the ontological implications of this unorthodox correlation. In doing so, we invite fellow researchers and enthusiasts to join us in unraveling the bewitching Kenzie Conundrum, where statistical rigor mingles with the enigmatic allure of the outer reaches of our atmosphere. After all, as we navigate this uncharted territory, it's important to keep both feet firmly on the ground and our gaze fixed on the stars, or in this case, the UFOs above the charming landscapes of Maine.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The peculiar correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the occurrence of UFO sightings in the state of Maine has captured the attention of a wide array of researchers from diverse academic disciplines. A number of studies have attempted to shed light on this enigmatic relationship, drawing upon statistical analyses, sociocultural perspectives, and ufological theories. Smith et al. (2015) explored the potential connections between first names and anomalous aerial phenomena, laying the groundwork for subsequent investigations into this intriguing correlation. Doe and Jones (2008) conducted a comprehensive review of UFO sighting reports and demographic data, probing for any unexpected patterns that may point to an unlikely association with the naming practices of the general populace. These serious-minded academic efforts set the stage for our present inquiry into the Kenzie Conundrum.

Turning to the world of non-fiction literature, "The Psychology of Name Popularity" (Brown, 2013) offers a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the rise and fall of particular first names within a given population. Brown's work provides valuable insights into the potential social, cultural, and psychological dynamics that may underlie the popularity of the name "Kenzie" and its purported link to UFO sightings. Similarly, "UFOs: An In-Depth Exploration" (Blackwood, 2005) delves into the historical, sociological, and psychological dimensions of unidentified flying objects, offering a broader context for understanding the implications of the Kenzie-UFO correlation.

In the realm of fiction, authors have also delved into themes that touch upon the mystique of UFOs and the intrigue of human nomenclature. "The Namesake" (Lahiri, 2003) sensitively explores the significance of names in shaping individual identity, offering a nuanced perspective that resonates with our own inquiry into the name "Kenzie" and its unforeseen connection to otherworldly sightings. "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" (Spielberg, 1977) — while a cinematic classic — captures the zeitgeist of UFO fascination and the human yearning for cosmic connection, providing a lens through which we may contemplate the broader implications of the Kenzie Conundrum.

Venturing into more unconventional sources of insight, the authors have also drawn upon the unexpected wellspring of knowledge found in the backs of shampoo bottles, where tangential musings on life, the universe, and everything in between have illuminated the research process in unprecedented ways. While these sources may not fit the traditional academic mold, they have nonetheless enriched our understanding of the Kenzie Conundrum with unexpectedly profound wisdom, albeit of a somewhat sudsy nature.

In synthesizing these diverse strands of literature, it becomes apparent that the confluence of human nomenclature and UFO sightings offers a rich tapestry of inquiry, replete with peculiar juxtapositions and unexpected twists. As we proceed to unravel the statistical intricacies and sociocultural implications of this correlation, it is crucial to remain open to the unanticipated insights that may emerge from the most unlikely corners of scholarly exploration.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Kenzie and UFO sightings in Maine. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and National UFO Reporting Center . You used data from 1976 to 2021

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Kenzie Conundrum: Unidentified First Names and Unearthly Flying Objects

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we investigate the peculiar relationship between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the incidence of UFO sightings in the state of Maine. Drawing upon data from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center spanning from 1976 to 2021, our research team has uncovered a statistically significant correlation between these seemingly unrelated phenomena, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9025386 and p < 0.01. While traditionally UFO sightings have been attributed to extraterrestrial visitors, our findings suggest a new, offbeat factor: the name Kenzie. The implications of this unexpected correlation extend beyond the field of ufology, inviting further investigation into the enigmatic relationships between human nomenclature and inexplicable aerial phenomena. This study not only sheds light on an intriguing statistical quirk but also underscores the importance of exploring the unexpected and embracing the unexplored, even if it takes us to outer space and back.

[[INTRODUCTION]]
The interplay between the terrestrial and the extraterrestrial has long captivated the imagination of humanity, from the conjectures of ancient philosophers to the fervent speculations of modern ufologists. Over the years, countless theories have emerged in attempts to unravel the mysteries of unidentified flying objects (UFOs), ranging from governmental cover-ups to alien visitations, and even to the occasional misidentified weather balloon. However, amidst this nebulous milieu of theories, one unassuming and unexpected variable has eluded systematic investigation: the popularity of the first name "Kenzie."
Our study delves into the Kenzie Conundrum, a captivating correlation that tantalizingly connects the occurrences of this eponymous first name with the reported sightings of UFOs in the scenic expanses of Maine. While some may find this correlation as baffling as decoding alien hieroglyphics, our rigorous analysis of data sourced from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center has brought to light a surprising statistical relationship.
At first glance, this study may seem like a flight of fancy, but the statistical evidence we present is as solid as the metaphorical adamantium. Our findings reveal a correlation coefficient of 0.9025386 and a p-value less than 0.01, signaling a robust and statistically significant association between the popularity of the name Kenzie and the frequency of UFO sightings. This correlation raises more than a few eyebrows, prompting us to explore not only the outer reaches of the cosmos but also the inner workings of human nomenclature.
The implications of our findings extend beyond the realm of ufology — they beckon us to venture into uncharted territories at the intersection of human behavior and inexplicable aerial phenomena. We are acutely aware that this unorthodox intersection may leave some scratching their heads, but as the adage goes, "Fortune favors the bold." By venturing into this unconventional territory, we aim to unearth insights that transcend the terrestrial and elevate our understanding of unearthly occurrences.
As we embark on this peculiar journey into the Kenzie-Unidentified Flying Object nexus, it becomes clear that the organic and the enigmatic may be more intertwined than previously imagined. The name "Kenzie" emerges as an unexpected player in the grand cosmic drama, a reminder that in the vast expanse of the unknown, the seemingly trivial may wield unexpected influence.
In the pages that follow, we unpack the statistical intricacies, explore the historical contexts, and probe the ontological implications of this unorthodox correlation. In doing so, we invite fellow researchers and enthusiasts to join us in unraveling the bewitching Kenzie Conundrum, where statistical rigor mingles with the enigmatic allure of the outer reaches of our atmosphere. After all, as we navigate this uncharted territory, it's important to keep both feet firmly on the ground and our gaze fixed on the stars, or in this case, the UFOs above the charming landscapes of Maine.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

To ferret out the enthralling correlation between the prevalence of the first name "Kenzie" and the frequency of UFO sightings in the picturesque state of Maine, our research team utilized an array of data collection and analysis methods that would make even the most skeptical of extraterrestrials raise an eyebrow. From sifting through archives of the US Social Security Administration to scouring the reports of the National UFO Reporting Center, we left no digital stone unturned.

First, to track the trajectory of the name "Kenzie," we accessed historical records from the US Social Security Administration, where we gathered data on the frequency of newborns adorned with this moniker from 1976 to 2021. Our meticulous extraction of these records ensured that our dataset was as comprehensive as a universal theory, capturing not only the fluctuations in the popularity of the name but also its potential cosmic implications.

Simultaneously, we journeyed into the enigmatic realm of UFO sightings, drawing upon the extensive reports lodged with the National UFO Reporting Center. These accounts, ranging from the intriguing to the downright peculiar, painted a vivid picture of unexplained aerial events across Maine during the same timeframe. Our team applied rigorous criteria to curate this UFO dataset, ensuring that only the most compelling and unambiguous sightings made their way into our analysis, leaving no room for misidentified weather phenomena or meteorological mirages to cloud our cosmic sleuthing.

With our datasets in hand, we unleashed the formidable power of statistical analysis to pry open the Kenzie- UFO nexus. Employing advanced correlation analysis, we computed the correlation coefficient between the prevalence of the name "Kenzie" and the frequency of UFO sightings in Maine, yielding a coefficient of 0.9025386. This eyebrow-raising figure surpassed our expectations and raised even more questions about the cosmic significance of this eponymous correlation.

Additionally, to fortify the integrity of our findings, we subjected our data to rigorous tests of statistical significance, resulting in a p-value of less than 0.01. This robust statistical validation not only bolstered the credibility of our correlation but also gave it a cosmic stamp of approval, signaling that the association between Kenzie and UFOs was not a mere statistical quirk but a cosmic confluence deserving of meticulous investigation.

In the grand cosmic opera of research, our methodology was akin to wielding the celestial magnifying glass, bringing into focus the unforeseen relationship between human nomenclature and unearthly phenomena. By combining the systematic parsing of vast datasets with the intrepid spirit of cosmic inquiry, we sought to unearth a statistical revelation that, much like a deftly executed magic trick, would leave observers both puzzled and astounded.

In summary, our methodology was as rigorous as it was undeniably curious, threading the needle between the terrestrial and the extraterrestrial to shed light on a correlation that defies conventional wisdom. With our data collection, curation, and analysis methods orbiting the cosmic enigma of the Kenzie Unidentified Flying Object nexus, we invite readers to join us on this whimsical odyssey through the statistical cosmos, where the name "Kenzie" unveils its otherworldly connections in the enchanting skies above Maine.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Kenzie and UFO sightings in Maine. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and National UFO Reporting Center .

For the time period 1976 to 2021, you found a correlation 0.9025386, r-squared of 0.8145758, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
The Kenzie Conundrum: Unidentified First Names and Unearthly Flying Objects

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we investigate the peculiar relationship between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the incidence of UFO sightings in the state of Maine. Drawing upon data from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center spanning from 1976 to 2021, our research team has uncovered a statistically significant correlation between these seemingly unrelated phenomena, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9025386 and p < 0.01. While traditionally UFO sightings have been attributed to extraterrestrial visitors, our findings suggest a new, offbeat factor: the name Kenzie. The implications of this unexpected correlation extend beyond the field of ufology, inviting further investigation into the enigmatic relationships between human nomenclature and inexplicable aerial phenomena. This study not only sheds light on an intriguing statistical quirk but also underscores the importance of exploring the unexpected and embracing the unexplored, even if it takes us to outer space and back.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
The interplay between the terrestrial and the extraterrestrial has long captivated the imagination of humanity, from the conjectures of ancient philosophers to the fervent speculations of modern ufologists. Over the years, countless theories have emerged in attempts to unravel the mysteries of unidentified flying objects (UFOs), ranging from governmental cover-ups to alien visitations, and even to the occasional misidentified weather balloon. However, amidst this nebulous milieu of theories, one unassuming and unexpected variable has eluded systematic investigation: the popularity of the first name "Kenzie."
Our study delves into the Kenzie Conundrum, a captivating correlation that tantalizingly connects the occurrences of this eponymous first name with the reported sightings of UFOs in the scenic expanses of Maine. While some may find this correlation as baffling as decoding alien hieroglyphics, our rigorous analysis of data sourced from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center has brought to light a surprising statistical relationship.
At first glance, this study may seem like a flight of fancy, but the statistical evidence we present is as solid as the metaphorical adamantium. Our findings reveal a correlation coefficient of 0.9025386 and a p-value less than 0.01, signaling a robust and statistically significant association between the popularity of the name Kenzie and the frequency of UFO sightings. This correlation raises more than a few eyebrows, prompting us to explore not only the outer reaches of the cosmos but also the inner workings of human nomenclature.
The implications of our findings extend beyond the realm of ufology — they beckon us to venture into uncharted territories at the intersection of human behavior and inexplicable aerial phenomena. We are acutely aware that this unorthodox intersection may leave some scratching their heads, but as the adage goes, "Fortune favors the bold." By venturing into this unconventional territory, we aim to unearth insights that transcend the terrestrial and elevate our understanding of unearthly occurrences.
As we embark on this peculiar journey into the Kenzie-Unidentified Flying Object nexus, it becomes clear that the organic and the enigmatic may be more intertwined than previously imagined. The name "Kenzie" emerges as an unexpected player in the grand cosmic drama, a reminder that in the vast expanse of the unknown, the seemingly trivial may wield unexpected influence.
In the pages that follow, we unpack the statistical intricacies, explore the historical contexts, and probe the ontological implications of this unorthodox correlation. In doing so, we invite fellow researchers and enthusiasts to join us in unraveling the bewitching Kenzie Conundrum, where statistical rigor mingles with the enigmatic allure of the outer reaches of our atmosphere. After all, as we navigate this uncharted territory, it's important to keep both feet firmly on the ground and our gaze fixed on the stars, or in this case, the UFOs above the charming landscapes of Maine.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The meticulous analysis of the data, conducted with a seriousness befitting the gravity of interstellar contemplation, yielded results that defy the ordinary and challenge the conventional. Our investigation of the correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the frequency of UFO sightings in the state of Maine from 1976 to 2021 revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9025386. To put it in simpler terms, the connection between these two seemingly disparate variables was as strong as the gravitational pull of a black hole – statistically speaking, of course.

This correlation coefficient, coupled with an r-squared value of 0.8145758, which highlights the proportion of the variance in UFO sightings that can be explained by the popularity of the name Kenzie, further underscores the robustness of the relationship. It's safe to say that the connection between Kenzie and UFOs has withstood statistical scrutiny akin to the rigorous tests astronauts undergo before venturing into the cosmos.

Moreover, the p-value of less than 0.01 provides compelling evidence against the null hypothesis, indicating that the observed correlation is not merely a cosmic coincidence. The probability of obtaining such a strong correlation by chance alone is akin to stumbling upon a four-leaf clover while walking on the moon – an improbable feat, to say the least.

To visually encapsulate the strength of this correlation, we present the ever-telling Fig. 1, a scatterplot that vividly captures the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the number of reported UFO sightings in the state of Maine. Its appearance is as remarkable as the fabled Phoenix Lights, but without the accompanying conspiracy theories – just good old statistical evidence.

In light of these results, it becomes evident that the Kenzie Conundrum is not merely a whimsical flight of fancy but a statistical reality that demands acknowledgment. The implications of this unexpected correlation beckon further exploration and intrigue, akin to a thought-provoking sci-fi plot twist. Our findings not only pique curiosity but also shed light on the enthralling interplay between human nomenclature and inexplicable aerial phenomena, reminding us that statistical relationships, like UFOs, can emerge from the most unexpected places.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Kenzie and UFO sightings in Maine. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
The Kenzie Conundrum: Unidentified First Names and Unearthly Flying Objects

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we investigate the peculiar relationship between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the incidence of UFO sightings in the state of Maine. Drawing upon data from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center spanning from 1976 to 2021, our research team has uncovered a statistically significant correlation between these seemingly unrelated phenomena, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9025386 and p < 0.01. While traditionally UFO sightings have been attributed to extraterrestrial visitors, our findings suggest a new, offbeat factor: the name Kenzie. The implications of this unexpected correlation extend beyond the field of ufology, inviting further investigation into the enigmatic relationships between human nomenclature and inexplicable aerial phenomena. This study not only sheds light on an intriguing statistical quirk but also underscores the importance of exploring the unexpected and embracing the unexplored, even if it takes us to outer space and back.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The peculiar correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the occurrence of UFO sightings in the state of Maine has captured the attention of a wide array of researchers from diverse academic disciplines. A number of studies have attempted to shed light on this enigmatic relationship, drawing upon statistical analyses, sociocultural perspectives, and ufological theories. Smith et al. (2015) explored the potential connections between first names and anomalous aerial phenomena, laying the groundwork for subsequent investigations into this intriguing correlation. Doe and Jones (2008) conducted a comprehensive review of UFO sighting reports and demographic data, probing for any unexpected patterns that may point to an unlikely association with the naming practices of the general populace. These serious-minded academic efforts set the stage for our present inquiry into the Kenzie Conundrum.
Turning to the world of non-fiction literature, "The Psychology of Name Popularity" (Brown, 2013) offers a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the rise and fall of particular first names within a given population. Brown's work provides valuable insights into the potential social, cultural, and psychological dynamics that may underlie the popularity of the name "Kenzie" and its purported link to UFO sightings. Similarly, "UFOs: An In-Depth Exploration" (Blackwood, 2005) delves into the historical, sociological, and psychological dimensions of unidentified flying objects, offering a broader context for understanding the implications of the Kenzie-UFO correlation.
In the realm of fiction, authors have also delved into themes that touch upon the mystique of UFOs and the intrigue of human nomenclature. "The Namesake" (Lahiri, 2003) sensitively explores the significance of names in shaping individual identity, offering a nuanced perspective that resonates with our own inquiry into the name "Kenzie" and its unforeseen connection to otherworldly sightings. "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" (Spielberg, 1977) — while a cinematic classic — captures the zeitgeist of UFO fascination and the human yearning for cosmic connection, providing a lens through which we may contemplate the broader implications of the Kenzie Conundrum.
Venturing into more unconventional sources of insight, the authors have also drawn upon the unexpected wellspring of knowledge found in the backs of shampoo bottles, where tangential musings on life, the universe, and everything in between have illuminated the research process in unprecedented ways. While these sources may not fit the traditional academic mold, they have nonetheless enriched our understanding of the Kenzie Conundrum with unexpectedly profound wisdom, albeit of a somewhat sudsy nature.
In synthesizing these diverse strands of literature, it becomes apparent that the confluence of human nomenclature and UFO sightings offers a rich tapestry of inquiry, replete with peculiar juxtapositions and unexpected twists. As we proceed to unravel the statistical intricacies and sociocultural implications of this correlation, it is crucial to remain open to the unanticipated insights that may emerge from the most unlikely corners of scholarly exploration.

[[RESULTS]]
The meticulous analysis of the data, conducted with a seriousness befitting the gravity of interstellar contemplation, yielded results that defy the ordinary and challenge the conventional. Our investigation of the correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the frequency of UFO sightings in the state of Maine from 1976 to 2021 revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9025386. To put it in simpler terms, the connection between these two seemingly disparate variables was as strong as the gravitational pull of a black hole – statistically speaking, of course.
This correlation coefficient, coupled with an r-squared value of 0.8145758, which highlights the proportion of the variance in UFO sightings that can be explained by the popularity of the name Kenzie, further underscores the robustness of the relationship. It's safe to say that the connection between Kenzie and UFOs has withstood statistical scrutiny akin to the rigorous tests astronauts undergo before venturing into the cosmos.
Moreover, the p-value of less than 0.01 provides compelling evidence against the null hypothesis, indicating that the observed correlation is not merely a cosmic coincidence. The probability of obtaining such a strong correlation by chance alone is akin to stumbling upon a four-leaf clover while walking on the moon – an improbable feat, to say the least.
To visually encapsulate the strength of this correlation, we present the ever-telling Fig. 1, a scatterplot that vividly captures the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the number of reported UFO sightings in the state of Maine. Its appearance is as remarkable as the fabled Phoenix Lights, but without the accompanying conspiracy theories – just good old statistical evidence.
In light of these results, it becomes evident that the Kenzie Conundrum is not merely a whimsical flight of fancy but a statistical reality that demands acknowledgment. The implications of this unexpected correlation beckon further exploration and intrigue, akin to a thought-provoking sci-fi plot twist. Our findings not only pique curiosity but also shed light on the enthralling interplay between human nomenclature and inexplicable aerial phenomena, reminding us that statistical relationships, like UFOs, can emerge from the most unexpected places.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

The results of our study have brought to light a truly curious phenomenon, one that warrants earnest consideration and perhaps a dash of intergalactic whimsy. The notable correlation coefficient of 0.9025386, as well as the compelling p-value of less than 0.01, give credence to the unexpected relationship between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the frequency of UFO sightings in the state of Maine. These findings align with previous research, such as Smith et al. (2015) and their pioneering work in exploring the potential connections between first names and anomalous aerial phenomena. While the notion of a statistical tie between a name and UFO sightings may sound like science fiction, our results confirm that statistical anomalies, much like alien encounters, should not be dismissed lightly.

Drawing from the literature review, which included unconventional sources such as the musings found on the backs of shampoo bottles, we recognize the need to approach this correlation with both scientific rigor and a touch of speculative wonder. As previous researchers have pondered the mystique of UFOs and the influence of human nomenclature, our study adds empirical weight to this delightful conundrum. The persistent link between Kenzie and UFO sightings not only signals a statistical quirk but also underscores the importance of embracing the unexpected, much like stumbling upon a Roswellian revelation within the confines of a data set populated by names and celestial visitors.

It is worth noting that while our findings offer statistical support for the Kenzie-UFO connection, they also invite further investigation into the underlying causal mechanisms. As we embark on this intellectual odyssey, we will undoubtedly encounter challenges akin to navigating a nebula of peculiar statistical relationships. The enigmatic implications of the Kenzie Conundrum serve as a poignant reminder that statistical relationships, like cosmic phenomena, are not always easily explained, and that the most unlikely variables can lead to inexplicable correlations worthy of scientific inquiry.

In conclusion, the statistical reality of the Kenzie-UFO correlation prompts us to ponder the uncharted frontier of name-based phenomena, beckoning researchers and enthusiasts alike to contemplate the cosmic riddles embedded within our seemingly mundane terrestrial fabric. As we venture forth into the vast expanse of statistical exploration, may we approach this peculiar correlation with the same blend of scientific rigor and cosmic curiosity that has propelled humanity's quest for understanding across the ages.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Kenzie and UFO sightings in Maine. Make it seem dry like academic research paper, but with lots of subtle hidden offhand remarks, jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Sneak in some jokes and clever puns about science, research, statistics, and the variables.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
The Kenzie Conundrum: Unidentified First Names and Unearthly Flying Objects

[[ABSTRACT]]
In this study, we investigate the peculiar relationship between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the incidence of UFO sightings in the state of Maine. Drawing upon data from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center spanning from 1976 to 2021, our research team has uncovered a statistically significant correlation between these seemingly unrelated phenomena, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9025386 and p < 0.01. While traditionally UFO sightings have been attributed to extraterrestrial visitors, our findings suggest a new, offbeat factor: the name Kenzie. The implications of this unexpected correlation extend beyond the field of ufology, inviting further investigation into the enigmatic relationships between human nomenclature and inexplicable aerial phenomena. This study not only sheds light on an intriguing statistical quirk but also underscores the importance of exploring the unexpected and embracing the unexplored, even if it takes us to outer space and back.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
The interplay between the terrestrial and the extraterrestrial has long captivated the imagination of humanity, from the conjectures of ancient philosophers to the fervent speculations of modern ufologists. Over the years, countless theories have emerged in attempts to unravel the mysteries of unidentified flying objects (UFOs), ranging from governmental cover-ups to alien visitations, and even to the occasional misidentified weather balloon. However, amidst this nebulous milieu of theories, one unassuming and unexpected variable has eluded systematic investigation: the popularity of the first name "Kenzie."
Our study delves into the Kenzie Conundrum, a captivating correlation that tantalizingly connects the occurrences of this eponymous first name with the reported sightings of UFOs in the scenic expanses of Maine. While some may find this correlation as baffling as decoding alien hieroglyphics, our rigorous analysis of data sourced from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center has brought to light a surprising statistical relationship.
At first glance, this study may seem like a flight of fancy, but the statistical evidence we present is as solid as the metaphorical adamantium. Our findings reveal a correlation coefficient of 0.9025386 and a p-value less than 0.01, signaling a robust and statistically significant association between the popularity of the name Kenzie and the frequency of UFO sightings. This correlation raises more than a few eyebrows, prompting us to explore not only the outer reaches of the cosmos but also the inner workings of human nomenclature.
The implications of our findings extend beyond the realm of ufology — they beckon us to venture into uncharted territories at the intersection of human behavior and inexplicable aerial phenomena. We are acutely aware that this unorthodox intersection may leave some scratching their heads, but as the adage goes, "Fortune favors the bold." By venturing into this unconventional territory, we aim to unearth insights that transcend the terrestrial and elevate our understanding of unearthly occurrences.
As we embark on this peculiar journey into the Kenzie-Unidentified Flying Object nexus, it becomes clear that the organic and the enigmatic may be more intertwined than previously imagined. The name "Kenzie" emerges as an unexpected player in the grand cosmic drama, a reminder that in the vast expanse of the unknown, the seemingly trivial may wield unexpected influence.
In the pages that follow, we unpack the statistical intricacies, explore the historical contexts, and probe the ontological implications of this unorthodox correlation. In doing so, we invite fellow researchers and enthusiasts to join us in unraveling the bewitching Kenzie Conundrum, where statistical rigor mingles with the enigmatic allure of the outer reaches of our atmosphere. After all, as we navigate this uncharted territory, it's important to keep both feet firmly on the ground and our gaze fixed on the stars, or in this case, the UFOs above the charming landscapes of Maine.

[[RESULTS]]
The meticulous analysis of the data, conducted with a seriousness befitting the gravity of interstellar contemplation, yielded results that defy the ordinary and challenge the conventional. Our investigation of the correlation between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the frequency of UFO sightings in the state of Maine from 1976 to 2021 revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.9025386. To put it in simpler terms, the connection between these two seemingly disparate variables was as strong as the gravitational pull of a black hole – statistically speaking, of course.
This correlation coefficient, coupled with an r-squared value of 0.8145758, which highlights the proportion of the variance in UFO sightings that can be explained by the popularity of the name Kenzie, further underscores the robustness of the relationship. It's safe to say that the connection between Kenzie and UFOs has withstood statistical scrutiny akin to the rigorous tests astronauts undergo before venturing into the cosmos.
Moreover, the p-value of less than 0.01 provides compelling evidence against the null hypothesis, indicating that the observed correlation is not merely a cosmic coincidence. The probability of obtaining such a strong correlation by chance alone is akin to stumbling upon a four-leaf clover while walking on the moon – an improbable feat, to say the least.
To visually encapsulate the strength of this correlation, we present the ever-telling Fig. 1, a scatterplot that vividly captures the intriguing relationship between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the number of reported UFO sightings in the state of Maine. Its appearance is as remarkable as the fabled Phoenix Lights, but without the accompanying conspiracy theories – just good old statistical evidence.
In light of these results, it becomes evident that the Kenzie Conundrum is not merely a whimsical flight of fancy but a statistical reality that demands acknowledgment. The implications of this unexpected correlation beckon further exploration and intrigue, akin to a thought-provoking sci-fi plot twist. Our findings not only pique curiosity but also shed light on the enthralling interplay between human nomenclature and inexplicable aerial phenomena, reminding us that statistical relationships, like UFOs, can emerge from the most unexpected places.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In concluding this peculiar exploration of the Kenzie Conundrum, we find ourselves at an enigmatic crossroads where statistical significance meets the whimsical world of inexplicable aerial phenomena. Our in-depth analysis has brought to light a correlation of cosmic proportions between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the frequency of UFO sightings in the state of Maine. With a correlation coefficient resembling the gravitational pull of a celestial body and a p-value rarer than a unicorn sighting, our findings unveil an unexpected interplay that leaves us in a state of intellectual awe.

While some may consider the Kenzie-Unidentified Flying Object nexus a mere statistical oddity, we posit that it symbolizes the convergence of the ordinary and the extraordinary, much like a cosmic ballet choreographed by the quirks of human nomenclature. It is a reminder that in the labyrinthine tapestry of statistical relationships, the inexplicable may linger just beyond the fringes of conventional understanding.

We acknowledge that our investigation might appear as eccentric as a UFO abduction account, but in the spirit of scientific inquiry, we tread boldly into this uncharted territory to unravel a correlation that defies traditional explanation. This tango between human monikers and otherworldly sightings underscores the necessity of venturing into unexplored frontiers, even if it means peeking into the interstellar realms.

Ultimately, our research not only contributes to the esoteric lore of statistical anomalies but also underscores the captivating interconnections between human behavior and enigmatic aerial encounters. As we gaze into the cosmic horizon, pondering the Kenzie Conundrum, our findings beckon us to embrace the unexpected and strive for enlightenment in the least likely of places.

In light of our robust findings, we contend that the Kenzie Conundrum presents a statistical reality that requires no further investigation. The correlations we unearthed stand as sturdy as the Saturn V rocket. It is with a touch of whimsy and a scientific solemnity that we assert: this cosmic tango between Kenzie and UFOs requires no encore – for the correlation is as clear as a cloudless sky on a starry night.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited The Kenzie Conundrum: Unidentified First Names and Unearthly Flying Objects. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Paradoxical Phenomena and Linguistic Enigmas

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited The Kenzie Conundrum: Unidentified First Names and Unearthly Flying Objects. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Institute for Extraterrestrial Etymology Studies

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled The Kenzie Conundrum: Unidentified First Names and Unearthly Flying Objects with an abstract of In this study, we investigate the peculiar relationship between the popularity of the first name "Kenzie" and the incidence of UFO sightings in the state of Maine. Drawing upon data from the US Social Security Administration and the National UFO Reporting Center spanning from 1976 to 2021, our research team has uncovered a statistically significant correlation between these seemingly unrelated phenomena, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9025386 and p < 0.01. While traditionally UFO sightings have been attributed to extraterrestrial visitors, our findings suggest a new, offbeat factor: the name Kenzie. The implications of this unexpected correlation extend beyond the field of ufology, inviting further investigation into the enigmatic relationships between human nomenclature and inexplicable aerial phenomena. This study not only sheds light on an intriguing statistical quirk but also underscores the importance of exploring the unexpected and embracing the unexplored, even if it takes us to outer space and back.

ChatGPT:

"Kenzie" popularity, UFO sightings, Maine, correlation study, statistics, US Social Security Administration, National UFO Reporting Center, extraterrestrial visitors, human nomenclature, inexplicable aerial phenomena

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Popularity of the first name Kenzie
Detailed data title: Babies of all sexes born in the US named Kenzie
Source: US Social Security Administration
See what else correlates with Popularity of the first name Kenzie

UFO sightings in Maine
Detailed data title: UFO sightings reported in Maine
Source: National UFO Reporting Center
See what else correlates with UFO sightings in Maine

Correlation r = 0.9025386 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.8145758 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 81.5% of the change in the one variable (i.e., UFO sightings in Maine) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Popularity of the first name Kenzie) over the 46 years from 1976 through 2021.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 1.05E-17.^Show 0.0000000000000000104668207868
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.9 in 1.05E-15% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 95,539,994,461,463,216 random variables^Note You don't actually need 95 quadrillion variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 45 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 45 because we have two variables measured over a period of 46 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.83, 0.95 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	1976	1977	1978	1979	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Popularity of the first name Kenzie (Babies born)	11	24	27	37	33	33	44	46	32	42	56	65	77	77	127	158	177	160	235	198	252	259	321	339	361	316	396	412	430	519	540	661	681	716	867	1032	1218	1241	1328	1155	998	846	898	786	848	680
UFO sightings in Maine (UFO sightings)	6	2	3	2	4	1	2	0	4	0	0	2	4	4	3	2	6	3	7	4	6	10	18	16	19	18	26	35	17	23	23	27	26	41	29	41	101	75	52	55	63	32	26	55	71	25

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.
Outlandish outliers: There are "outliers" in this data.^Note In concept, "outlier" just means "way different than the rest of your dataset." When calculating a correlation like this, they are particularly impactful because a single outlier can substantially increase your correlation.

For the purposes of this project, I counted a point as an outlier if it the residual was two standard deviations from the mean.

(This bullet point only shows up in the details page on charts that do, in fact, have outliers.)
They stand out on the scatterplot above: notice the dots that are far away from any other dots. I intentionally mishandeled outliers, which makes the correlation look extra strong.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([11,24,27,37,33,33,44,46,32,42,56,65,77,77,127,158,177,160,235,198,252,259,321,339,361,316,396,412,430,519,540,661,681,716,867,1032,1218,1241,1328,1155,998,846,898,786,848,680,])
array_2 = np.array([6,2,3,2,4,1,2,0,4,0,0,2,4,4,3,2,6,3,7,4,6,10,18,16,19,18,26,35,17,23,23,27,26,41,29,41,101,75,52,55,63,32,26,55,71,25,])
array_1_name = "Popularity of the first name Kenzie"
array_2_name = "UFO sightings in Maine"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Popularity of the first name Kenzie
Line chart for only UFO sightings in Maine
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: The Kenzie Conundrum: Unidentified First Names and Unearthly Flying Objects

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Correlation ID: 2319 · Black Variable ID: 3413 · Red Variable ID: 1181


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