Spurious correlation #2,005 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is The number of Breweries in the United States and the second variable is Corning's stock price (GLW). The chart goes from 2002 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is The number of Breweries in the United States and the second variable is Corning's stock price (GLW). The chart goes from 2002 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

As the number of breweries in the United States grows, so does the demand for specialty glassware to enhance the beer-drinking experience. This has led to a surge in orders for Corning's custom glass products, boosting their overall sales and profitability. Additionally, the need for quality control and efficient production processes at the expanding breweries has driven up the demand for Corning's innovative glassmaking technologies. So, as the beer industry bubbles with activity, Corning's stock price has been ale-mented to rise, hops and all. Cheers to the fizzy connection between breweries and Corning's stock performance!

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Generate an image that combines the 1960s comic-book style with a modern twist. Illustrate rows of breweries in the background, each with vibrant signs, outdoor seating, and a sense of craftsmanship. Overlaying this scene, incorporate a digital ticker displaying Corning's stock price fluctuating, bridging the traditional with the modern. Ensure that the colors are muted, and use a dotted halftone pattern to give it a vintage comic-book effect. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: The number of Breweries in the United States and Corning's stock price. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Concept art A scene from Skyrim A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s Cubism Glitch art
ChatGPT: A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both The number of Breweries in the United States and Corning's stock price together. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In the visual scene, there are rows of breweries stretching into the distance, with colorful signs and outdoor seating. Above them, a digital ticker displays Corning's stock price fluctuating, creating an impression of intertwining modern industry and traditional craftsmanship.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ A comic-book-style illustration with muted colors and a dotted halftone pattern from the 1960s ] and depicting this scene: In the visual scene, there are rows of breweries stretching into the distance, with colorful signs and outdoor seating. Above them, a digital ticker displays Corning's stock price fluctuating, creating an impression of intertwining modern industry and traditional craftsmanship. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Generate an image that combines the 1960s comic-book style with a modern twist. Illustrate rows of breweries in the background, each with vibrant signs, outdoor seating, and a sense of craftsmanship. Overlaying this scene, incorporate a digital ticker displaying Corning's stock price fluctuating, bridging the traditional with the modern. Ensure that the colors are muted, and use a dotted halftone pattern to give it a vintage comic-book effect.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how an increase in The number of Breweries in the United States caused Corning's stock price (GLW) to increase.\Make it sound serious until the end.

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Brewing Up Business: A Sudsy Study on the Relationship between U.S. Brewery Count and Corning's Stock Price

The Fermented Financier: A Journal of Boozy Business Studies

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of Breweries in the United States and Corning's stock price (GLW). Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then name some movies that you watched that are tangentially related to the topic.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Brewing Up Business: A Sudsy Study on the Relationship between U.S. Brewery Count and Corning's Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
Craft beer enthusiasts and stock market aficionados, unite! In this research, we delved into the frothy world of breweries to uncover the curious connection between the number of breweries in the United States and the stock price of Corning Incorporated (GLW). Our team mashed together data from the Brewers Association and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) to ferment some serious correlations. Lo and behold, we uncovered a statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.8525282 (p < 0.01) for the period spanning from 2002 to 2022. This suggests that the bubbles in your beer glass might just mirror the bubbles in the stock market charts! So, grab a cold one and join us as we tap into these sudsy findings, merging the worlds of brews and bulls in a quenching analysis.

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
Picture this: a bustling brewery, the air thick with the aroma of hops and barley, and a Wall Street trader furiously checking stock tickers while sipping on a cold one. Two seemingly unrelated worlds, but what if we told you that they might just be more interconnected than you think? Intrigued? Well, hold on to your beer steins because we're about to dive into the sudsy world of breweries and the stock market, with a particular focus on the curious relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and the stock price of Corning Incorporated (GLW).
Craft beer has been on the rise, bubbling over into the mainstream and capturing the palates of beer enthusiasts across the nation. And while some may argue that brewing and stock trading have about as much in common as a pilsner and a pinot noir, our research aims to challenge that notion. After all, who's to say that the fluctuations in the stock market and the unique flavors of a craft IPA can't be somehow linked? It's a hoppy thought, isn't it?
Now, let's introduce our protagonist - Corning Incorporated, the multinational technology company known for its innovations in glass, ceramics, and optical communication. As it turns out, Corning's stock price (GLW) has been a subject of particular interest for our analysis, and we're on a quest to uncover how the number of breweries in the United States might be leaving their frothy mark on those stock market charts.
In this study, we've brewed up an analysis that's part statistical wizardry, part hoppy daydream, and all in good spirit. By melding data from the Brewers Association and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), we've cooked up a concoction that will have both beer enthusiasts and stock market aficionados raising their eyebrows in surprise. So, grab a pint, brace yourself for some serious number crunching, and let's unravel the curious correlation between brews and bulls. It's going to be one wild ride, full of hops, barley, and perhaps a dash of unexpected financial insight.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

The burgeoning interest in the relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and the stock price of Corning Incorporated (GLW) has sparked a flurry of academic and non-academic inquiries. Smith et al. (2015) conducted a study examining the impact of craft beer culture on consumer spending patterns, finding a surprising link between the proliferation of microbreweries and increased discretionary income allocated to beer-related purchases. Similarly, Doe (2018) expounded on the psychological implications of brewery visits on stock market sentiments, suggesting that brewery tours may lead to favorable perceptions of investment opportunities.

Moving beyond the confines of scholarly research, publications such as "The Economics of Beer" by Jones (2017) and "Hop Chronicles: The Story of Craft Beer" by Johnson (2019) have delved into the economic and cultural dimensions of craft beer, offering tantalizing insights into the potential intersections with stock market dynamics.

Shifting gears towards the world of fiction, Michael Ende's "Momo" might seem like an unlikely candidate for relevance, but the concept of time and its allocation neatly ties into the temporal considerations of stock market analysis. Likewise, Terry Pratchett's "Going Postal" whimsically explores the juxtaposition of innovation and tradition, a theme that mirrors the evolution of the brewery industry and its impact on established market dynamics.

In the realm of cinema, the documentaries "Brewmaster" and "Beer Wars" offer a spirited exploration of the craft beer phenomenon, intertwining tales of entrepreneurial spirit with the percolating shift in consumer preferences. At its frothy core, these narratives capture the essence of innovation and market disruption, themes resonating with the intricacies of stock price movements.

With an assortment of scholarly discourse, literary musings, and cinematic narratives, the stage is set to unravel the amalgamation of beer and bulls, offering a refreshing perspective that infuses some levity into the world of stock market analysis. So, grab your popcorn and pint, as we traverse the juncture where hops and stocks collide in a suds-soaked spectacle. Cheers to a scholarly journey sprinkled with a frothy dose of wit and wonder!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of Breweries in the United States and Corning's stock price (GLW). Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from Brewers Association and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) .

For the time period 2002 to 2022, you found a correlation 0.8525282, r-squared of 0.7268043, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
Brewing Up Business: A Sudsy Study on the Relationship between U.S. Brewery Count and Corning's Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
Craft beer enthusiasts and stock market aficionados, unite! In this research, we delved into the frothy world of breweries to uncover the curious connection between the number of breweries in the United States and the stock price of Corning Incorporated (GLW). Our team mashed together data from the Brewers Association and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) to ferment some serious correlations. Lo and behold, we uncovered a statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.8525282 (p < 0.01) for the period spanning from 2002 to 2022. This suggests that the bubbles in your beer glass might just mirror the bubbles in the stock market charts! So, grab a cold one and join us as we tap into these sudsy findings, merging the worlds of brews and bulls in a quenching analysis.

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
Picture this: a bustling brewery, the air thick with the aroma of hops and barley, and a Wall Street trader furiously checking stock tickers while sipping on a cold one. Two seemingly unrelated worlds, but what if we told you that they might just be more interconnected than you think? Intrigued? Well, hold on to your beer steins because we're about to dive into the sudsy world of breweries and the stock market, with a particular focus on the curious relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and the stock price of Corning Incorporated (GLW).
Craft beer has been on the rise, bubbling over into the mainstream and capturing the palates of beer enthusiasts across the nation. And while some may argue that brewing and stock trading have about as much in common as a pilsner and a pinot noir, our research aims to challenge that notion. After all, who's to say that the fluctuations in the stock market and the unique flavors of a craft IPA can't be somehow linked? It's a hoppy thought, isn't it?
Now, let's introduce our protagonist - Corning Incorporated, the multinational technology company known for its innovations in glass, ceramics, and optical communication. As it turns out, Corning's stock price (GLW) has been a subject of particular interest for our analysis, and we're on a quest to uncover how the number of breweries in the United States might be leaving their frothy mark on those stock market charts.
In this study, we've brewed up an analysis that's part statistical wizardry, part hoppy daydream, and all in good spirit. By melding data from the Brewers Association and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), we've cooked up a concoction that will have both beer enthusiasts and stock market aficionados raising their eyebrows in surprise. So, grab a pint, brace yourself for some serious number crunching, and let's unravel the curious correlation between brews and bulls. It's going to be one wild ride, full of hops, barley, and perhaps a dash of unexpected financial insight.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The analysis of the relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and the stock price of Corning Incorporated (GLW) yielded results that are sure to leave both beer aficionados and stock market analysts scratching their heads in disbelief (in a good way!). Our statistical analysis revealed a staggeringly high correlation coefficient of 0.8525282, an r-squared value of 0.7268043, and a p-value less than 0.01 for the period from 2002 to 2022. It seems that the thriving beer scene in the U.S. may have more than just a refreshing impact on investors – it might just be brewing up some serious business for Corning's stock price too!

Fig. 1. The scatterplot in Figure 1 depicts the robust relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and Corning's stock price (GLW). Each data point in the plot serves as a little reminder that when it comes to brewing and business, things might be more interconnected than one might expect – it's a real ale revelation, if you will.

The strength of this correlation suggests that as the number of breweries increased over the years, Corning's stock price showed a remarkable tendency to follow suit. This finding opens up a world of possibilities for understanding the potential impact of the craft beer boom on stock market dynamics. Who knew that with every new brewery popping up, there might just be a little extra fizz in Corning's stock performance?

One might say that the beer's hoppy influence has managed to trickle into the financial markets, causing investors to froth at the mouth for Corning's stock. This correlation is nothing short of a pint of good news for those invested in both the craft beer industry and Corning's stock ticker. It's a fusion of foamy frolic and financial foresight, a blend of brews and bull markets that could make even the most sober of economists raise a celebratory glass.

Stay tuned for the subsequent sections where we delve into the potential implications of these findings and the broader implications on the intersection of consumer trends and market performance. Cheers to unexpected connections and the delightful surprises that come with sifting through data – who said research was all work and no play?

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of Breweries in the United States and Corning's stock price (GLW). Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
Brewing Up Business: A Sudsy Study on the Relationship between U.S. Brewery Count and Corning's Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
Craft beer enthusiasts and stock market aficionados, unite! In this research, we delved into the frothy world of breweries to uncover the curious connection between the number of breweries in the United States and the stock price of Corning Incorporated (GLW). Our team mashed together data from the Brewers Association and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) to ferment some serious correlations. Lo and behold, we uncovered a statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.8525282 (p < 0.01) for the period spanning from 2002 to 2022. This suggests that the bubbles in your beer glass might just mirror the bubbles in the stock market charts! So, grab a cold one and join us as we tap into these sudsy findings, merging the worlds of brews and bulls in a quenching analysis.

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
The burgeoning interest in the relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and the stock price of Corning Incorporated (GLW) has sparked a flurry of academic and non-academic inquiries. Smith et al. (2015) conducted a study examining the impact of craft beer culture on consumer spending patterns, finding a surprising link between the proliferation of microbreweries and increased discretionary income allocated to beer-related purchases. Similarly, Doe (2018) expounded on the psychological implications of brewery visits on stock market sentiments, suggesting that brewery tours may lead to favorable perceptions of investment opportunities.
Moving beyond the confines of scholarly research, publications such as "The Economics of Beer" by Jones (2017) and "Hop Chronicles: The Story of Craft Beer" by Johnson (2019) have delved into the economic and cultural dimensions of craft beer, offering tantalizing insights into the potential intersections with stock market dynamics.
Shifting gears towards the world of fiction, Michael Ende's "Momo" might seem like an unlikely candidate for relevance, but the concept of time and its allocation neatly ties into the temporal considerations of stock market analysis. Likewise, Terry Pratchett's "Going Postal" whimsically explores the juxtaposition of innovation and tradition, a theme that mirrors the evolution of the brewery industry and its impact on established market dynamics.
In the realm of cinema, the documentaries "Brewmaster" and "Beer Wars" offer a spirited exploration of the craft beer phenomenon, intertwining tales of entrepreneurial spirit with the percolating shift in consumer preferences. At its frothy core, these narratives capture the essence of innovation and market disruption, themes resonating with the intricacies of stock price movements.
With an assortment of scholarly discourse, literary musings, and cinematic narratives, the stage is set to unravel the amalgamation of beer and bulls, offering a refreshing perspective that infuses some levity into the world of stock market analysis. So, grab your popcorn and pint, as we traverse the juncture where hops and stocks collide in a suds-soaked spectacle. Cheers to a scholarly journey sprinkled with a frothy dose of wit and wonder!

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis of the relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and the stock price of Corning Incorporated (GLW) yielded results that are sure to leave both beer aficionados and stock market analysts scratching their heads in disbelief (in a good way!). Our statistical analysis revealed a staggeringly high correlation coefficient of 0.8525282, an r-squared value of 0.7268043, and a p-value less than 0.01 for the period from 2002 to 2022. It seems that the thriving beer scene in the U.S. may have more than just a refreshing impact on investors – it might just be brewing up some serious business for Corning's stock price too!
Fig. 1. The scatterplot in Figure 1 depicts the robust relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and Corning's stock price (GLW). Each data point in the plot serves as a little reminder that when it comes to brewing and business, things might be more interconnected than one might expect – it's a real ale revelation, if you will.
The strength of this correlation suggests that as the number of breweries increased over the years, Corning's stock price showed a remarkable tendency to follow suit. This finding opens up a world of possibilities for understanding the potential impact of the craft beer boom on stock market dynamics. Who knew that with every new brewery popping up, there might just be a little extra fizz in Corning's stock performance?
One might say that the beer's hoppy influence has managed to trickle into the financial markets, causing investors to froth at the mouth for Corning's stock. This correlation is nothing short of a pint of good news for those invested in both the craft beer industry and Corning's stock ticker. It's a fusion of foamy frolic and financial foresight, a blend of brews and bull markets that could make even the most sober of economists raise a celebratory glass.
Stay tuned for the subsequent sections where we delve into the potential implications of these findings and the broader implications on the intersection of consumer trends and market performance. Cheers to unexpected connections and the delightful surprises that come with sifting through data – who said research was all work and no play?

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

A Sudsy Synchronization: Breweries Bubbling Up with Corning's Stock Price

[[DISCUSSION]]

In the words of everyone's favorite inebriated statistician, "It's beer'n or beer'n't." Our research has unearthed a compelling association between the number of breweries in the United States and Corning's stock price (GLW), providing a frothy mix of evidence that tickles the tastebuds of both beer enthusiasts and stock market mavens alike.

Our findings align with previous research that dabbled in the curious connections between craft beer culture and consumer behavior. The work of Smith et al. (2015) on the impact of microbreweries on discretionary income illuminates a parallel trajectory of spending patterns and investment sentiments. Meanwhile, Doe's (2018) exploration of the psychological effects of brewery visits on stock market perceptions resonates with our own discovery of a symbiotic relationship between the brews and bulls. Who knew that a pint of beer might be worth more than just a thousand words?

Drawing inspiration from unexpected sources such as literature and cinema, our study takes a whimsical nod to the temporal considerations of stock market analysis as hinted by Michael Ende's "Momo." Just as the craft beer phenomenon weaves a tapestry of innovation and tradition, we've woven our findings into the fabric of stock market dynamics, embarking on a journey that's equal parts scholarly analysis and delightful amusement.

Our statistically significant correlation coefficient, r-squared value, and p-value emphasize the robust nature of the relationship between brewery counts and Corning's stock price. As the number of breweries bubbles up, so does Corning's stock price – it's a brewtiful sight to behold! It seems that the intoxicating allure of craft beer has seeped into the financial markets, creating a buzz that even the most seasoned of investors didn't foresee.

The implications of our findings extend beyond the mere convergence of beer and bulls. This unanticipated union opens up channels for further exploration into the interplay of consumer trends and market performance. It's proof that the stock market can't resist the hoppy influence of the craft beer industry – a testament to the immeasurable impact of a well-crafted brew.

In the world of academic research, it's all too easy to get lost in a sea of sober analyses and staid discussions. But our findings remind us that sometimes, amidst the sea of data, there's a refreshing wave of wit and wonder waiting to be surfed. So, here's to raising a scholarly glass to the unexpected connections and delightful surprises that lie at the intersection of brews and bull markets. Cheers to a research journey that's as satisfying as a perfectly poured pint!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a goofy academic researcher writing an academic paper. You follow the rules, but you throw out convention regularly to make jokes and funny asides.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between The number of Breweries in the United States and Corning's stock price (GLW). Make lots of jokes, goofy observations, and puns. Stay serious and dry most of the time, but then occasionally let your wit shine through.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
Brewing Up Business: A Sudsy Study on the Relationship between U.S. Brewery Count and Corning's Stock Price

[[ABSTRACT]]
Craft beer enthusiasts and stock market aficionados, unite! In this research, we delved into the frothy world of breweries to uncover the curious connection between the number of breweries in the United States and the stock price of Corning Incorporated (GLW). Our team mashed together data from the Brewers Association and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) to ferment some serious correlations. Lo and behold, we uncovered a statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.8525282 (p < 0.01) for the period spanning from 2002 to 2022. This suggests that the bubbles in your beer glass might just mirror the bubbles in the stock market charts! So, grab a cold one and join us as we tap into these sudsy findings, merging the worlds of brews and bulls in a quenching analysis.

[[INTRDUCTION]]
Picture this: a bustling brewery, the air thick with the aroma of hops and barley, and a Wall Street trader furiously checking stock tickers while sipping on a cold one. Two seemingly unrelated worlds, but what if we told you that they might just be more interconnected than you think? Intrigued? Well, hold on to your beer steins because we're about to dive into the sudsy world of breweries and the stock market, with a particular focus on the curious relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and the stock price of Corning Incorporated (GLW).
Craft beer has been on the rise, bubbling over into the mainstream and capturing the palates of beer enthusiasts across the nation. And while some may argue that brewing and stock trading have about as much in common as a pilsner and a pinot noir, our research aims to challenge that notion. After all, who's to say that the fluctuations in the stock market and the unique flavors of a craft IPA can't be somehow linked? It's a hoppy thought, isn't it?
Now, let's introduce our protagonist - Corning Incorporated, the multinational technology company known for its innovations in glass, ceramics, and optical communication. As it turns out, Corning's stock price (GLW) has been a subject of particular interest for our analysis, and we're on a quest to uncover how the number of breweries in the United States might be leaving their frothy mark on those stock market charts.
In this study, we've brewed up an analysis that's part statistical wizardry, part hoppy daydream, and all in good spirit. By melding data from the Brewers Association and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), we've cooked up a concoction that will have both beer enthusiasts and stock market aficionados raising their eyebrows in surprise. So, grab a pint, brace yourself for some serious number crunching, and let's unravel the curious correlation between brews and bulls. It's going to be one wild ride, full of hops, barley, and perhaps a dash of unexpected financial insight.

[[RESULTS]]
The analysis of the relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and the stock price of Corning Incorporated (GLW) yielded results that are sure to leave both beer aficionados and stock market analysts scratching their heads in disbelief (in a good way!). Our statistical analysis revealed a staggeringly high correlation coefficient of 0.8525282, an r-squared value of 0.7268043, and a p-value less than 0.01 for the period from 2002 to 2022. It seems that the thriving beer scene in the U.S. may have more than just a refreshing impact on investors – it might just be brewing up some serious business for Corning's stock price too!
Fig. 1. The scatterplot in Figure 1 depicts the robust relationship between the number of breweries in the United States and Corning's stock price (GLW). Each data point in the plot serves as a little reminder that when it comes to brewing and business, things might be more interconnected than one might expect – it's a real ale revelation, if you will.
The strength of this correlation suggests that as the number of breweries increased over the years, Corning's stock price showed a remarkable tendency to follow suit. This finding opens up a world of possibilities for understanding the potential impact of the craft beer boom on stock market dynamics. Who knew that with every new brewery popping up, there might just be a little extra fizz in Corning's stock performance?
One might say that the beer's hoppy influence has managed to trickle into the financial markets, causing investors to froth at the mouth for Corning's stock. This correlation is nothing short of a pint of good news for those invested in both the craft beer industry and Corning's stock ticker. It's a fusion of foamy frolic and financial foresight, a blend of brews and bull markets that could make even the most sober of economists raise a celebratory glass.
Stay tuned for the subsequent sections where we delve into the potential implications of these findings and the broader implications on the intersection of consumer trends and market performance. Cheers to unexpected connections and the delightful surprises that come with sifting through data – who said research was all work and no play?

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, the frothy findings of this study unveil a surprisingly strong correlation between the number of breweries in the United States and the stock price of Corning Incorporated (GLW). It appears that the craft beer boom is not just tickling the taste buds of beer enthusiasts, but also leaving its sudsy mark on the stock market charts. It's as if each new brewery is not just brewing beer, but also brewing up some business for Corning's stock price – talk about a hoppy coincidence!

The robust correlation coefficient of 0.8525282 suggests that as the craft beer scene continues to bubble and froth, so does Corning's stock price, defying conventional expectations about the independence of these seemingly unrelated worlds. It's like a symbiotic relationship, with the beer flowing and the stock price rising in harmonious unison.

With these findings, we cannot help but raise a glass to the unexpected connections that emerge when we carefully analyze data. It's a reminder that sometimes, the most intriguing insights can be found where we least expect them – whether it's at the bottom of a pint glass or in the midst of stock market data.

So, to all the craft beer enthusiasts and stock market aficionados out there, remember that every sip and every stock ticker might just be linked in ways that surpass our imagination. And as for future research in this area – well, as much as we'd love to dive even deeper into this fascinating relationship, it seems that for now, the pints have been poured, and the correlations have been savored. It appears that no more research is needed in this area. Cheers to that!

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Brewing Up Business: A Sudsy Study on the Relationship between U.S. Brewery Count and Corning's Stock Price. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Fermented Financier: A Journal of Boozy Business Studies

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Brewing Up Business: A Sudsy Study on the Relationship between U.S. Brewery Count and Corning's Stock Price. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Hoppy Economic Research Institute

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Brewing Up Business: A Sudsy Study on the Relationship between U.S. Brewery Count and Corning's Stock Price with an abstract of Craft beer enthusiasts and stock market aficionados, unite! In this research, we delved into the frothy world of breweries to uncover the curious connection between the number of breweries in the United States and the stock price of Corning Incorporated (GLW). Our team mashed together data from the Brewers Association and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) to ferment some serious correlations. Lo and behold, we uncovered a statistically significant correlation coefficient of 0.8525282 (p < 0.01) for the period spanning from 2002 to 2022. This suggests that the bubbles in your beer glass might just mirror the bubbles in the stock market charts! So, grab a cold one and join us as we tap into these sudsy findings, merging the worlds of brews and bulls in a quenching analysis.

ChatGPT:

U.S. brewery count, Corning stock price, Brewers Association, LSEG Analytics, Refinitiv, correlation coefficient, stock market, beer industry, craft beer, brewery data, stock price correlation, market analysis, brewing industry, stock market trends

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

The number of Breweries in the United States
Detailed data title: Number of Breweries in the United States
Source: Brewers Association
See what else correlates with The number of Breweries in the United States

Corning's stock price (GLW)
Detailed data title: Opening price of Corning (GLW) on the first trading day of the year
Source: LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv)
Additional Info: ^{See full details} Via Microsoft Excel Stockhistory function

See what else correlates with Corning's stock price (GLW)

Correlation r = 0.8525282 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.7268043 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 72.7% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Corning's stock price (GLW)) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., The number of Breweries in the United States) over the 21 years from 2002 through 2022.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 9.2E-7.^Show 0.0000009229141352925013000000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.85 in 9.2E-5% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 1,083,524 random variables^Note You don't actually need 1 million variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 20 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 20 because we have two variables measured over a period of 21 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.67, 0.94 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
The number of Breweries in the United States (Number of breweries)	1575	1629	1635	1612	1741	1805	1896	1933	2131	2525	2670	3162	4014	4847	5780	6767	7722	8557	9092	9384	9709
Corning's stock price (GLW) (Stock price)	8.99	3.43	10.53	11.84	19.98	18.94	24.02	9.6	19.47	19.43	13.26	12.93	17.74	23.03	17.95	24.4	32.32	29.59	29.32	36.05	37.4

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([1575,1629,1635,1612,1741,1805,1896,1933,2131,2525,2670,3162,4014,4847,5780,6767,7722,8557,9092,9384,9709,])
array_2 = np.array([8.99,3.43,10.53,11.84,19.98,18.94,24.02,9.6,19.47,19.43,13.26,12.93,17.74,23.03,17.95,24.4,32.32,29.59,29.32,36.05,37.4,])
array_1_name = "The number of Breweries in the United States"
array_2_name = "Corning's stock price (GLW)"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only The number of Breweries in the United States
Line chart for only Corning's stock price (GLW)
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Brewing Up Business: A Sudsy Study on the Relationship between U.S. Brewery Count and Corning's Stock Price

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Correlation ID: 2005 · Black Variable ID: 34 · Red Variable ID: 1859


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