Spurious correlation #2,101 · View random
A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Brody and the second variable is Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A). The chart goes from 2002 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

A linear line chart with years as the X-axis and two variables on the Y-axis. The first variable is Popularity of the first name Brody and the second variable is Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A). The chart goes from 2002 to 2022, and the two variables track closely in value over that time.

Download png, svg

AI explanation

Because every time someone named Brody was born, their parents invested in Petrobras as a way of honoring Brody, the patron saint of oil drilling. This led to a surge in stock demand and drove up Petrobras' stock price. It's a little-known fact that the name Brody is secretly synonymous with crude oil success.

^{Show image generation prompt} Model: dalle-3
Prompt: Prompt: Generate an image that captures the essence of social celebration intertwined with finance in a bustling town square. Depict a large digital screen displaying fluctuating stock prices of Petrobras, drawing attention in the vibrant square. Nearby, a group of friends enthusiastically celebrate their friend Brody's birthday, with colorful balloons, party hats, and contagious joy. The scene should exude a lively energy, blending the buzz of the stock market with the exuberant camaraderie of a birthday celebration. The depiction should include only scenes, people, and objects, it should not include text or speech bubbles.

This image generation prompt was also generated by AI, using the following sequence:

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You select one of a few potential scene descriptors that seems to go along with the variables described. You respond only with the scene descriptions provided and say nothing else.
User prompt: Here are two variables: Popularity of the first name Brody and Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price. Given these, which of the following image style descriptions seems most appropriate? Pick the one that seems to be related to one of the variables at hand. Please respond with only one of the following potential descriptions: Hyper-realistic Data cyber art Sci-fi fantacy Data cyber art Symbolism
ChatGPT: Symbolism

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You describe simple visual scenes that depict the two variables stated. You combine both variables into one scene.
User prompt: Please describe a visual scene that prominently depicts both Popularity of the first name Brody and Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price together. Keep the description simple.
ChatGPT: In a bustling town square, a large digital screen displays the fluctuating stock prices of Petrobras. Nearby, a group of friends eagerly cheer as they celebrate their friend Brody's birthday, with balloons and party hats adding to the atmosphere. Both scenes capture the energy of popularity and excitement, combining the lively social aspect with the dynamic market activity.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You write and improve image generation prompts for DALLE-3. You maintain the same subjects, but enhance the visuals.
User prompt: Please respond with an image generation prompt that would be likely to create an interesting visual using DALLE-3, using the following style: [ Symbolism ] and depicting this scene: In a bustling town square, a large digital screen displays the fluctuating stock prices of Petrobras. Nearby, a group of friends eagerly cheer as they celebrate their friend Brody's birthday, with balloons and party hats adding to the atmosphere. Both scenes capture the energy of popularity and excitement, combining the lively social aspect with the dynamic market activity. Keep the visual depiction simple. Do not include any words or speech bubbles.
ChatGPT: Prompt: Generate an image that captures the essence of social celebration intertwined with finance in a bustling town square. Depict a large digital screen displaying fluctuating stock prices of Petrobras, drawing attention in the vibrant square. Nearby, a group of friends enthusiastically celebrate their friend Brody's birthday, with colorful balloons, party hats, and contagious joy. The scene should exude a lively energy, blending the buzz of the stock market with the exuberant camaraderie of a birthday celebration.

*Variations in the User Prompts from chart to chart are just the result of random number generation in Python. I wrote a few arrays of various styles and methods to ask questions to change up the results. Every time this site writes an explanation or generates an image, the script picks from each at random.

I sequence the requests into multiple prompts because I find GPT 3.5 to perform much better with short, well-managed contexts. Thus, I track the context directly in Python and only ask ChatGPT targeted questions.
^{Show prompt for explanation} Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 (fine-tuned)
System prompt: You provide humorous responses in the form of plausible sounding explanations for correlations. You assume the correlation is causative for the purpose of the explanation even if it is ridiculous. You do not chat with the user, you only reply with the causal connection explanation and nothing else.
User prompt: Please make up a funny explanation for how increases in Popularity of the first name Brody positively influenced Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A).

AI academic paper

(Because p < 0.01)

Brody or Not Brody: An Unlikely Connection between Name Popularity and Petrobras Stock

The Journal of Quirky Connections

Jan 2024

Reminder: This paper is AI-generated. Not real!

^{Show prompt used to generate this paper} Quick note: This sequence is long and repetitive. That's how the prompt engineering works for this one. I manage the output in Python to format it into this PDF.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft a literature review section of an academic research paper, that starts out dry for the first few sentences but then becomes hilarious and goofy.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a literature review section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Brody and Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Speak in the present tense for this section (the authors find...), as is common in academic research paper literature reviews. Name the sources in a format similar to this: In "Book," the authors find lorem and ipsum.

Make up the lorem and ipsum part, but make it sound related to the topic at hand.

Start by naming serious-sounding studies by authors like Smith, Doe, and Jones - but then quickly devolve. Name some real non-fiction books that would be related to the topic. Then name some real fiction books that sound like they could be related. Then cite some social media posts you read that seem to be related.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Brody or Not Brody: An Unlikely Connection between Name Popularity and Petrobras Stock"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study delves into the unexpected and, some might say, ludicrous connection between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A). Using data sourced from the U.S. Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), our research team set out to examine this puzzling correlation. Poring over statistics from the years 2002 to 2022, a startlingly robust correlation coefficient of 0.8225132 and p < 0.01 emerged, prompting more than a raised eyebrow from our esteemed team of scholars. It seems that there may be more to a name than meets the eye or ear, as the case may be. Perhaps Petrobras is indeed "fueling" the popularity of the name Brody, although we assure you, no Brodys were harmed in the making of this research. As we ponder this puzzling linkage, one can't help but wonder: is the stock destined to rise and shine, or will it "Brody" its time and keep investors guessing?

-------

And here is the introduction section that led to this literature review:
[[INTRODUCTION]]
The intriguing interplay between seemingly unrelated phenomena has long captured the human imagination. From the mysterious allure of crop circles to the enigmatic dance of the stock market, we are drawn to uncovering hidden connections that defy conventional wisdom. In this vein, our research unveils an unexpected correlation between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A). It's a tale of two seemingly disparate entities coming together in an inexplicable dance of statistical significance. One might even say that the correlation is so surprising, it's "punny."
As we embark on this scholarly odyssey to unravel the mystery behind the link between a name and a commodity, we are reminded of a classic dad joke: What do you call cheese that isn't yours? Nacho cheese. Similarly, what do you call a correlation between a name and a stock price? Perhaps a "stocking stuffer" for those who enjoy a good statistical surprise.
The origins of this investigation stem from a peculiar observation made during a casual perusal of demographic and financial data. Like a bolt from the blue, the name Brody emerged as the unlikely protagonist in this financial drama, reminiscent of a dad joke itself – unexpected, yet oddly satisfying. Amidst the whirl of market fluctuations and the ebb and flow of popular names, the intersection of Brody and Petrobras seemed to beckon us into uncharted analytical territory, piquing our scientific curiosity and stimulating our academic sensibilities.
At this juncture, it is crucial to underscore the gravity of our findings, as well as the inherent levity of our quest. A dad joke, at its core, aims to elicit a groan-inducing chuckle, much like the unexpected correlation we unearthed. As we delve deeper into the realms of statistical analysis and theoretical conjecture, we do so with a whimsical spirit, infusing our rigorous approach with a dash of lighthearted inquiry.
Amidst the academic rigidity and scholarly decorum, our research aims to inject a touch of mirth into the hallowed halls of empirical investigation. And what better way to do so than by unraveling the curious correlation between the name Brody and the stock of Petrobras, much like peeling back the layers of an onion – or, in homage to our earlier joke, uncovering the layers of a financial "cheesy" mystery.
In light of the unexpected nature of our investigation, our paper stands as a testament to the playful, serendipitous nature of scientific exploration. Through the lens of this research, we invite our esteemed colleagues to join us on a journey that promises to spark both intellectual scrutiny and perhaps the occasional wry smile. For in the realm of statistical intrigue, as in life, there's always room for a well-timed pun or a clever dad joke.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

ChatGPT:
[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]

In "Smith and Doe," the authors find a significant positive correlation between the popularity of the first name Brody and Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A) during the period of 2002 to 2022. This unexpected finding has spurred a wave of scholarly interest and raised myriad eyebrow-raising speculations within the academic community. However, the broader implications of this correlation on the field of finance and cultural nomenclature remain relatively unexplored, much like a dad trying to understand millennial slang.

In "Jones et al.," the study delves into the historical and cultural significance of names and their potential impact on financial markets. While the authors stop short of explicitly examining the specific influence of the name Brody on Petrobras' stock price, they provide valuable insights into the psychological and cultural underpinnings of name popularity and its potential effects on investor behavior. Much like a dad trying to pronounce a millennial name, their findings beg the question: do names have a covert influence on the whims of the stock market, or are we merely grasping at humorous straws?

The works of non-fiction authors such as "Freakonomics" and "Outliers" offer tangential, albeit thought-provoking, perspectives on the enigmatic interplay between seemingly incongruent variables. While these texts do not address the Brody-Petrobras connection directly, their exploration of unconventional correlations in social and economic domains serves as a contemplative backdrop for our own eccentric investigation. One might say that our study is as unexpected as a dad joke in a serious economics seminar.

On the more fictitious side of literary endeavors, the novels "Blink" and "The Tipping Point" by Malcolm Gladwell subtly resonate with the notion of unexpected correlations and the unearthing of hidden patterns in ostensibly unrelated phenomena. Although these works do not explicitly touch upon the Brody-Petrobras link, their thematic resonance induces a reflective pause, much like a reader pondering a dad joke that catches them off-guard.

A variety of social media posts have surfaced, suggesting a peculiar connection between the name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A). These anecdotal musings reflect the pervasive curiosity and lighthearted bewilderment surrounding our research topic, as users speculate on the potential forces at play behind this statistically improbable relationship. Some have even likened our findings to an unexpected punchline in the unpredictable joke that is the financial market.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the methodology section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the methodology section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Brody and Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) . You used data from 2002 to 2022

Make up the research methods you don't know. Make them a bit goofy and convoluted.

Here is the title, abstract, and introduction of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Brody or Not Brody: An Unlikely Connection between Name Popularity and Petrobras Stock"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study delves into the unexpected and, some might say, ludicrous connection between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A). Using data sourced from the U.S. Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), our research team set out to examine this puzzling correlation. Poring over statistics from the years 2002 to 2022, a startlingly robust correlation coefficient of 0.8225132 and p < 0.01 emerged, prompting more than a raised eyebrow from our esteemed team of scholars. It seems that there may be more to a name than meets the eye or ear, as the case may be. Perhaps Petrobras is indeed "fueling" the popularity of the name Brody, although we assure you, no Brodys were harmed in the making of this research. As we ponder this puzzling linkage, one can't help but wonder: is the stock destined to rise and shine, or will it "Brody" its time and keep investors guessing?

[[INTRODUCTION]]
The intriguing interplay between seemingly unrelated phenomena has long captured the human imagination. From the mysterious allure of crop circles to the enigmatic dance of the stock market, we are drawn to uncovering hidden connections that defy conventional wisdom. In this vein, our research unveils an unexpected correlation between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A). It's a tale of two seemingly disparate entities coming together in an inexplicable dance of statistical significance. One might even say that the correlation is so surprising, it's "punny."
As we embark on this scholarly odyssey to unravel the mystery behind the link between a name and a commodity, we are reminded of a classic dad joke: What do you call cheese that isn't yours? Nacho cheese. Similarly, what do you call a correlation between a name and a stock price? Perhaps a "stocking stuffer" for those who enjoy a good statistical surprise.
The origins of this investigation stem from a peculiar observation made during a casual perusal of demographic and financial data. Like a bolt from the blue, the name Brody emerged as the unlikely protagonist in this financial drama, reminiscent of a dad joke itself – unexpected, yet oddly satisfying. Amidst the whirl of market fluctuations and the ebb and flow of popular names, the intersection of Brody and Petrobras seemed to beckon us into uncharted analytical territory, piquing our scientific curiosity and stimulating our academic sensibilities.
At this juncture, it is crucial to underscore the gravity of our findings, as well as the inherent levity of our quest. A dad joke, at its core, aims to elicit a groan-inducing chuckle, much like the unexpected correlation we unearthed. As we delve deeper into the realms of statistical analysis and theoretical conjecture, we do so with a whimsical spirit, infusing our rigorous approach with a dash of lighthearted inquiry.
Amidst the academic rigidity and scholarly decorum, our research aims to inject a touch of mirth into the hallowed halls of empirical investigation. And what better way to do so than by unraveling the curious correlation between the name Brody and the stock of Petrobras, much like peeling back the layers of an onion – or, in homage to our earlier joke, uncovering the layers of a financial "cheesy" mystery.
In light of the unexpected nature of our investigation, our paper stands as a testament to the playful, serendipitous nature of scientific exploration. Through the lens of this research, we invite our esteemed colleagues to join us on a journey that promises to spark both intellectual scrutiny and perhaps the occasional wry smile. For in the realm of statistical intrigue, as in life, there's always room for a well-timed pun or a clever dad joke.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

ChatGPT:

[[METHODOLOGY]]

The methodology employed in this research involved a multifaceted approach to establish and scrutinize the correlation between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A) from 2002 to 2022. Utilizing data primarily sourced from the US Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), our team engaged in a rigorous process of data collection and analysis, akin to meticulously sifting through a haystack in search of an elusive statistical needle.

To commence the investigation, the frequency of the first name Brody was extracted from the US Social Security Administration's database, representing the annual prevalence of this nomenclature in the United States. Simultaneously, historical stock price data of Petrobras (PBR.A) was gathered from LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), offering insights into the market performance of the company over the specified timeframe. This convergence of distinctly unrelated datasets can be likened to mixing oil and water, except in this instance, we were seeking to discern whether they might inexplicably blend.

The next step involved the application of a series of esoteric statistical analyses, including but not limited to correlation coefficients, time series modeling, and regression techniques. Much like a culinary maestro crafting an intricate dish, our researchers deftly manipulated these mathematical tools to probe for any discernible association between the ebb and flow of Brody's popularity and the undulating tides of Petrobras' stock performance.

In a bid to ensure the robustness and reliability of our findings, various sensitivity analyses were undertaken, akin to stress-testing a bridge to assess its structural integrity. This involved altering the timeframe of the data, testing for potential confounding variables such as societal trends and economic fluctuations, and subjecting the dataset to rigorous scrutiny for any anomalies that could distort our inferences.

As the data underwent meticulous scrutiny and the statistical models were finessed, our team remained acutely aware of the seemingly preposterous nature of our pursuit. It was as though we were trying to draw a connection between the orbit of the moon and the price of cheese – an endeavor that might provoke a wry smile in even the most stoic of scientific minds.

Amidst the intellectual toil, a hint of whimsy permeated our scholarly exertions, reminiscent of a dad joke woven into an erudite conversation. For in the pursuit of knowledge, as in the art of humor, there exists a fine line between the unexpectedly profound and the conspicuously absurd. And it is in this paradoxical realm that the methodology of our research thrived, navigating the labyrinthine depths of statistical inference with a touch of scholarly playfulness.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the results section of an academic research paper. You speak in the past tense (you found...).
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the results section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Brody and Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Your research team collected data from all across the internet, but mostly just used information from US Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv) .

For the time period 2002 to 2022, you found a correlation 0.8225132, r-squared of 0.6765280, and p < 0.01.

One figure will be included. The figure (Fig. 1) is a scatterplot showing the strong correlation between the two variables. You don't need to specify where; I will add the figure.

Here is the title and abstract of the paper:
[[TITLE]]
"Brody or Not Brody: An Unlikely Connection between Name Popularity and Petrobras Stock"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study delves into the unexpected and, some might say, ludicrous connection between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A). Using data sourced from the U.S. Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), our research team set out to examine this puzzling correlation. Poring over statistics from the years 2002 to 2022, a startlingly robust correlation coefficient of 0.8225132 and p < 0.01 emerged, prompting more than a raised eyebrow from our esteemed team of scholars. It seems that there may be more to a name than meets the eye or ear, as the case may be. Perhaps Petrobras is indeed "fueling" the popularity of the name Brody, although we assure you, no Brodys were harmed in the making of this research. As we ponder this puzzling linkage, one can't help but wonder: is the stock destined to rise and shine, or will it "Brody" its time and keep investors guessing?

-------

And here is the methodology section that led to this result:
[[METHODOLOGY]]
The intriguing interplay between seemingly unrelated phenomena has long captured the human imagination. From the mysterious allure of crop circles to the enigmatic dance of the stock market, we are drawn to uncovering hidden connections that defy conventional wisdom. In this vein, our research unveils an unexpected correlation between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A). It's a tale of two seemingly disparate entities coming together in an inexplicable dance of statistical significance. One might even say that the correlation is so surprising, it's "punny."
As we embark on this scholarly odyssey to unravel the mystery behind the link between a name and a commodity, we are reminded of a classic dad joke: What do you call cheese that isn't yours? Nacho cheese. Similarly, what do you call a correlation between a name and a stock price? Perhaps a "stocking stuffer" for those who enjoy a good statistical surprise.
The origins of this investigation stem from a peculiar observation made during a casual perusal of demographic and financial data. Like a bolt from the blue, the name Brody emerged as the unlikely protagonist in this financial drama, reminiscent of a dad joke itself – unexpected, yet oddly satisfying. Amidst the whirl of market fluctuations and the ebb and flow of popular names, the intersection of Brody and Petrobras seemed to beckon us into uncharted analytical territory, piquing our scientific curiosity and stimulating our academic sensibilities.
At this juncture, it is crucial to underscore the gravity of our findings, as well as the inherent levity of our quest. A dad joke, at its core, aims to elicit a groan-inducing chuckle, much like the unexpected correlation we unearthed. As we delve deeper into the realms of statistical analysis and theoretical conjecture, we do so with a whimsical spirit, infusing our rigorous approach with a dash of lighthearted inquiry.
Amidst the academic rigidity and scholarly decorum, our research aims to inject a touch of mirth into the hallowed halls of empirical investigation. And what better way to do so than by unraveling the curious correlation between the name Brody and the stock of Petrobras, much like peeling back the layers of an onion – or, in homage to our earlier joke, uncovering the layers of a financial "cheesy" mystery.
In light of the unexpected nature of our investigation, our paper stands as a testament to the playful, serendipitous nature of scientific exploration. Through the lens of this research, we invite our esteemed colleagues to join us on a journey that promises to spark both intellectual scrutiny and perhaps the occasional wry smile. For in the realm of statistical intrigue, as in life, there's always room for a well-timed pun or a clever dad joke.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[RESULTS]]

ChatGPT:

[[RESULTS]]

The data analysis revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8225132 between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A) over the period of 2002 to 2022. This correlation, with an r-squared value of 0.6765280, suggests a moderately strong relationship between the two variables, eliciting more than a few raised eyebrows from our discerning research team. It seems that Brody may have more influence over the market than one might expect, prompting us to wonder whether the name should perhaps come with a disclaimer: "Handle with care – may affect stock prices." Ah, the power of a name!

The p-value of less than 0.01 further solidifies the robustness of this correlation, emphasizing the statistical significance of the findings. It appears that the connection between the proliferation of the name Brody and the fluctuations of Petrobras' stock price is not a mere fluke, contrary to what one might expect. In the world of statistics, as in life, sometimes the most unexpected pairings reveal the most intriguing outcomes, much like stumbling upon a pun in the midst of a somber conversation.

(Fig. 1), the scatterplot depicting the relationship between the frequency of the name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras, vividly illustrates this unexpected correlation. The graph showcases a clear, upward trend, akin to the meteoric rise of a particularly apt dad joke at a family gathering – surprising and oddly satisfying. As the popularity of the name Brody increases, so too does the stock price of Petrobras, painting a picture of synchrony that transcends mere coincidence, much like the perfect timing of a well-crafted dad joke.

Our findings not only shed light on this unusual linkage but also raise a myriad of further questions. Could there be other names clandestinely influencing financial markets, waiting to be uncovered like an Easter egg in a sun-dappled meadow? Only further research can reveal the depths of this mysterious phenomenon, leaving us to ponder whether the market is truly a stage for statistical theatrics, complete with unexpected plot twists and perhaps the occasional "punchline" hidden within the data.

In essence, the correlation we uncovered between the popularity of the first name Brody and Petrobras' stock price stands as a testament to both the whimsical unpredictability of statistical relationships and the enduring appeal of a well-placed dad joke in unlikely circumstances. As we unravel the enigma of this correlation, we invite our readers to join us in embracing the unpredictable and celebrating the joy of statistical discovery, much like the warmth that comes from sharing a genuinely clever dad joke.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the discussion section of an academic research paper.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up the discussion section of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Brody and Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Limit your response to 500 tokens.

Here are the title, abstract, literature review, and results sections. Please harken back to 1-2 of the goofy items in the literature review, but pretend to take them completely seriously. Discuss how your results supported the prior research.

Do not write a conclusion. I will add a conclusion after this.

[[TITLE]]
"Brody or Not Brody: An Unlikely Connection between Name Popularity and Petrobras Stock"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study delves into the unexpected and, some might say, ludicrous connection between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A). Using data sourced from the U.S. Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), our research team set out to examine this puzzling correlation. Poring over statistics from the years 2002 to 2022, a startlingly robust correlation coefficient of 0.8225132 and p < 0.01 emerged, prompting more than a raised eyebrow from our esteemed team of scholars. It seems that there may be more to a name than meets the eye or ear, as the case may be. Perhaps Petrobras is indeed "fueling" the popularity of the name Brody, although we assure you, no Brodys were harmed in the making of this research. As we ponder this puzzling linkage, one can't help but wonder: is the stock destined to rise and shine, or will it "Brody" its time and keep investors guessing?

[[LITERATURE REVIEW]]
In "Smith and Doe," the authors find a significant positive correlation between the popularity of the first name Brody and Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A) during the period of 2002 to 2022. This unexpected finding has spurred a wave of scholarly interest and raised myriad eyebrow-raising speculations within the academic community. However, the broader implications of this correlation on the field of finance and cultural nomenclature remain relatively unexplored, much like a dad trying to understand millennial slang.
In "Jones et al.," the study delves into the historical and cultural significance of names and their potential impact on financial markets. While the authors stop short of explicitly examining the specific influence of the name Brody on Petrobras' stock price, they provide valuable insights into the psychological and cultural underpinnings of name popularity and its potential effects on investor behavior. Much like a dad trying to pronounce a millennial name, their findings beg the question: do names have a covert influence on the whims of the stock market, or are we merely grasping at humorous straws?
The works of non-fiction authors such as "Freakonomics" and "Outliers" offer tangential, albeit thought-provoking, perspectives on the enigmatic interplay between seemingly incongruent variables. While these texts do not address the Brody-Petrobras connection directly, their exploration of unconventional correlations in social and economic domains serves as a contemplative backdrop for our own eccentric investigation. One might say that our study is as unexpected as a dad joke in a serious economics seminar.
On the more fictitious side of literary endeavors, the novels "Blink" and "The Tipping Point" by Malcolm Gladwell subtly resonate with the notion of unexpected correlations and the unearthing of hidden patterns in ostensibly unrelated phenomena. Although these works do not explicitly touch upon the Brody-Petrobras link, their thematic resonance induces a reflective pause, much like a reader pondering a dad joke that catches them off-guard.
A variety of social media posts have surfaced, suggesting a peculiar connection between the name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A). These anecdotal musings reflect the pervasive curiosity and lighthearted bewilderment surrounding our research topic, as users speculate on the potential forces at play behind this statistically improbable relationship. Some have even likened our findings to an unexpected punchline in the unpredictable joke that is the financial market.

[[RESULTS]]
The data analysis revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8225132 between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A) over the period of 2002 to 2022. This correlation, with an r-squared value of 0.6765280, suggests a moderately strong relationship between the two variables, eliciting more than a few raised eyebrows from our discerning research team. It seems that Brody may have more influence over the market than one might expect, prompting us to wonder whether the name should perhaps come with a disclaimer: "Handle with care – may affect stock prices." Ah, the power of a name!
The p-value of less than 0.01 further solidifies the robustness of this correlation, emphasizing the statistical significance of the findings. It appears that the connection between the proliferation of the name Brody and the fluctuations of Petrobras' stock price is not a mere fluke, contrary to what one might expect. In the world of statistics, as in life, sometimes the most unexpected pairings reveal the most intriguing outcomes, much like stumbling upon a pun in the midst of a somber conversation.
(Fig. 1), the scatterplot depicting the relationship between the frequency of the name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras, vividly illustrates this unexpected correlation. The graph showcases a clear, upward trend, akin to the meteoric rise of a particularly apt dad joke at a family gathering – surprising and oddly satisfying. As the popularity of the name Brody increases, so too does the stock price of Petrobras, painting a picture of synchrony that transcends mere coincidence, much like the perfect timing of a well-crafted dad joke.
Our findings not only shed light on this unusual linkage but also raise a myriad of further questions. Could there be other names clandestinely influencing financial markets, waiting to be uncovered like an Easter egg in a sun-dappled meadow? Only further research can reveal the depths of this mysterious phenomenon, leaving us to ponder whether the market is truly a stage for statistical theatrics, complete with unexpected plot twists and perhaps the occasional "punchline" hidden within the data.
In essence, the correlation we uncovered between the popularity of the first name Brody and Petrobras' stock price stands as a testament to both the whimsical unpredictability of statistical relationships and the enduring appeal of a well-placed dad joke in unlikely circumstances. As we unravel the enigma of this correlation, we invite our readers to join us in embracing the unpredictable and celebrating the joy of statistical discovery, much like the warmth that comes from sharing a genuinely clever dad joke.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[DISCUSSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[DISCUSSION]]

The discovery of a significant correlation between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A) from 2002 to 2022 provides an intriguing avenue for discussion. It appears that Brody may exert a more meaningful influence over financial markets than one might initially presume. One might say that the name Brody is not just making waves in playgrounds but also causing ripples in the stock market – a truly multi-faceted name indeed!

Our findings lend support to previous research that has hinted at the mysterious impact of names on market behavior. The work of Smith and Doe, who unearthed a significant positive correlation between the popularity of the name Brody and Petrobras' stock price, dovetails seamlessly with our own results. Their examination of this unexpected nexus might be likened to a classic dad joke – seemingly disparate elements coming together to form an unexpectedly coherent whole.

Similarly, the study by Jones et al. offers conceptual support for our findings, as it underscores the potential psychological and cultural underpinnings of name popularity and its effects on investor behavior. Much like a dad attempting to navigate the complexities of millennial slang, these prior works have laid the groundwork for our own investigation, setting the stage for the rather unexpected yet statistically robust correlation we have uncovered.

Notably, our study aligns with the broader exploration of unconventional correlations in social and economic domains, as examined in the works of non-fiction authors such as "Freakonomics" and "Outliers." In a manner reminiscent of a dad joke emerging unexpectedly in a serious conversation, our findings add a layer of curiosity and intellectual amusement to the exploration of seemingly incongruent variables forming a cohesive whole.

The unanticipated correlation we have revealed not only underscores the whimsical unpredictability of statistical relationships, but it also raises the question of whether other names might wield covert influence over financial markets. Perhaps our exploration of the Brody-Petrobras connection is just the tip of the iceberg, like stumbling upon a clever pun that leads to an entire repertoire of jokes – the world of naming conventions and stock market dynamics could turn out to be a rich wellspring of unexpected connections.

In conclusion, while our findings have unearthed a surprising correlation between the popularity of the name Brody and Petrobras' stock price, they also serve as a reminder of the joy of statistical discovery and the enduring appeal of a well-placed dad joke. As we delve further into this mysterious intersection of cultural nomenclature and finance, it is our hope that this research prompts scholars to embrace the unpredictable nature of statistical relationships and perhaps even enjoy a well-crafted dad joke or two along the way. After all, much like our findings, a good dad joke has the power to bring delight in the most unexpected of places.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You are a dry but witty academic researcher. You speak in the passive voice, and your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal.You draft the discussion section of goofy academic research papers that sounds like it belongs based on the title and abstract provided.
User prompt:
Pretend you are an academic researcher. Your writing sounds like it belongs in a medical or economics journal. However, you frequently crack jokes, make puns, or add unexpected twists in your writing.

Please make up a short conclusion of an academic research paper presenting the findings of the connection between Popularity of the first name Brody and Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A). You can't resist a good dad joke. Add a relevant dad joke related to the content every couple of sentences.

Limit your response to 300 tokens. At the very end, assert that no more research is needed in this area.

Here are the title, abstract, introduction, and results sections.
[[TITLE]]
"Brody or Not Brody: An Unlikely Connection between Name Popularity and Petrobras Stock"

[[ABSTRACT]]
The present study delves into the unexpected and, some might say, ludicrous connection between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A). Using data sourced from the U.S. Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), our research team set out to examine this puzzling correlation. Poring over statistics from the years 2002 to 2022, a startlingly robust correlation coefficient of 0.8225132 and p < 0.01 emerged, prompting more than a raised eyebrow from our esteemed team of scholars. It seems that there may be more to a name than meets the eye or ear, as the case may be. Perhaps Petrobras is indeed "fueling" the popularity of the name Brody, although we assure you, no Brodys were harmed in the making of this research. As we ponder this puzzling linkage, one can't help but wonder: is the stock destined to rise and shine, or will it "Brody" its time and keep investors guessing?

[[INTRDUCTION]]
The intriguing interplay between seemingly unrelated phenomena has long captured the human imagination. From the mysterious allure of crop circles to the enigmatic dance of the stock market, we are drawn to uncovering hidden connections that defy conventional wisdom. In this vein, our research unveils an unexpected correlation between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A). It's a tale of two seemingly disparate entities coming together in an inexplicable dance of statistical significance. One might even say that the correlation is so surprising, it's "punny."
As we embark on this scholarly odyssey to unravel the mystery behind the link between a name and a commodity, we are reminded of a classic dad joke: What do you call cheese that isn't yours? Nacho cheese. Similarly, what do you call a correlation between a name and a stock price? Perhaps a "stocking stuffer" for those who enjoy a good statistical surprise.
The origins of this investigation stem from a peculiar observation made during a casual perusal of demographic and financial data. Like a bolt from the blue, the name Brody emerged as the unlikely protagonist in this financial drama, reminiscent of a dad joke itself – unexpected, yet oddly satisfying. Amidst the whirl of market fluctuations and the ebb and flow of popular names, the intersection of Brody and Petrobras seemed to beckon us into uncharted analytical territory, piquing our scientific curiosity and stimulating our academic sensibilities.
At this juncture, it is crucial to underscore the gravity of our findings, as well as the inherent levity of our quest. A dad joke, at its core, aims to elicit a groan-inducing chuckle, much like the unexpected correlation we unearthed. As we delve deeper into the realms of statistical analysis and theoretical conjecture, we do so with a whimsical spirit, infusing our rigorous approach with a dash of lighthearted inquiry.
Amidst the academic rigidity and scholarly decorum, our research aims to inject a touch of mirth into the hallowed halls of empirical investigation. And what better way to do so than by unraveling the curious correlation between the name Brody and the stock of Petrobras, much like peeling back the layers of an onion – or, in homage to our earlier joke, uncovering the layers of a financial "cheesy" mystery.
In light of the unexpected nature of our investigation, our paper stands as a testament to the playful, serendipitous nature of scientific exploration. Through the lens of this research, we invite our esteemed colleagues to join us on a journey that promises to spark both intellectual scrutiny and perhaps the occasional wry smile. For in the realm of statistical intrigue, as in life, there's always room for a well-timed pun or a clever dad joke.

[[RESULTS]]
The data analysis revealed a striking correlation coefficient of 0.8225132 between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A) over the period of 2002 to 2022. This correlation, with an r-squared value of 0.6765280, suggests a moderately strong relationship between the two variables, eliciting more than a few raised eyebrows from our discerning research team. It seems that Brody may have more influence over the market than one might expect, prompting us to wonder whether the name should perhaps come with a disclaimer: "Handle with care – may affect stock prices." Ah, the power of a name!
The p-value of less than 0.01 further solidifies the robustness of this correlation, emphasizing the statistical significance of the findings. It appears that the connection between the proliferation of the name Brody and the fluctuations of Petrobras' stock price is not a mere fluke, contrary to what one might expect. In the world of statistics, as in life, sometimes the most unexpected pairings reveal the most intriguing outcomes, much like stumbling upon a pun in the midst of a somber conversation.
(Fig. 1), the scatterplot depicting the relationship between the frequency of the name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras, vividly illustrates this unexpected correlation. The graph showcases a clear, upward trend, akin to the meteoric rise of a particularly apt dad joke at a family gathering – surprising and oddly satisfying. As the popularity of the name Brody increases, so too does the stock price of Petrobras, painting a picture of synchrony that transcends mere coincidence, much like the perfect timing of a well-crafted dad joke.
Our findings not only shed light on this unusual linkage but also raise a myriad of further questions. Could there be other names clandestinely influencing financial markets, waiting to be uncovered like an Easter egg in a sun-dappled meadow? Only further research can reveal the depths of this mysterious phenomenon, leaving us to ponder whether the market is truly a stage for statistical theatrics, complete with unexpected plot twists and perhaps the occasional "punchline" hidden within the data.
In essence, the correlation we uncovered between the popularity of the first name Brody and Petrobras' stock price stands as a testament to both the whimsical unpredictability of statistical relationships and the enduring appeal of a well-placed dad joke in unlikely circumstances. As we unravel the enigma of this correlation, we invite our readers to join us in embracing the unpredictable and celebrating the joy of statistical discovery, much like the warmth that comes from sharing a genuinely clever dad joke.

-------

Your response should start like this:

[[CONCLUSION]]

ChatGPT:

[[CONCLUSION]]

In conclusion, the correlation between the popularity of the first name Brody and Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A) has left us both amused and perplexed. It seems that the influence of a name extends far beyond the playground, and into the realm of financial markets, much like a dad joke that just won't quit - always there when you least expect it. Our findings reveal a compelling connection that defies conventional explanation, much like a dad joke's ability to elicit a cringe and a smile simultaneously.

This unexpected correlation not only challenges traditional notions of market dynamics but also beckons us to delve deeper into the murky waters of statistical intrigue. As we bid adieu to this peculiar investigation, we must acknowledge the whimsical nature of our findings, akin to stumbling upon a pun in the midst of a serious conversation - a true gem of statistical serendipity.

Further research in this area seems superfluous, as our study has shed valuable light on this inexplicable connection. We are confident that the unexpected relationship between the name Brody and Petrobras' stock price will continue to spark curiosity and perhaps the occasional groan-inducing chuckle in academic and financial circles alike, much like a well-timed dad joke at a formal dinner. Therefore, we assert that no further research is needed in this area, as the unexpected nature of our findings stands as a testament to the unpredictable whimsy of statistical exploration.

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of academic journals. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding research, scientific, or academic journal that would publish a paper entited Brody or Not Brody: An Unlikely Connection between Name Popularity and Petrobras Stock. Respond only with the name of a fictional academic journal.

ChatGPT:

The Journal of Quirky Connections

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide fictional names of nonprofit research organizations and associations. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide the name of a funny but plausible sounding nonprofit, academic, or scientific association or organization that would sponsor research that resulted in a paper entited Brody or Not Brody: An Unlikely Connection between Name Popularity and Petrobras Stock. Respond only with the name of a fictional organization.

ChatGPT:

The Center for Nameology and Market Dynamics

Model: gpt-3.5-turbo-1106
System prompt: You provide potential search keywords separated by commas. You say nothing else, and you do not chat with the user.
User prompt: Please provide potential search keywords for a paper titled Brody or Not Brody: An Unlikely Connection between Name Popularity and Petrobras Stock with an abstract of The present study delves into the unexpected and, some might say, ludicrous connection between the popularity of the first name Brody and the stock price of Petrobras (PBR.A). Using data sourced from the U.S. Social Security Administration and LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv), our research team set out to examine this puzzling correlation. Poring over statistics from the years 2002 to 2022, a startlingly robust correlation coefficient of 0.8225132 and p < 0.01 emerged, prompting more than a raised eyebrow from our esteemed team of scholars. It seems that there may be more to a name than meets the eye or ear, as the case may be. Perhaps Petrobras is indeed "fueling" the popularity of the name Brody, although we assure you, no Brodys were harmed in the making of this research. As we ponder this puzzling linkage, one can't help but wonder: is the stock destined to rise and shine, or will it "Brody" its time and keep investors guessing?

ChatGPT:

Brody, Petrobras, name popularity, stock price correlation, Petrobras stock, stock market analysis, US Social Security Administration data, LSEG Analytics, Refinitiv, correlation coefficient, statistical analysis, investment trends, market research, finance research, stock market trends, name popularity study

*There is a bunch of Python happening behind the scenes to turn this prompt sequence into a PDF.

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Data details

Popularity of the first name Brody
Detailed data title: Babies of all sexes born in the US named Brody
Source: US Social Security Administration
See what else correlates with Popularity of the first name Brody

Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A)
Detailed data title: Opening price of Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras (PBR.A) on the first trading day of the year
Source: LSEG Analytics (Refinitiv)
Additional Info: ^{See full details} Via Microsoft Excel Stockhistory function

See what else correlates with Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A)

Correlation r = 0.8225132 (Pearson correlation coefficient)
Correlation is a measure of how much the variables move together. If it is 0.99, when one goes up the other goes up. If it is 0.02, the connection is very weak or non-existent. If it is -0.99, then when one goes up the other goes down. If it is 1.00, you probably messed up your correlation function.

r² = 0.6765280 (Coefficient of determination)
This means 67.7% of the change in the one variable (i.e., Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A)) is predictable based on the change in the other (i.e., Popularity of the first name Brody) over the 21 years from 2002 through 2022.

p < 0.01, which is statistically significant(Null hypothesis significance test)
The p-value is 4.7E-6.^Show 0.0000047394885050910980000000
The p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme.^Note More specifically the p-value is a measure of how probable it is that we would randomly find a result this extreme if we had only tested one pair of variables one time.

But I am a p-villain. I absolutely did not test only one pair of variables one time. I correlated hundreds of millions of pairs of variables. I threw boatloads of data into an industrial-sized blender to find this correlation.

Who is going to stop me? p-value reporting doesn't require me to report how many calculations I had to go through in order to find a low p-value!
On average, you will find a correaltion as strong as 0.82 in 0.00047% of random cases. Said differently, if you correlated 210,993 random variables^Note You don't actually need 210 thousand variables to find a correlation like this one. I don't have that many variables in my database. You can also correlate variables that are not independent. I do this a lot.

p-value calculations are useful for understanding the probability of a result happening by chance. They are most useful when used to highlight the risk of a fluke outcome. For example, if you calculate a p-value of 0.30, the risk that the result is a fluke is high. It is good to know that! But there are lots of ways to get a p-value of less than 0.01, as evidenced by this project.

In this particular case, the values are so extreme as to be meaningless. That's why no one reports p-values with specificity after they drop below 0.01.

Just to be clear: I'm being completely transparent about the calculations. There is no math trickery. This is just how statistics shakes out when you calculate hundreds of millions of random correlations.
with the same 20 degrees of freedom, ^Note Degrees of freedom is a measure of how many free components we are testing. In this case it is 20 because we have two variables measured over a period of 21 years. It's just the number of years minus ( the number of variables minus one ), which in this case simplifies to the number of years minus one.
you would randomly expect to find a correlation as strong as this one.

[ 0.61, 0.93 ] 95% correlation confidence interval (using the Fisher z-transformation)
^{Read more about the confidence interval} The confidence interval is an estimate the range of the value of the correlation coefficient, using the correlation itself as an input. The values are meant to be the low and high end of the correlation coefficient with 95% confidence.

This one is a bit more complciated than the other calculations, but I include it because many people have been pushing for confidence intervals instead of p-value calculations (for example: NEJM. However, if you are dredging data, you can reliably find yourself in the 5%. That's my goal!

All values for the years included above: ^Note If I were being very sneaky, I could trim years from the beginning or end of the datasets to increase the correlation on some pairs of variables. I don't do that because there are already plenty of correlations in my database without monkeying with the years.

Still, sometimes one of the variables has more years of data available than the other. This page only shows the overlapping years. To see all the years, click on "See what else correlates with..." link above.

	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Popularity of the first name Brody (Babies born)	1083	1470	1744	2052	2838	4242	6318	5410	5070	5096	4374	4344	4338	3763	3069	2568	2485	2256	2146	2041	1793
Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A) (Stock price)	5.55	3.36	6.67	9.11	16.39	23.5	49.35	20.15	43.5	33.65	23.99	19.68	14.24	7.21	3.39	9.31	9.99	11.79	15.06	11.27	10.18

Why this works

Data dredging: I have 25,153 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 632,673,409 correlation calculations! This is called “data dredging.” Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead abused the data to see what correlations shake out. It’s a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.
Lack of causal connection: There is probably^Note Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole.
no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above. This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.
Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A simple^Note Personally I don't find any p-value calculation to be 'simple,' but you know what I mean.
p-value calculation does not take this into account, so mathematically it appears less probable than it really is.

Try it yourself

You can calculate the values on this page on your own! Try running the Python code to see the calculation results. ^{Show the steps to do this.} Step 1: Download and install Python on your computer.

Step 2: Open a plaintext editor like Notepad and paste the code below into it.

Step 3: Save the file as "calculate_correlation.py" in a place you will remember, like your desktop. Copy the file location to your clipboard. On Windows, you can right-click the file and click "Properties," and then copy what comes after "Location:" As an example, on my computer the location is "C:\Users\tyler\Desktop"

Step 4: Open a command line window. For example, by pressing start and typing "cmd" and them pressing enter.

Step 5: Install the required modules by typing "pip install numpy", then pressing enter, then typing "pip install scipy", then pressing enter.

Step 6: Navigate to the location where you saved the Python file by using the "cd" command. For example, I would type "cd C:\Users\tyler\Desktop" and push enter.

Step 7: Run the Python script by typing "python calculate_correlation.py"

If you run into any issues, I suggest asking ChatGPT to walk you through installing Python and running the code below on your system. Try this question:

"Walk me through installing Python on my computer to run a script that uses scipy and numpy. Go step-by-step and ask me to confirm before moving on. Start by asking me questions about my operating system so that you know how to proceed. Assume I want the simplest installation with the latest version of Python and that I do not currently have any of the necessary elements installed. Remember to only give me one step per response and confirm I have done it before proceeding."

# These modules make it easier to perform the calculation
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats

# We'll define a function that we can call to return the correlation calculations
def calculate_correlation(array1, array2):

    # Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value
    correlation, p_value = stats.pearsonr(array1, array2)

    # Calculate R-squared as the square of the correlation coefficient
    r_squared = correlation**2

    return correlation, r_squared, p_value

# These are the arrays for the variables shown on this page, but you can modify them to be any two sets of numbers
array_1 = np.array([1083,1470,1744,2052,2838,4242,6318,5410,5070,5096,4374,4344,4338,3763,3069,2568,2485,2256,2146,2041,1793,])
array_2 = np.array([5.55,3.36,6.67,9.11,16.39,23.5,49.35,20.15,43.5,33.65,23.99,19.68,14.24,7.21,3.39,9.31,9.99,11.79,15.06,11.27,10.18,])
array_1_name = "Popularity of the first name Brody"
array_2_name = "Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A)"

# Perform the calculation
print(f"Calculating the correlation between {array_1_name} and {array_2_name}...")
correlation, r_squared, p_value = calculate_correlation(array_1, array_2)

# Print the results
print("Correlation Coefficient:", correlation)
print("R-squared:", r_squared)
print("P-value:", p_value)

Reuseable content

You may re-use the images on this page for any purpose, even commercial purposes, without asking for permission. The only requirement is that you attribute Tyler Vigen. ^Note Attribution can take many different forms. If you leave the "tylervigen.com" link in the image, that satisfies it just fine. If you remove it and move it to a footnote, that's fine too. You can also just write "Charts courtesy of Tyler Vigen" at the bottom of an article.

You do not need to attribute "the spurious correlations website," and you don't even need to link here if you don't want to. I don't gain anything from pageviews. There are no ads on this site, there is nothing for sale, and I am not for hire.

For the record, I am just one person. Tyler Vigen, he/him/his. I do have degrees, but they should not go after my name unless you want to annoy my wife. If that is your goal, then go ahead and cite me as "Tyler Vigen, A.A. A.A.S. B.A. J.D." Otherwise it is just "Tyler Vigen."

When spoken, my last name is pronounced "vegan," like I don't eat meat.

Full license details.
For more on re-use permissions, or to get a signed release form, see tylervigen.com/permission.

Download images for these variables:

High resolution line chart ^Note The image linked here is a Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). It is the highest resolution that is possible to achieve. It scales up beyond the size of the observable universe without pixelating. You do not need to email me asking if I have a higher resolution image. I do not. The physical limitations of our universe prevent me from providing you with an image that is any higher resolution than this one.

If you insert it into a PowerPoint presentation (a tool well-known for managing things that are the scale of the universe), you can right-click > "Ungroup" or "Create Shape" and then edit the lines and text directly. You can also change the colors this way.

Alternatively you can use a tool like Inkscape.
High resolution line chart, optimized for mobile
Alternative high resolution line chart
Scatterplot
Portable line chart (png)
Portable line chart (png), optimized for mobile
Line chart for only Popularity of the first name Brody
Line chart for only Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras' stock price (PBR.A)
AI-generated correlation image
The spurious research paper: Brody or Not Brody: An Unlikely Connection between Name Popularity and Petrobras Stock

View another random correlation

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Correlation ID: 2101 · Black Variable ID: 2786 · Red Variable ID: 1643


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